1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
9 This document provides an overview of how to add support for Falcon Mode
12 Falcon Mode is introduced to speed up the booting process, allowing
13 to boot a Linux kernel (or whatever image) without a full blown U-Boot.
15 Falcon Mode relies on the SPL framework. In fact, to make booting faster,
16 U-Boot is split into two parts: the SPL (Secondary Program Loader) and U-Boot
17 image. In most implementations, SPL is used to start U-Boot when booting from
18 a mass storage, such as NAND or SD-Card. SPL has now support for other media,
19 and can generally be seen as a way to start an image performing the minimum
20 required initialization. SPL mainly initializes the RAM controller, and then
21 copies U-Boot image into the memory.
23 The Falcon Mode extends this way allowing to start the Linux kernel directly
24 from SPL. A new command is added to U-Boot to prepare the parameters that SPL
25 must pass to the kernel, using ATAGS or Device Tree.
27 In normal mode, these parameters are generated each time before
28 loading the kernel, passing to Linux the address in memory where
29 the parameters can be read.
30 With Falcon Mode, this snapshot can be saved into persistent storage and SPL is
31 informed to load it before running the kernel.
33 To boot the kernel, these steps under a Falcon-aware U-Boot are required:
35 1. Boot the board into U-Boot.
36 After loading the desired legacy-format kernel image into memory (and DT as
37 well, if used), use the "spl export" command to generate the kernel
38 parameters area or the DT. U-Boot runs as when it boots the kernel, but
39 stops before passing the control to the kernel.
41 2. Save the prepared snapshot into persistent media.
42 The address where to save it must be configured into board configuration
43 file (CONFIG_CMD_SPL_NAND_OFS for NAND).
45 3. Boot the board into Falcon Mode. SPL will load the kernel and copy
46 the parameters which are saved in the persistent area to the required
47 address. If a valid uImage is not found at the defined location, U-Boot
48 will be booted instead.
50 It is required to implement a custom mechanism to select if SPL loads U-Boot
53 The value of a GPIO is a simple way to operate the selection, as well as
54 reading a character from the SPL console if CONFIG_SPL_CONSOLE is set.
56 Falcon Mode is generally activated by setting CONFIG_SPL_OS_BOOT. This tells
57 SPL that U-Boot is not the only available image that SPL is able to start.
63 Enable the "spl export" command.
64 The command "spl export" is then available in U-Boot mode.
66 CONFIG_SPL_PAYLOAD_ARGS_ADDR
67 Address in RAM where the parameters must be copied by SPL.
68 In most cases, it is <start_of_ram> + 0x100.
70 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_SPL_KERNEL_OFFS
71 Offset in NAND where the kernel is stored
73 CONFIG_CMD_SPL_NAND_OFS
74 Offset in NAND where the parameters area was saved.
76 CONFIG_CMD_SPL_NOR_OFS
77 Offset in NOR where the parameters area was saved.
79 CONFIG_CMD_SPL_WRITE_SIZE
80 Size of the parameters area to be copied
85 Function that a board must implement
86 ------------------------------------
88 void spl_board_prepare_for_linux(void)
89 optional, called from SPL before starting the kernel
92 required, returns "0" if SPL should start the kernel, "1" if U-Boot
98 A board may chose to look at the environment for decisions about falcon
99 mode. In this case the following variables may be supported:
102 Set to yes/Yes/true/True/1 to enable booting to OS,
103 any other value to fall back to U-Boot (including unset)
106 Filename to load as the 'args' portion of falcon mode rather than the
110 Filename to load as the OS image portion of falcon mode rather than the
116 spl - SPL configuration
120 spl export <img=atags|fdt> [kernel_addr] [initrd_addr] [fdt_addr ]
126 kernel is loaded as part of the boot process, but it is not started.
127 This is the address where a kernel image is stored.
130 Address of initial ramdisk
131 can be set to "-" if fdt_addr without initrd_addr is used
134 in case of fdt, the address of the device tree.
136 The *spl export* command does not write to a storage media. The user is
137 responsible to transfer the gathered information (assembled ATAGS list
138 or prepared FDT) from temporary storage in RAM into persistent storage
139 after each run of *spl export*. Unfortunately the position of temporary
140 storage can not be predicted nor provided at command line, it depends
141 highly on your system setup and your provided data (ATAGS or FDT).
142 However at the end of an successful *spl export* run it will print the
143 RAM address of temporary storage. The RAM address of FDT will also be
144 set in the environment variable *fdtargsaddr*, the new length of the
145 prepared FDT will be set in the environment variable *fdtargslen*.
146 These environment variables can be used in scripts for writing updated
147 FDT to persistent storage.
149 Now the user have to save the generated BLOB from that printed address
150 to the pre-defined address in persistent storage
151 (CONFIG_CMD_SPL_NAND_OFS in case of NAND).
152 The following example shows how to prepare the data for Falcon Mode on
153 twister board with ATAGS BLOB.
