2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
24 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
25 #include "qemu-version.h"
26 #include "qapi/error.h"
27 #include "qapi-visit.h"
28 #include "qapi/qobject-output-visitor.h"
29 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
30 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
31 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
32 #include "qemu/config-file.h"
33 #include "qemu/option.h"
34 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
36 #include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
37 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
38 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
39 #include "block/block_int.h"
40 #include "block/blockjob.h"
41 #include "block/qapi.h"
42 #include "crypto/init.h"
43 #include "trace/control.h"
46 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION QEMU_PKGVERSION \
47 "\n" QEMU_COPYRIGHT "\n"
49 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
51 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
56 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
58 OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS = 259,
60 OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL = 261,
61 OPTION_NO_DRAIN = 262,
64 typedef enum OutputFormat {
69 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-img */
70 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
72 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
77 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
81 error_printf("qemu-img: ");
84 error_vprintf(fmt, ap);
87 error_printf("\nTry 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
91 /* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */
92 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
94 const char *help_msg =
96 "usage: qemu-img [standard options] command [command options]\n"
97 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
99 " '-h', '--help' display this help and exit\n"
100 " '-V', '--version' output version information and exit\n"
101 " '-T', '--trace' [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
102 " specify tracing options\n"
105 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
107 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
111 "Command parameters:\n"
112 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
113 " 'objectdef' is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the qemu(1)\n"
114 " manual page for a description of the object properties. The most common\n"
115 " object type is a 'secret', which is used to supply passwords and/or\n"
116 " encryption keys.\n"
117 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
118 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
119 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
120 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
121 " 'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
122 " options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
123 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
124 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
125 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
126 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
127 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
128 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
129 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
130 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
132 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
133 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
135 " 'snapshot_id_or_name' is deprecated, use 'snapshot_param'\n"
137 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
138 " '-u' enables unsafe rebasing. It is assumed that old and new backing file\n"
139 " match exactly. The image doesn't need a working backing file before\n"
140 " rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the backing file)\n"
141 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
142 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
143 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
144 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
145 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
146 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
147 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
149 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
150 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
151 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
153 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
154 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
155 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
156 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
157 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
159 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
160 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
161 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
162 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
163 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
164 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
166 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
167 " '-f' first image format\n"
168 " '-F' second image format\n"
169 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n"
171 "Parameters to dd subcommand:\n"
172 " 'bs=BYTES' read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time "
174 " 'count=N' copy only N input blocks\n"
175 " 'if=FILE' read from FILE\n"
176 " 'of=FILE' write to FILE\n"
177 " 'skip=N' skip N bs-sized blocks at the start of input\n";
179 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
180 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);
185 static QemuOptsList qemu_object_opts = {
187 .implied_opt_name = "qom-type",
188 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_object_opts.head),
194 static QemuOptsList qemu_source_opts = {
196 .implied_opt_name = "file",
197 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_source_opts.head),
203 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
209 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
216 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
218 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
219 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
220 Error *local_err = NULL;
222 /* Find driver and parse its options */
223 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
225 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
229 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
231 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
233 error_report_err(local_err);
234 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
237 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
240 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts);
241 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
246 static int img_open_password(BlockBackend *blk, const char *filename,
247 int flags, bool quiet)
249 BlockDriverState *bs;
253 if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs) && bdrv_key_required(bs) &&
254 !(flags & BDRV_O_NO_IO)) {
255 qprintf(quiet, "Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);
256 if (qemu_read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0) {
257 error_report("No password given");
260 if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0) {
261 error_report("invalid password");
269 static BlockBackend *img_open_opts(const char *optstr,
270 QemuOpts *opts, int flags, bool writethrough,
274 Error *local_err = NULL;
276 options = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
277 blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
279 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", optstr);
282 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
284 if (img_open_password(blk, optstr, flags, quiet) < 0) {
291 static BlockBackend *img_open_file(const char *filename,
292 const char *fmt, int flags,
293 bool writethrough, bool quiet)
296 Error *local_err = NULL;
297 QDict *options = NULL;
300 options = qdict_new();
301 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(fmt));
304 blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
306 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", filename);
309 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
311 if (img_open_password(blk, filename, flags, quiet) < 0) {
319 static BlockBackend *img_open(bool image_opts,
320 const char *filename,
321 const char *fmt, int flags, bool writethrough,
328 error_report("--image-opts and --format are mutually exclusive");
331 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("source"),
336 blk = img_open_opts(filename, opts, flags, writethrough, quiet);
338 blk = img_open_file(filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
344 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
345 const char *base_filename,
346 const char *base_fmt)
351 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &err);
353 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
360 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &err);
362 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
371 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
376 err = qemu_strtosz(s, NULL, &value);
383 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
386 uint64_t img_size = -1;
387 const char *fmt = "raw";
388 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
389 const char *filename;
390 const char *base_filename = NULL;
391 char *options = NULL;
392 Error *local_err = NULL;
396 static const struct option long_options[] = {
397 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
398 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
401 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "F:b:f:he6o:q",
415 base_filename = optarg;
421 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
422 "encryption\' instead!");
425 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
426 "compat6\' instead!");
429 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
430 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
434 options = g_strdup(optarg);
436 char *old_options = options;
437 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
444 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
446 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
455 /* Get the filename */
456 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
457 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
459 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
462 if (optind >= argc) {
463 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
467 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
468 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
473 /* Get image size, if specified */
477 sval = cvtnum(argv[optind++]);
479 if (sval == -ERANGE) {
480 error_report("Image size must be less than 8 EiB!");
482 error_report("Invalid image size specified! You may use k, M, "
483 "G, T, P or E suffixes for ");
484 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
485 "petabytes and exabytes.");
489 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
491 if (optind != argc) {
492 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
495 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
496 options, img_size, 0, &local_err, quiet);
498 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: ", filename);
510 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
514 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
516 visit_type_ImageCheck(v, NULL, &check, &error_abort);
517 visit_complete(v, &obj);
518 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
520 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
526 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
528 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
529 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
531 if (check->corruptions) {
532 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
