2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
25 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
28 #include "qemu-common.h"
29 #include "qemu-version.h"
30 #include "qapi/error.h"
31 #include "qapi/qapi-commands-block-core.h"
32 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-block-core.h"
33 #include "qapi/qobject-output-visitor.h"
34 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
35 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
36 #include "qapi/qmp/qstring.h"
37 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
38 #include "qemu/config-file.h"
39 #include "qemu/option.h"
40 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
42 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
43 #include "qemu/module.h"
44 #include "qemu/units.h"
45 #include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
46 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
47 #include "block/block_int.h"
48 #include "block/blockjob.h"
49 #include "block/qapi.h"
50 #include "crypto/init.h"
51 #include "trace/control.h"
53 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_FULL_VERSION \
54 "\n" QEMU_COPYRIGHT "\n"
56 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
58 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
63 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
65 OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS = 259,
67 OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL = 261,
68 OPTION_NO_DRAIN = 262,
69 OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS = 263,
71 OPTION_PREALLOCATION = 265,
74 OPTION_TARGET_IS_ZERO = 268,
83 typedef enum OutputFormat {
88 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-img */
89 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
91 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
96 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
101 error_vreport(fmt, ap);
104 error_printf("Try 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
108 static void QEMU_NORETURN missing_argument(const char *option)
110 error_exit("missing argument for option '%s'", option);
113 static void QEMU_NORETURN unrecognized_option(const char *option)
115 error_exit("unrecognized option '%s'", option);
118 /* Please keep in synch with docs/tools/qemu-img.rst */
119 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
121 const char *help_msg =
123 "usage: qemu-img [standard options] command [command options]\n"
124 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
126 " '-h', '--help' display this help and exit\n"
127 " '-V', '--version' output version information and exit\n"
128 " '-T', '--trace' [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
129 " specify tracing options\n"
132 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
134 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
137 "Command parameters:\n"
138 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
139 " 'objectdef' is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the qemu(1)\n"
140 " manual page for a description of the object properties. The most common\n"
141 " object type is a 'secret', which is used to supply passwords and/or\n"
142 " encryption keys.\n"
143 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
144 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
145 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
146 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
147 " 'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
148 " options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
149 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
150 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
151 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
152 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
153 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
154 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
155 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
156 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
158 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
159 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
161 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
162 " '-u' allows unsafe backing chains. For rebasing, it is assumed that old and\n"
163 " new backing file match exactly. The image doesn't need a working\n"
164 " backing file before rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the\n"
165 " backing file). For image creation, allow creating without attempting\n"
166 " to open the backing file.\n"
167 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
168 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
169 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
170 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
171 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
172 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
173 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
175 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
176 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
177 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
179 "Parameters to bitmap subcommand:\n"
180 " 'bitmap' is the name of the bitmap to manipulate, through one or more\n"
181 " actions from '--add', '--remove', '--clear', '--enable', '--disable',\n"
182 " or '--merge source'\n"
183 " '-g granularity' sets the granularity for '--add' actions\n"
184 " '-b source' and '-F src_fmt' tell '--merge' actions to find the source\n"
185 " bitmaps from an alternative file\n"
187 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
188 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
189 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
190 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
191 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
193 "Parameters to convert subcommand:\n"
194 " '-m' specifies how many coroutines work in parallel during the convert\n"
195 " process (defaults to 8)\n"
196 " '-W' allow to write to the target out of order rather than sequential\n"
198 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
199 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
200 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
201 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
202 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
203 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
205 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
206 " '-f' first image format\n"
207 " '-F' second image format\n"
208 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n"
210 "Parameters to dd subcommand:\n"
211 " 'bs=BYTES' read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time "
213 " 'count=N' copy only N input blocks\n"
214 " 'if=FILE' read from FILE\n"
215 " 'of=FILE' write to FILE\n"
216 " 'skip=N' skip N bs-sized blocks at the start of input\n";
218 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
219 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL, false);
220 printf("\n\n" QEMU_HELP_BOTTOM "\n");
224 static QemuOptsList qemu_object_opts = {
226 .implied_opt_name = "qom-type",
227 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_object_opts.head),
233 static bool qemu_img_object_print_help(const char *type, QemuOpts *opts)
235 if (user_creatable_print_help(type, opts)) {
242 * Is @optarg safe for accumulate_options()?
243 * It is when multiple of them can be joined together separated by ','.
244 * To make that work, @optarg must not start with ',' (or else a
245 * separating ',' preceding it gets escaped), and it must not end with
246 * an odd number of ',' (or else a separating ',' following it gets
247 * escaped), or be empty (or else a separating ',' preceding it can
248 * escape a separating ',' following it).