155 The *spl export* command is prepared to work with ATAGS and FDT. However,
156 using FDT is at the moment untested. The ppc port (see a3m071 example
157 later) prepares the fdt blob with the fdt command instead.
160 Usage on the twister board
161 --------------------------
163 Using mtd names with the following (default) configuration
166 device nand0 <omap2-nand.0>, # parts = 9
167 #: name size offset mask_flags
168 0: MLO 0x00080000 0x00000000 0
169 1: u-boot 0x00100000 0x00080000 0
170 2: env1 0x00040000 0x00180000 0
171 3: env2 0x00040000 0x001c0000 0
172 4: kernel 0x00600000 0x00200000 0
173 5: bootparms 0x00040000 0x00800000 0
174 6: splashimg 0x00200000 0x00840000 0
175 7: mini 0x02800000 0x00a40000 0
176 8: rootfs 0x1cdc0000 0x03240000 0
180 twister => nand read 82000000 kernel
182 NAND read: device 0 offset 0x200000, size 0x600000
183 6291456 bytes read: OK
185 Now the kernel is in RAM at address 0x82000000::
187 twister => spl export atags 0x82000000
188 ## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 82000000 ...
189 Image Name: Linux-3.5.0-rc4-14089-gda0b7f4
190 Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
191 Data Size: 3654808 Bytes = 3.5 MiB
192 Load Address: 80008000
193 Entry Point: 80008000
194 Verifying Checksum ... OK
195 Loading Kernel Image ... OK
197 cmdline subcommand not supported
198 bdt subcommand not supported
199 Argument image is now in RAM at: 0x80000100
201 The result can be checked at address 0x80000100::
203 twister => md 0x80000100
204 80000100: 00000005 54410001 00000000 00000000 ......AT........
205 80000110: 00000000 00000067 54410009 746f6f72 ....g.....ATroot
206 80000120: 65642f3d 666e2f76 77722073 73666e20 =/dev/nfs rw nfs
208 The parameters generated with this step can be saved into NAND at the offset
209 0x800000 (value for twister for CONFIG_CMD_SPL_NAND_OFS)::
211 nand erase.part bootparms
212 nand write 0x80000100 bootparms 0x4000
214 Now the parameters are stored into the NAND flash at the address
215 CONFIG_CMD_SPL_NAND_OFS (=0x800000).
217 Next time, the board can be started into Falcon Mode moving the
218 setting the GPIO (on twister GPIO 55 is used) to kernel mode.
220 The kernel is loaded directly by the SPL without passing through U-Boot.
222 Example with FDT: a3m071 board
223 ------------------------------
225 To boot the Linux kernel from the SPL, the DT blob (fdt) needs to get
226 prepared/patched first. U-Boot usually inserts some dynamic values into
227 the DT binary (blob), e.g. autodetected memory size, MAC addresses,
228 clocks speeds etc. To generate this patched DT blob, you can use
229 the following command:
231 1. Load fdt blob to SDRAM::
233 => tftp 1800000 a3m071/a3m071.dtb
235 2. Set bootargs as desired for Linux booting (e.g. flash_mtd)::
237 => run mtdargs addip2 addtty
239 3. Use "fdt" commands to patch the DT blob::
245 4. Display patched DT blob (optional)::
249 5. Save fdt to NOR flash::
251 => erase fc060000 fc07ffff
252 => cp.b 1800000 fc060000 10000
256 Falcon Mode was presented at the RMLL 2012. Slides are available at:
258 http://schedule2012.rmll.info/IMG/pdf/LSM2012_UbootFalconMode_Babic.pdf
260 Falcon Mode Boot on RISC-V
261 --------------------------
266 In the RISC-V environment, OpenSBI is required to enable a supervisor mode
267 binary to execute certain privileged operations. The typical boot sequence on
268 RISC-V is SPL -> OpenSBI -> U-Boot -> Linux kernel. SPL will load and start
269 the OpenSBI initializations, then OpenSBI will bring up the next image, U-Boot
270 proper. The OpenSBI binary must be prepared in advance of the U-Boot build
271 process and it will be packed together with U-Boot into a file called
274 The Falcon Mode on RISC-V platforms is a distinct boot sequence. Borrowing
275 ideas from the U-Boot Falcon Mode on ARM, it skips the U-Boot proper phase
276 in the normal boot process and allows OpenSBI to load and start the Linux
277 kernel. Its boot sequence is SPL -> OpenSBI -> Linux kernel. The OpenSBI
278 binary and Linux kernel binary must be prepared prior to the U-Boot build
279 process and they will be packed together as a FIT image named linux.itb in
282 CONFIG_SPL_LOAD_FIT_OPENSBI_OS_BOOT enables the Falcon Mode boot on RISC-V.
283 This configuration setting tells OpenSBI that Linux kernel is its next OS
284 image and makes it load and start the kernel afterwards.
286 Note that the Falcon Mode boot bypasses a lot of initializations by U-Boot.
287 If the Linux kernel expects hardware initializations by U-Boot, make sure to
288 port the relevant code to the SPL build process.