533 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
540 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
541 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
545 if (check->check_errors) {
548 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
549 check->check_errors);
553 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
554 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
555 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
556 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
557 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
558 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
559 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
560 check->allocated_clusters);
563 if (check->image_end_offset) {
565 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
569 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
571 const char *filename,
576 BdrvCheckResult result;
578 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
583 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
584 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
585 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
586 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
587 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
588 check->leaks = result.leaks;
589 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
590 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
591 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions != 0;
592 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
593 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks != 0;
594 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
595 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
596 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
597 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
598 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
599 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
600 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
601 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
602 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
603 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
609 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
611 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
612 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
613 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
614 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
615 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
617 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
620 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
621 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
623 BlockDriverState *bs;
625 int flags = BDRV_O_CHECK;
629 bool image_opts = false;
633 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
636 int option_index = 0;
637 static const struct option long_options[] = {
638 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
639 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
640 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
641 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
642 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
643 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
646 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:r:T:q",
647 long_options, &option_index);
660 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
662 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
663 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
664 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
665 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
667 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
668 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
680 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
682 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
688 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
693 if (optind != argc - 1) {
694 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
696 filename = argv[optind++];
698 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
699 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
700 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
701 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
703 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
707 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
708 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
713 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
715 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
719 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
725 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
726 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
728 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
729 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
734 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
735 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
737 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
738 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
740 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
742 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
743 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
744 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
745 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
747 check->corruptions_fixed);
750 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
752 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
753 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
757 switch (output_format) {
759 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
762 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
767 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
769 error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
771 error_report("Check failed");
777 if (check->corruptions) {
779 } else if (check->leaks) {
786 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
791 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
792 BlockDriverState *bs;
794 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
796 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
798 CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
801 error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
805 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
807 AioContext *aio_context = blk_get_aio_context(job->blk);
809 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
811 aio_poll(aio_context, true);
812 qemu_progress_print(job->len ?
813 ((float)job->offset / job->len * 100.f) : 0.0f, 0);
814 } while (!job->ready);
816 block_job_complete_sync(job, errp);
817 aio_context_release(aio_context);
819 /* A block job may finish instantaneously without publishing any progress,
820 * so just signal completion here */
821 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
824 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
827 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
829 BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
830 bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
832 Error *local_err = NULL;
833 CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
834 bool image_opts = false;
835 AioContext *aio_context;
838 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
841 static const struct option long_options[] = {
842 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
843 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
844 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
847 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:ht:b:dpq",
877 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
879 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
885 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
891 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
896 if (optind != argc - 1) {
897 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
899 filename = argv[optind++];
901 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
902 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
907 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
908 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
910 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
914 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
920 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
921 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
924 base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
926 error_setg(&local_err,
927 "Did not find '%s' in the backing chain of '%s'",
932 /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
933 * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
934 * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
935 base_bs = backing_bs(bs);
937 error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
942 cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
947 aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
948 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
949 commit_active_start("commit", bs, base_bs, BLOCK_JOB_DEFAULT, 0,
950 BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT, common_block_job_cb, &cbi,
952 aio_context_release(aio_context);
957 /* When the block job completes, the BlockBackend reference will point to
958 * the old backing file. In order to avoid that the top image is already
959 * deleted, so we can still empty it afterwards, increment the reference
960 * counter here preemptively. */
965 run_block_job(bs->job, &local_err);
970 if (!drop && bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
971 ret = bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty(bs);
973 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "Could not empty %s",
990 error_report_err(local_err);
994 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
999 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
1002 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1003 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
1005 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)
1014 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
1015 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1017 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
1026 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
1027 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
1028 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
1030 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1034 int num_checked, num_used;
1040 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
1046 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1048 num_checked = num_used;
1051 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
1053 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1055 num_checked += *pnum;
1057 num_used = num_checked;
1058 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
1068 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first sector of both
1069 * buffers matches, non-zero otherwise.
1071 * pnum is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1072 * the first one) that are known to have the same comparison result
1074 static int compare_sectors(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2, int n,
1085 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512);
1086 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1090 if (!!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512) != res) {
1099 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
1101 static int64_t sectors_to_bytes(int64_t sectors)
1103 return sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1106 static int64_t sectors_to_process(int64_t total, int64_t from)
1108 return MIN(total - from, IO_BUF_SIZE >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1112 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
1114 * Returns 0 in case sectors are filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero
1115 * data and negative value on error.