251 static bool is_valid_option_list(const char *optarg)
253 size_t len = strlen(optarg);
256 if (!optarg[0] || optarg[0] == ',') {
260 for (i = len; i > 0 && optarg[i - 1] == ','; i--) {
269 static int accumulate_options(char **options, char *optarg)
273 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
274 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
279 *options = g_strdup(optarg);
281 new_options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", *options, optarg);
283 *options = new_options;
288 static QemuOptsList qemu_source_opts = {
290 .implied_opt_name = "file",
291 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_source_opts.head),
297 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
303 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
310 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
312 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
313 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
314 Error *local_err = NULL;
316 /* Find driver and parse its options */
317 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
319 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
323 if (!drv->create_opts) {
324 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation", fmt);
328 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
330 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
332 error_report_err(local_err);
333 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
336 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
337 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
338 proto_drv->format_name);
339 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
342 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
346 printf("Supported options:\n");
348 printf("Supported %s options:\n", fmt);
350 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts, false);
351 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
355 "The protocol level may support further options.\n"
356 "Specify the target filename to include those options.\n");
363 static BlockBackend *img_open_opts(const char *optstr,
364 QemuOpts *opts, int flags, bool writethrough,
365 bool quiet, bool force_share)
368 Error *local_err = NULL;
370 options = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
372 if (qdict_haskey(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE)
373 && strcmp(qdict_get_str(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE), "on")) {
374 error_report("--force-share/-U conflicts with image options");
375 qobject_unref(options);
378 qdict_put_str(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, "on");
380 blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
382 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", optstr);
385 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
390 static BlockBackend *img_open_file(const char *filename,
392 const char *fmt, int flags,
393 bool writethrough, bool quiet,
397 Error *local_err = NULL;
400 options = qdict_new();
403 qdict_put_str(options, "driver", fmt);
407 qdict_put_bool(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, true);
409 blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
411 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", filename);
414 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
420 static int img_add_key_secrets(void *opaque,
421 const char *name, const char *value,
424 QDict *options = opaque;
426 if (g_str_has_suffix(name, "key-secret")) {
427 qdict_put_str(options, name, value);
434 static BlockBackend *img_open(bool image_opts,
435 const char *filename,
436 const char *fmt, int flags, bool writethrough,
437 bool quiet, bool force_share)
443 error_report("--image-opts and --format are mutually exclusive");
446 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("source"),
451 blk = img_open_opts(filename, opts, flags, writethrough, quiet,
454 blk = img_open_file(filename, NULL, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
461 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
462 const char *base_filename,
463 const char *base_fmt)
468 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &err);
470 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
477 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &err);
479 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
488 static int64_t cvtnum_full(const char *name, const char *value, int64_t min,
494 err = qemu_strtosz(value, NULL, &res);
495 if (err < 0 && err != -ERANGE) {
496 error_report("Invalid %s specified. You may use "
497 "k, M, G, T, P or E suffixes for", name);
498 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
499 "petabytes and exabytes.");
502 if (err == -ERANGE || res > max || res < min) {
503 error_report("Invalid %s specified. Must be between %" PRId64
504 " and %" PRId64 ".", name, min, max);
510 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *name, const char *value)
512 return cvtnum_full(name, value, 0, INT64_MAX);
515 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
518 uint64_t img_size = -1;
519 const char *fmt = "raw";
520 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
521 const char *filename;
522 const char *base_filename = NULL;
523 char *options = NULL;
524 Error *local_err = NULL;
529 static const struct option long_options[] = {
530 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
531 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
534 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":F:b:f:ho:qu",
541 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
544 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
553 base_filename = optarg;
559 if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
567 flags |= BDRV_O_NO_BACKING;
569 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
571 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
580 /* Get the filename */
581 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
582 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
584 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
587 if (optind >= argc) {
588 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
592 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
593 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
594 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
598 /* Get image size, if specified */
602 sval = cvtnum("image size", argv[optind++]);
606 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
608 if (optind != argc) {
609 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
612 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
613 options, img_size, flags, quiet, &local_err);
615 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: ", filename);
627 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
631 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
633 visit_type_ImageCheck(v, NULL, &check, &error_abort);
634 visit_complete(v, &obj);
635 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
637 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
643 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
645 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
646 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
648 if (check->corruptions) {
649 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
650 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
657 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
658 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
662 if (check->check_errors) {
665 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
666 check->check_errors);
670 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
671 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
672 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
673 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
674 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
675 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
676 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
677 check->allocated_clusters);
680 if (check->image_end_offset) {
682 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
686 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
688 const char *filename,
693 BdrvCheckResult result;
695 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
700 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
701 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
702 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
703 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
704 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
705 check->leaks = result.leaks;
706 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
707 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
708 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed != 0;
709 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
710 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed != 0;
711 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
712 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
713 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
714 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
715 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
716 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
717 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
718 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
719 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
720 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
726 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
728 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
729 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
730 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
731 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
732 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
734 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