293 CONFIG_SPL_LOAD_FIT_ADDRESS
294 Specifies the address to load u-boot.itb in a normal boot. When the Falcon
295 Mode boot is enabled, it specifies the load address of linux.itb.
298 Specifies the address of the text section for a u-boot proper in a normal
299 boot. When the Falcon Mode boot is enabled, it specifies the text section
300 address for the Linux kernel image.
302 CONFIG_SPL_PAYLOAD_ARGS_ADDR
303 The address in the RAM to which the FDT blob is to be moved by the SPL.
304 SPL places the FDT blob right after the kernel. As the kernel does not
305 include the BSS section in its size calculation, SPL ends up placing
306 the FDT blob within the BSS section of the kernel. This may cause the
307 FDT blob to be cleared during kernel BSS initialization. To avoid the
308 issue, be sure to move the FDT blob out of the kernel first.
310 CONFIG_SPL_LOAD_FIT_OPENSBI_OS_BOOT
311 Activates the Falcon Mode boot on RISC-V.
313 Example for Andes AE350 Board
314 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
316 A FDT blob is required to boot the Linux kernel from the SPL. Andes AE350
317 platforms generally come with a builtin dtb. To load a custom DTB, follow
320 1. Load the custom DTB to SDRAM::
322 => fatload mmc 0:1 0x20000000 user_custom.dtb
324 2. Set the SPI speed::
326 => sf probe 0:0 50000000 0
328 3. Erase sectors from the SPI Flash::
330 => sf erase 0xf0000 0x10000
332 4. Write the FDT blob to the erased sectors of the Flash::
334 => sf write 0x20000000 0xf0000 0x10000
336 Console Log of AE350 Falcon Mode Boot
337 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
341 U-Boot SPL 2023.01-00031-g777ecdea66 (Oct 31 2023 - 18:41:36 +0800)
342 Trying to boot from RAM
344 OpenSBI v1.2-51-g7304e42
345 ____ _____ ____ _____
346 / __ \ / ____| _ \_ _|
347 | | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
348 | | | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \| _ < | |
349 | |__| | |_) | __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
350 \____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|
354 Platform Name : andestech,ax25
355 Platform Features : medeleg
356 Platform HART Count : 1
357 Platform IPI Device : andes_plicsw
358 Platform Timer Device : andes_plmt @ 60000000Hz
359 Platform Console Device : uart8250
360 Platform HSM Device : andes_smu
361 Platform PMU Device : andes_pmu
362 Platform Reboot Device : atcwdt200
363 Platform Shutdown Device : ---
365 Firmware Size : 196 KB
366 Runtime SBI Version : 1.0
369 Domain0 Boot HART : 0
371 Domain0 Region00 : 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000003ffff ()
372 Domain0 Region01 : 0x00000000e6000000-0x00000000e60fffff (I,R)
373 Domain0 Region02 : 0x00000000e6400000-0x00000000e67fffff (I)
374 Domain0 Region03 : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (R,W,X)
375 Domain0 Next Address : 0x0000000001800000
376 Domain0 Next Arg1 : 0x0000000001700000
377 Domain0 Next Mode : S-mode
378 Domain0 SysReset : yes
381 Boot HART Domain : root
382 Boot HART Priv Version : v1.11
383 Boot HART Base ISA : rv64imafdcx
384 Boot HART ISA Extensions : none
385 Boot HART PMP Count : 8
386 Boot HART PMP Granularity : 4
387 Boot HART PMP Address Bits: 31
388 Boot HART MHPM Count : 4
389 Boot HART MHPM Bits : 64
390 Boot HART MIDELEG : 0x0000000000000222
391 Boot HART MEDELEG : 0x000000000000b109
392 [ 0.000000] Linux version 6.1.47-09019-g0584b09ad862-dirty
393 [ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x0 - 0x1800000
394 [ 0.000000] Machine model: andestech,ax25
395 [ 0.000000] earlycon: sbi0 at I/O port 0x0 (options '')
396 [ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [sbi0] enabled
397 [ 0.000000] Disabled 4-level and 5-level paging
398 [ 0.000000] efi: UEFI not found.
399 [ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
400 [ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000001800000-0x000000003fffffff]
401 [ 0.000000] Normal empty
402 [ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
403 [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
404 [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000001800000-0x000000003fffffff]
405 [ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000001800000-0x000000003fffffff]
406 [ 0.000000] SBI specification v1.0 detected
407 [ 0.000000] SBI implementation ID=0x1 Version=0x10002
408 [ 0.000000] SBI TIME extension detected
409 [ 0.000000] SBI IPI extension detected
410 [ 0.000000] SBI RFENCE extension detected
411 [ 0.000000] SBI SRST extension detected
412 [ 0.000000] SBI HSM extension detected
413 [ 0.000000] riscv: base ISA extensions acim
414 [ 0.000000] riscv: ELF capabilities acim
415 [ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 18 pages/cpu s35000 r8192 d30536 u73728
416 [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 252500