1117 * @param blk: BlockBackend for the image
1118 * @param sect_num: Number of first sector to check
1119 * @param sect_count: Number of sectors to check
1120 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
1121 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
1122 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
1124 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t sect_num,
1125 int sect_count, const char *filename,
1126 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
1129 ret = blk_pread(blk, sect_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buffer,
1130 sect_count << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1132 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
1133 sectors_to_bytes(sect_num), filename, strerror(-ret));
1136 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buffer, sect_count, &pnum);
1137 if (ret || pnum != sect_count) {
1138 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1139 sectors_to_bytes(ret ? sect_num : sect_num + pnum));
1147 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
1149 * 0 - Images are identical
1151 * >1 - Error occurred
1153 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
1155 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
1156 BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
1157 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
1158 int64_t total_sectors1, total_sectors2;
1159 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
1161 int allocated1, allocated2;
1162 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
1163 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
1166 int64_t total_sectors;
1167 int64_t sector_num = 0;
1170 uint64_t progress_base;
1171 bool image_opts = false;
1173 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1175 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1176 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1177 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1178 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1181 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:F:T:pqs",
1182 long_options, NULL);
1209 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
1211 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1218 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1224 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1230 if (optind != argc - 2) {
1231 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1233 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1234 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1236 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1237 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1243 /* Initialize before goto out */
1244 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1247 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1249 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1254 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, filename1, fmt1, flags, writethrough, quiet);
1260 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, filename2, fmt2, flags, writethrough, quiet);
1268 buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1269 buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1270 total_sectors1 = blk_nb_sectors(blk1);
1271 if (total_sectors1 < 0) {
1272 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1273 filename1, strerror(-total_sectors1));
1277 total_sectors2 = blk_nb_sectors(blk2);
1278 if (total_sectors2 < 0) {
1279 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1280 filename2, strerror(-total_sectors2));
1284 total_sectors = MIN(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1285 progress_base = MAX(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1287 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1289 if (strict && total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1291 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1296 int64_t status1, status2;
1297 BlockDriverState *file;
1299 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors, sector_num);
1300 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1303 status1 = bdrv_get_block_status_above(bs1, NULL, sector_num,
1304 total_sectors1 - sector_num,
1308 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1311 allocated1 = status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1313 status2 = bdrv_get_block_status_above(bs2, NULL, sector_num,
1314 total_sectors2 - sector_num,
1318 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1321 allocated2 = status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1323 nb_sectors = MIN(nb_sectors, pnum1);
1326 nb_sectors = MIN(nb_sectors, pnum2);
1330 if ((status1 & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK) !=
1331 (status2 & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK)) {
1333 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1334 " block status mismatch!\n",
1335 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num));
1339 if ((status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && (status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1340 nb_sectors = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1341 } else if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1343 ret = blk_pread(blk1, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf1,
1344 nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1346 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s:"
1347 " %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), filename1,
1352 ret = blk_pread(blk2, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf2,
1353 nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1355 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1356 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1357 filename2, strerror(-ret));
1361 ret = compare_sectors(buf1, buf2, nb_sectors, &pnum);
1362 if (ret || pnum != nb_sectors) {
1363 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1365 ret ? sector_num : sector_num + pnum));
1373 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1374 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1376 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1377 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1381 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 ": %s",
1382 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), strerror(-ret));
1388 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1389 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1392 if (total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1393 BlockBackend *blk_over;
1394 int64_t total_sectors_over;
1395 const char *filename_over;
1397 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1398 if (total_sectors1 > total_sectors2) {
1399 total_sectors_over = total_sectors1;
1401 filename_over = filename1;
1403 total_sectors_over = total_sectors2;
1405 filename_over = filename2;
1409 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors_over, sector_num);
1410 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1413 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, sector_num,
1417 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1424 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1425 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1428 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1429 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1430 filename_over, strerror(-ret));
1436 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1437 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1441 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1451 qemu_progress_end();
1456 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1462 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1464 int64_t *src_sectors;
1465 int src_cur, src_num;
1466 int64_t src_cur_offset;
1467 int64_t total_sectors;
1468 int64_t allocated_sectors;
1469 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1470 int64_t sector_next_status;
1471 BlockBackend *target;
1474 bool target_has_backing;
1476 size_t cluster_sectors;
1480 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1482 assert(sector_num >= s->src_cur_offset);
1483 while (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[s->src_cur]) {
1484 s->src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1486 assert(s->src_cur < s->src_num);
1490 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1495 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1497 assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1498 n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1500 if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1501 BlockDriverState *file;
1502 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(blk_bs(s->src[s->src_cur]),
1503 sector_num - s->src_cur_offset,
1509 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1510 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1511 } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1512 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1513 } else if (!s->target_has_backing) {
1514 /* Without a target backing file we must copy over the contents of
1515 * the backing file as well. */
1516 /* Check block status of the backing file chain to avoid
1517 * needlessly reading zeroes and limiting the iteration to the
1519 ret = bdrv_get_block_status_above(blk_bs(s->src[s->src_cur]), NULL,
1520 sector_num - s->src_cur_offset,
1526 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1527 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1529 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1532 s->status = BLK_BACKING_FILE;
1535 s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1538 n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1539 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1540 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1543 /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1544 * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1545 * cluster allocated. */
1546 if (s->compressed) {
1547 if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1548 n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1549 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1551 n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1558 static int convert_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1564 assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1565 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1569 /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1570 * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1571 * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1572 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1573 blk = s->src[s->src_cur];
1574 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1576 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset));
1577 ret = blk_pread(blk,
1578 (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1579 buf, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1586 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1592 static int convert_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1597 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1600 switch (s->status) {
1601 case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1602 /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1603 * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1604 * visible at the respective offset. */
1605 assert(s->target_has_backing);
1609 /* We must always write compressed clusters as a whole, so don't
1610 * try to find zeroed parts in the buffer. We can only save the
1611 * write if the buffer is completely zeroed and we're allowed to
1612 * keep the target sparse. */
1613 if (s->compressed) {
1614 if (s->has_zero_init && s->min_sparse &&
1615 buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE))
1617 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1621 ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target,
1622 sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1623 buf, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1630 /* If there is real non-zero data or we're told to keep the target
1631 * fully allocated (-S 0), we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1632 * it as zero sectors. */
1633 if (!s->min_sparse ||
1634 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse))
1636 ret = blk_pwrite(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1637 buf, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
1646 if (s->has_zero_init) {
1649 ret = blk_pwrite_zeroes(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1650 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
1659 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1665 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
1667 uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1668 int64_t sector_num, allocated_done;
1672 /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
1673 s->has_zero_init = s->min_sparse && !s->target_has_backing
1674 ? bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target))
1677 if (!s->has_zero_init && !s->target_has_backing &&
1678 bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(blk_bs(s->target)))
1680 ret = blk_make_zero(s->target, BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1682 s->has_zero_init = true;
1686 /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
1687 * can be copied at a time. */
1688 if (s->compressed) {
1689 if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
1690 error_report("invalid cluster size");
1694 s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
1696 buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1698 /* Calculate allocated sectors for progress */
1699 s->allocated_sectors = 0;
1701 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1702 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1707 if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
1709 s->allocated_sectors += n;
1716 s->src_cur_offset = 0;
1717 s->sector_next_status = 0;
1722 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1723 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1728 if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
1730 allocated_done += n;
1731 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * allocated_done / s->allocated_sectors,
1735 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1736 ret = convert_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1738 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64
1739 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1742 } else if (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO) {
1743 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1744 memset(buf, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1745 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1748 ret = convert_write(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1750 error_report("error while writing sector %" PRId64
1751 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1758 if (s->compressed) {
1759 /* signal EOF to align */
1760 ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
1772 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
1774 int c, bs_n, bs_i, compress, cluster_sectors, skip_create;
1776 int progress = 0, flags, src_flags;
1777 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
1778 const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;
1779 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
1780 BlockBackend **blk = NULL, *out_blk = NULL;
1781 BlockDriverState **bs = NULL, *out_bs = NULL;
1782 int64_t total_sectors;
1783 int64_t *bs_sectors = NULL;
1784 size_t bufsectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1785 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1786 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1787 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
1788 const char *out_baseimg_param;
1789 char *options = NULL;
1790 const char *snapshot_name = NULL;
1791 int min_sparse = 8; /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
1793 Error *local_err = NULL;
1794 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
1795 ImgConvertState state;
1796 bool image_opts = false;
1801 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1806 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1807 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1808 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1809 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1812 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:B:ce6o:s:l:S:pt:T:qn",
1813 long_options, NULL);
1829 out_baseimg = optarg;
1835 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1836 "encryption\' instead!");
1840 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1841 "compat6\' instead!");
1845 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
1846 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
1851 options = g_strdup(optarg);
1853 char *old_options = options;
1854 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
1855 g_free(old_options);
1859 snapshot_name = optarg;
1862 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
1863 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
1866 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
1872 snapshot_name = optarg;
1879 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
1881 error_report("Invalid minimum zero buffer size for sparse output specified");
1886 min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1905 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1911 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1917 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1918 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1923 /* Initialize before goto out */
1927 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
1929 bs_n = argc - optind - 1;
1930 out_filename = bs_n >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
1932 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
1933 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
1938 error_exit("Must specify image file name");
1942 if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg) {
1943 error_report("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input "
1950 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
1952 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
1956 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1958 blk = g_new0(BlockBackend *, bs_n);
1959 bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState *, bs_n);
1960 bs_sectors = g_new(int64_t, bs_n);
1963 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1964 blk[bs_i] = img_open(image_opts, argv[optind + bs_i],
1965 fmt, src_flags, src_writethrough, quiet);
1970 bs[bs_i] = blk_bs(blk[bs_i]);
1971 bs_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(blk[bs_i]);
1972 if (bs_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
1973 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
1974 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-bs_sectors[bs_i]));
1978 total_sectors += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1982 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(bs[0],
1983 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
1984 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
1986 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
1988 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
1993 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(bs[0], snapshot_name, &local_err);
1996 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
2001 /* Find driver and parse its options */
2002 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
2004 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
2009 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
2011 error_report_err(local_err);
2017 if (!drv->create_opts) {
2018 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2024 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
2025 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2026 proto_drv->format_name);
2031 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
2032 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
2034 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2036 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
2038 error_report_err(local_err);
2044 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_sectors * 512,
2046 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
2052 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
2053 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
2054 if (out_baseimg_param) {
2055 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
2058 /* Check if compression is supported */
2061 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
2062 const char *preallocation =
2063 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
2065 if (!drv->bdrv_co_pwritev_compressed) {
2066 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2072 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
2079 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
2081 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
2089 /* Create the new image */
2090 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
2092 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: error while converting %s: ",
2093 out_filename, out_fmt);
2098 flags = min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
2099 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2101 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2105 /* XXX we should allow --image-opts to trigger use of
2106 * img_open() here, but then we have trouble with
2107 * the bdrv_create() call which takes different params.
2108 * Not critical right now, so fix can wait...
2110 out_blk = img_open_file(out_filename, out_fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
2115 out_bs = blk_bs(out_blk);
2117 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer
2118 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to 32768 (16MB)
2120 bufsectors = MIN(32768,
2122 MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
2123 out_bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment >>
2124 BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)));
2127 int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(out_blk);
2128 if (output_sectors < 0) {
2129 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
2130 strerror(-output_sectors));
2133 } else if (output_sectors < total_sectors) {
2134 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
2140 cluster_sectors = 0;
2141 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
2144 error_report("could not get block driver info");
2148 compress = compress || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
2149 cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2152 state = (ImgConvertState) {
2154 .src_sectors = bs_sectors,
2156 .total_sectors = total_sectors,
2158 .compressed = compress,
2159 .target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg,
2160 .min_sparse = min_sparse,
2161 .cluster_sectors = cluster_sectors,
2162 .buf_sectors = bufsectors,
2164 ret = convert_do_copy(&state);
2168 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2170 qemu_progress_end();
2171 qemu_opts_del(opts);
2172 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
2173 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
2177 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
2178 blk_unref(blk[bs_i]);
2193 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
2195 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
2198 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
2201 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
2202 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, NULL);
2204 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
2206 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, sn);
2212 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2216 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2218 visit_type_ImageInfoList(v, NULL, &list, &error_abort);
2219 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2220 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2221 assert(str != NULL);
2222 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2223 qobject_decref(obj);
2228 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
2232 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2234 visit_type_ImageInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
2235 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2236 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2237 assert(str != NULL);
2238 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2239 qobject_decref(obj);
2244 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2246 ImageInfoList *elem;
2249 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
2255 bdrv_image_info_dump(fprintf, stdout, elem->value);
2259 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
2261 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
2265 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
2267 * @filename: topmost image filename
2268 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
2269 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
2270 * false - only topmost image file
2272 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
2273 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
2276 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(bool image_opts,
2277 const char *filename,
2281 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
2282 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
2283 GHashTable *filenames;
2286 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2290 BlockDriverState *bs;
2292 ImageInfoList *elem;
2294 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2295 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2299 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2301 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
2302 BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_NO_IO, false, false);
2308 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2310 error_report_err(err);
2315 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2322 filename = fmt = NULL;
2324 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2325 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2326 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2327 error_report("Could not determine absolute backing filename,"
2328 " but backing filename '%s' present",
2329 info->backing_filename);
2332 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2333 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2337 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2341 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2342 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2346 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2349 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2351 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2352 ImageInfoList *list;
2353 bool image_opts = false;
2358 int option_index = 0;
2359 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2360 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2361 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2362 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2363 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2364 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2365 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2368 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2369 long_options, &option_index);
2384 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2387 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2389 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2395 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2400 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2401 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2403 filename = argv[optind++];
2405 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2406 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2407 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2408 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2409 } else if (output) {
2410 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2414 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2415 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2420 list = collect_image_info_list(image_opts, filename, fmt, chain);
2425 switch (output_format) {
2427 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2431 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2433 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2438 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2442 static void dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2445 switch (output_format) {
2447 if (e->data && !e->has_offset) {
2448 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2451 if (e->data && !e->zero) {
2452 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2453 e->start, e->length,
2454 e->has_offset ? e->offset : 0,
2455 e->has_filename ? e->filename : "");
2457 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2458 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2460 if (next && (!next->data || next->zero)) {
2466 printf("%s{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64","
2467 " \"depth\": %"PRId64", \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2468 (e->start == 0 ? "[" : ",\n"),
2469 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2470 e->zero ? "true" : "false",
2471 e->data ? "true" : "false");
2472 if (e->has_offset) {
2473 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2484 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2485 int nb_sectors, MapEntry *e)
2489 BlockDriverState *file;
2492 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2493 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2499 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &nb_sectors,
2505 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2508 bs = backing_bs(bs);
2517 has_offset = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID);
2520 .start = sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2521 .length = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2522 .data = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA),
2523 .zero = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO),
2524 .offset = ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK,
2525 .has_offset = has_offset,
2527 .has_filename = file && has_offset,
2528 .filename = file && has_offset ? file->filename : NULL,
2534 static inline bool entry_mergeable(const MapEntry *curr, const MapEntry *next)
2536 if (curr->length == 0) {
2539 if (curr->zero != next->zero ||
2540 curr->data != next->data ||
2541 curr->depth != next->depth ||
2542 curr->has_filename != next->has_filename ||
2543 curr->has_offset != next->has_offset) {
2546 if (curr->has_filename && strcmp(curr->filename, next->filename)) {
2549 if (curr->has_offset && curr->offset + curr->length != next->offset) {
2555 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
2558 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2560 BlockDriverState *bs;
2561 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2563 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
2565 bool image_opts = false;
2570 int option_index = 0;
2571 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2572 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2573 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2574 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2575 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2576 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2579 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2580 long_options, &option_index);
2595 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2597 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2603 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2608 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2609 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2611 filename = argv[optind];
2613 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2614 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2615 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2616 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2617 } else if (output) {
2618 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2622 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2623 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2628 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0, false, false);
2634 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
2635 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
2638 length = blk_getlength(blk);
2639 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
2640 int64_t nsectors_left;
2644 sector_num = (curr.start + curr.length) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2646 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
2647 nsectors_left = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) - sector_num;
2648 n = MIN(1 << (30 - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS), nsectors_left);
2649 ret = get_block_status(bs, sector_num, n, &next);
2652 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
2656 if (entry_mergeable(&curr, &next)) {
2657 curr.length += next.length;
2661 if (curr.length > 0) {
2662 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
2667 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
2674 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
2675 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
2676 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
2677 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
2679 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
2682 BlockDriverState *bs;
2683 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
2684 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2685 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
2690 bool image_opts = false;
2692 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
2693 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2695 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2696 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2697 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2698 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2701 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "la:c:d:hq",
2702 long_options, NULL);
2713 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2716 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
2717 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
2721 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2724 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
2725 snapshot_name = optarg;
2729 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2732 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
2733 snapshot_name = optarg;
2737 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2740 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
2741 snapshot_name = optarg;
2746 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2748 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2754 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2760 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2761 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2763 filename = argv[optind++];
2765 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2766 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2771 /* Open the image */
2772 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, false, quiet);
2778 /* Perform the requested action */
2784 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
2785 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
2786 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
2788 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
2789 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
2790 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
2792 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
2794 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2795 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2799 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
2800 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);
2802 error_report("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2803 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2807 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
2808 bdrv_snapshot_delete_by_id_or_name(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
2810 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not delete snapshot '%s': ",
2825 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
2827 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
2828 uint8_t *buf_old = NULL;
2829 uint8_t *buf_new = NULL;
2830 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2832 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
2833 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
2834 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
2838 Error *local_err = NULL;
2839 bool image_opts = false;
2841 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2843 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2844 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2848 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2849 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2850 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2851 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2854 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:F:b:upt:T:q",
2855 long_options, NULL);
2868 out_basefmt = optarg;
2871 out_baseimg = optarg;
2888 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2890 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2896 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2906 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2907 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2909 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
2910 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
2912 filename = argv[optind++];
2914 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2915 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2920 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
2921 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2923 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
2924 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2926 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2931 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
2933 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2937 /* The source files are opened read-only, don't care about WCE */
2938 assert((src_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) == 0);
2939 (void) src_writethrough;
2944 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
2945 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
2947 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
2954 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
2955 if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
2956 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
2962 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
2964 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
2965 QDict *options = NULL;
2967 if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {
2968 options = qdict_new();
2969 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(bs->backing_format));
2972 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2973 blk_old_backing = blk_new_open(backing_name, NULL,
2974 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2975 if (!blk_old_backing) {
2976 error_reportf_err(local_err,
2977 "Could not open old backing file '%s': ",
2983 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
2985 options = qdict_new();
2986 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(out_basefmt));
2991 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open(out_baseimg, NULL,
2992 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2993 if (!blk_new_backing) {
2994 error_reportf_err(local_err,
2995 "Could not open new backing file '%s': ",
3004 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
3005 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
3006 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
3007 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
3009 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
3010 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
3013 int64_t num_sectors;
3014 int64_t old_backing_num_sectors;
3015 int64_t new_backing_num_sectors = 0;
3018 float local_progress = 0;
3020 buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3021 buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3023 num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
3024 if (num_sectors < 0) {
3025 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3026 filename, strerror(-num_sectors));
3030 old_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_old_backing);
3031 if (old_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
3032 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
3034 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
3035 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3036 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_num_sectors));
3040 if (blk_new_backing) {
3041 new_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_new_backing);
3042 if (new_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
3043 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3044 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_num_sectors));
3050 if (num_sectors != 0) {
3051 local_progress = (float)100 /
3052 (num_sectors / MIN(num_sectors, IO_BUF_SIZE / 512));
3055 for (sector = 0; sector < num_sectors; sector += n) {
3057 /* How many sectors can we handle with the next read? */
3058 if (sector + (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512) <= num_sectors) {
3059 n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);
3061 n = num_sectors - sector;
3064 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
3065 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, n, &n);
3067 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3076 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
3077 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
3079 if (sector >= old_backing_num_sectors) {
3080 memset(buf_old, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3082 if (sector + n > old_backing_num_sectors) {
3083 n = old_backing_num_sectors - sector;
3086 ret = blk_pread(blk_old_backing, sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3087 buf_old, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3089 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
3094 if (sector >= new_backing_num_sectors || !blk_new_backing) {
3095 memset(buf_new, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3097 if (sector + n > new_backing_num_sectors) {
3098 n = new_backing_num_sectors - sector;
3101 ret = blk_pread(blk_new_backing, sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3102 buf_new, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3104 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
3109 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
3110 uint64_t written = 0;
3112 while (written < n) {
3115 if (compare_sectors(buf_old + written * 512,
3116 buf_new + written * 512, n - written, &pnum))
3118 ret = blk_pwrite(blk,
3119 (sector + written) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3120 buf_old + written * 512,
3121 pnum << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
3123 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
3131 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
3136 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
3137 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
3138 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
3140 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
3141 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
3143 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
3146 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
3147 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
3148 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
3149 } else if (ret < 0) {
3150 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
3151 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
3154 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
3156 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
3157 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
3158 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
3159 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
3162 qemu_progress_end();
3165 blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
3166 blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
3168 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
3169 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
3178 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
3181 int c, ret, relative;
3182 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
3183 int64_t n, total_size;
3185 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3188 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
3189 .name = "resize_options",
3190 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
3193 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
3194 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3195 .help = "Virtual disk size"
3201 bool image_opts = false;
3203 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
3204 * as options by getopt. */
3206 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3210 size = argv[--argc];
3212 /* Parse getopt arguments */
3215 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3216 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3217 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3218 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3221 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:hq",
3222 long_options, NULL);
3237 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3239 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3245 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3250 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3251 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3253 filename = argv[optind++];
3255 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3256 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3261 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
3277 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3278 qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err);
3280 error_report_err(err);
3282 qemu_opts_del(param);
3285 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
3286 qemu_opts_del(param);
3288 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
3289 BDRV_O_RDWR, false, quiet);
3296 total_size = blk_getlength(blk) + n * relative;
3300 if (total_size <= 0) {
3301 error_report("New image size must be positive");
3306 ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size);
3309 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
3312 error_report("This image does not support resize");
3315 error_report("Image is read-only");
3318 error_report("Error resizing image: %s", strerror(-ret));
3329 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
3330 int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size,
3333 qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
3336 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
3340 char *options = NULL;
3341 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
3342 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
3343 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
3346 bool quiet = false, progress = false;
3347 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3348 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3349 bool image_opts = false;
3351 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3353 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3354 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3355 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3356 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3359 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ho:f:t:pq",
3360 long_options, NULL);
3371 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
3372 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
3374 goto out_no_progress;
3377 options = g_strdup(optarg);
3379 char *old_options = options;
3380 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
3381 g_free(old_options);
3397 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3401 goto out_no_progress;
3404 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3411 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
3414 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3415 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3418 goto out_no_progress;
3424 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
3426 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
3427 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
3428 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
3429 * given), print option help here */
3430 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3434 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3435 error_report("Expecting one image file name");
3440 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
3441 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
3443 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
3447 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3454 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
3456 if (has_help_option(options)) {
3457 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
3458 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3462 if (!bs->drv->create_opts) {
3463 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support any options to amend",
3469 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
3470 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3471 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
3473 error_report_err(err);
3478 /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
3479 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
3480 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL);
3481 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
3483 error_report("Error while amending options: %s", strerror(-ret));
3488 qemu_progress_end();
3492 qemu_opts_del(opts);
3493 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
3502 typedef struct BenchData {
3504 uint64_t image_size;
3511 bool drain_on_flush;
3520 static void bench_undrained_flush_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
3523 error_report("Failed flush request: %s", strerror(-ret));
3528 static void bench_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
3530 BenchData *b = opaque;
3534 error_report("Failed request: %s", strerror(-ret));
3539 /* Just finished a flush with drained queue: Start next requests */
3540 assert(b->in_flight == 0);
3541 b->in_flush = false;
3542 } else if (b->in_flight > 0) {
3543 int remaining = b->n - b->in_flight;
3548 /* Time for flush? Drain queue if requested, then flush */
3549 if (b->flush_interval && remaining % b->flush_interval == 0) {
3550 if (!b->in_flight || !b->drain_on_flush) {
3551 BlockCompletionFunc *cb;
3553 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
3557 cb = bench_undrained_flush_cb;
3560 acb = blk_aio_flush(b->blk, cb, b);
3562 error_report("Failed to issue flush request");
3566 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
3572 while (b->n > b->in_flight && b->in_flight < b->nrreq) {
3573 int64_t offset = b->offset;
3574 /* blk_aio_* might look for completed I/Os and kick bench_cb
3575 * again, so make sure this operation is counted by in_flight
3576 * and b->offset is ready for the next submission.
3579 b->offset += b->step;
3580 b->offset %= b->image_size;
3582 acb = blk_aio_pwritev(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
3584 acb = blk_aio_preadv(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
3587 error_report("Failed to issue request");
3593 static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
3596 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename;
3598 bool image_opts = false;
3599 bool is_write = false;
3603 size_t bufsize = 4096;
3606 int flush_interval = 0;
3607 bool drain_on_flush = true;
3609 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3610 BenchData data = {};
3612 bool writethrough = false;
3613 struct timeval t1, t2;
3617 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3618 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3619 {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
3620 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3621 {"pattern", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PATTERN},
3622 {"no-drain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_NO_DRAIN},
3625 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hc:d:f:no:qs:S:t:w", long_options, NULL);
3639 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3640 error_report("Invalid request count specified");
3650 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3651 error_report("Invalid queue depth specified");
3661 flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
3665 offset = cvtnum(optarg);
3667 error_report("Invalid offset specified");
3680 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
3681 if (sval < 0 || sval > INT_MAX) {
3682 error_report("Invalid buffer size specified");
3693 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
3694 if (sval < 0 || sval > INT_MAX) {
3695 error_report("Invalid step size specified");
3703 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough);
3705 error_report("Invalid cache mode");
3711 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
3714 case OPTION_PATTERN:
3718 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > 0xff) {
3719 error_report("Invalid pattern byte specified");
3725 case OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL:
3729 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3730 error_report("Invalid flush interval specified");
3733 flush_interval = res;
3736 case OPTION_NO_DRAIN:
3737 drain_on_flush = false;
3739 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3745 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3746 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3748 filename = argv[argc - 1];
3750 if (!is_write && flush_interval) {
3751 error_report("--flush-interval is only available in write tests");
3755 if (flush_interval && flush_interval < depth) {
3756 error_report("Flush interval can't be smaller than depth");
3761 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3767 image_size = blk_getlength(blk);
3768 if (image_size < 0) {
3773 data = (BenchData) {
3775 .image_size = image_size,
3777 .step = step ?: bufsize,
3782 .flush_interval = flush_interval,
3783 .drain_on_flush = drain_on_flush,
3785 printf("Sending %d %s requests, %d bytes each, %d in parallel "
3786 "(starting at offset %" PRId64 ", step size %d)\n",
3787 data.n, data.write ? "write" : "read", data.bufsize, data.nrreq,
3788 data.offset, data.step);
3789 if (flush_interval) {
3790 printf("Sending flush every %d requests\n", flush_interval);
3793 data.buf = blk_blockalign(blk, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
3794 memset(data.buf, pattern, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
3796 data.qiov = g_new(QEMUIOVector, data.nrreq);
3797 for (i = 0; i < data.nrreq; i++) {
3798 qemu_iovec_init(&data.qiov[i], 1);
3799 qemu_iovec_add(&data.qiov[i],
3800 data.buf + i * data.bufsize, data.bufsize);
3803 gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
3806 while (data.n > 0) {
3807 main_loop_wait(false);
3809 gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
3811 printf("Run completed in %3.3f seconds.\n",
3812 (t2.tv_sec - t1.tv_sec)
3813 + ((double)(t2.tv_usec - t1.tv_usec) / 1000000));
3816 qemu_vfree(data.buf);
3837 int bsz; /* Block size */
3845 int (*f)(const char *, struct DdIo *, struct DdIo *, struct DdInfo *);
3849 static int img_dd_bs(const char *arg,
3850 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3857 if (res <= 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3858 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
3861 in->bsz = out->bsz = res;
3866 static int img_dd_count(const char *arg,
3867 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3870 dd->count = cvtnum(arg);
3872 if (dd->count < 0) {
3873 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
3880 static int img_dd_if(const char *arg,
3881 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3884 in->filename = g_strdup(arg);
3889 static int img_dd_of(const char *arg,
3890 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3893 out->filename = g_strdup(arg);
3898 static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
3899 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3902 in->offset = cvtnum(arg);
3904 if (in->offset < 0) {
3905 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
3912 static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
3917 BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
3918 BlockBackend *blk1 = NULL, *blk2 = NULL;
3919 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
3920 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
3921 Error *local_err = NULL;
3922 bool image_opts = false;
3924 const char *out_fmt = "raw";
3925 const char *fmt = NULL;
3927 int64_t block_count = 0, out_pos, in_pos;
3928 struct DdInfo dd = {
3933 .bsz = 512, /* Block size is by default 512 bytes */
3945 const struct DdOpts options[] = {
3946 { "bs", img_dd_bs, C_BS },
3947 { "count", img_dd_count, C_COUNT },
3948 { "if", img_dd_if, C_IF },
3949 { "of", img_dd_of, C_OF },
3950 { "skip", img_dd_skip, C_SKIP },
3953 const struct option long_options[] = {
3954 { "help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3955 { "image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3959 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:", long_options, NULL))) {
3971 error_report("Try 'qemu-img --help' for more information.");
3977 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3983 for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
3985 arg = g_strdup(argv[i]);
3987 tmp = strchr(arg, '=');
3989 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
3996 for (j = 0; options[j].name != NULL; j++) {
3997 if (!strcmp(arg, options[j].name)) {
4001 if (options[j].name == NULL) {
4002 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4007 if (options[j].f(tmp, &in, &out, &dd) != 0) {
4011 dd.flags |= options[j].flag;
4016 if (!(dd.flags & C_IF && dd.flags & C_OF)) {
4017 error_report("Must specify both input and output files");
4021 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, in.filename, fmt, 0, false, false);
4028 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
4030 error_report("Unknown file format");
4034 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out.filename, true, &local_err);
4037 error_report_err(local_err);
4041 if (!drv->create_opts) {
4042 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4047 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
4048 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4049 proto_drv->format_name);
4053 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
4054 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
4056 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4058 size = blk_getlength(blk1);
4060 error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", in.filename);
4065 if (dd.flags & C_COUNT && dd.count <= INT64_MAX / in.bsz &&
4066 dd.count * in.bsz < size) {
4067 size = dd.count * in.bsz;
4070 /* Overflow means the specified offset is beyond input image's size */
4071 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4072 size < in.bsz * in.offset)) {
4073 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0, &error_abort);
4075 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
4076 size - in.bsz * in.offset, &error_abort);
4079 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out.filename, opts, &local_err);
4081 error_reportf_err(local_err,
4082 "%s: error while creating output image: ",
4088 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, out.filename, out_fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR,
4096 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4097 size < in.offset * in.bsz)) {
4098 /* We give a warning if the skip option is bigger than the input
4099 * size and create an empty output disk image (i.e. like dd(1)).
4101 error_report("%s: cannot skip to specified offset", in.filename);
4104 in_pos = in.offset * in.bsz;
4107 in.buf = g_new(uint8_t, in.bsz);
4109 for (out_pos = 0; in_pos < size; block_count++) {
4110 int in_ret, out_ret;
4112 if (in_pos + in.bsz > size) {
4113 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, size - in_pos);
4115 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, in.bsz);
4118 error_report("error while reading from input image file: %s",
4125 out_ret = blk_pwrite(blk2, out_pos, in.buf, in_ret, 0);
4128 error_report("error while writing to output image file: %s",
4129 strerror(-out_ret));
4138 qemu_opts_del(opts);
4139 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
4142 g_free(in.filename);
4143 g_free(out.filename);
4154 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
4155 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
4156 { option, callback },
4157 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
4163 int main(int argc, char **argv)
4165 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
4166 const char *cmdname;
4167 Error *local_error = NULL;
4168 char *trace_file = NULL;
4170 static const struct option long_options[] = {
4171 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4172 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
4173 {"trace", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
4178 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
4181 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_TRACE);
4182 error_set_progname(argv[0]);
4183 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
4185 if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
4186 error_report_err(local_error);
4190 qcrypto_init(&error_fatal);
4192 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_QOM);
4195 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
4198 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_object_opts);
4199 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_source_opts);
4200 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
4202 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
4208 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
4212 trace_file = trace_opt_parse(optarg);
4217 cmdname = argv[optind];
4219 /* reset getopt_long scanning */
4227 if (!trace_init_backends()) {
4230 trace_init_file(trace_file);
4231 qemu_set_log(LOG_TRACE);
4233 /* find the command */
4234 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
4235 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
4236 return cmd->handler(argc, argv);
4241 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);