737 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
738 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
740 BlockDriverState *bs;
742 int flags = BDRV_O_CHECK;
746 bool image_opts = false;
747 bool force_share = false;
751 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
754 int option_index = 0;
755 static const struct option long_options[] = {
756 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
757 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
758 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
759 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
760 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
761 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
762 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
765 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:r:T:qU",
766 long_options, &option_index);
772 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
775 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
784 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
786 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
787 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
788 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
789 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
791 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
792 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
807 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
809 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
815 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
820 if (optind != argc - 1) {
821 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
823 filename = argv[optind++];
825 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
826 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
827 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
828 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
830 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
834 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
835 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
836 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
840 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
842 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
846 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
853 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
854 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
856 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
857 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
862 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
863 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
864 bool has_leaks_fixed, has_corruptions_fixed;
866 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
867 has_leaks_fixed = check->has_leaks_fixed;
868 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
869 has_corruptions_fixed = check->has_corruptions_fixed;
871 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
873 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
874 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
875 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
876 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
878 check->corruptions_fixed);
881 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
882 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
883 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
885 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
886 check->has_leaks_fixed = has_leaks_fixed;
887 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
888 check->has_corruptions_fixed = has_corruptions_fixed;
892 switch (output_format) {
894 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
897 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
902 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
904 error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
906 error_report("Check failed");
912 if (check->corruptions) {
914 } else if (check->leaks) {
921 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
926 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
927 BlockDriverState *bs;
929 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
931 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
933 CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
936 error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
940 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
942 AioContext *aio_context = blk_get_aio_context(job->blk);
945 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
948 float progress = 0.0f;
949 aio_poll(aio_context, true);
950 if (job->job.progress.total) {
951 progress = (float)job->job.progress.current /
952 job->job.progress.total * 100.f;
954 qemu_progress_print(progress, 0);
955 } while (!job_is_ready(&job->job) && !job_is_completed(&job->job));
957 if (!job_is_completed(&job->job)) {
958 ret = job_complete_sync(&job->job, errp);
962 job_unref(&job->job);
963 aio_context_release(aio_context);
965 /* publish completion progress only when success */
967 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
971 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
974 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
976 BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
978 bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
980 Error *local_err = NULL;
981 CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
982 bool image_opts = false;
983 AioContext *aio_context;
986 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
989 static const struct option long_options[] = {
990 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
991 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
992 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
995 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:ht:b:dpq",
1002 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
1005 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
1030 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
1032 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1038 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1044 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1049 if (optind != argc - 1) {
1050 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
1052 filename = argv[optind++];
1054 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1055 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1056 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
1060 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
1061 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1063 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
1067 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
1074 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
1075 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
1078 base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
1080 error_setg(&local_err,
1081 "Did not find '%s' in the backing chain of '%s'",
1086 /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
1087 * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
1088 * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
1089 base_bs = backing_bs(bs);
1091 error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
1096 cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
1101 aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
1102 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
1103 commit_active_start("commit", bs, base_bs, JOB_DEFAULT, 0,
1104 BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT, NULL, common_block_job_cb,
1105 &cbi, false, &local_err);
1106 aio_context_release(aio_context);
1111 /* When the block job completes, the BlockBackend reference will point to
1112 * the old backing file. In order to avoid that the top image is already
1113 * deleted, so we can still empty it afterwards, increment the reference
1114 * counter here preemptively. */
1119 job = block_job_get("commit");
1121 run_block_job(job, &local_err);
1127 BlockBackend *old_backing_blk;
1129 old_backing_blk = blk_new_with_bs(bs, BLK_PERM_WRITE, BLK_PERM_ALL,
1131 if (!old_backing_blk) {
1134 ret = blk_make_empty(old_backing_blk, &local_err);
1135 blk_unref(old_backing_blk);
1136 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
1137 error_free(local_err);
1139 } else if (ret < 0) {
1150 qemu_progress_end();
1155 error_report_err(local_err);
1159 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
1164 * Returns -1 if 'buf' contains only zeroes, otherwise the byte index
1165 * of the first sector boundary within buf where the sector contains a
1166 * non-zero byte. This function is robust to a buffer that is not
1169 static int64_t find_nonzero(const uint8_t *buf, int64_t n)
1172 int64_t end = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1174 for (i = 0; i < end; i += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
1175 if (!buffer_is_zero(buf + i, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1179 if (i < n && !buffer_is_zero(buf + i, n - end)) {
1186 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
1189 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1190 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
1191 * The function will try to align the end offset to alignment boundaries so
1192 * that the request will at least end aligned and consequtive requests will
1193 * also start at an aligned offset.
1195 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1196 int64_t sector_num, int alignment)
1205 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
1206 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1208 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
1213 tail = (sector_num + i) & (alignment - 1);
1215 if (is_zero && i <= tail) {
1216 /* treat unallocated areas which only consist
1217 * of a small tail as allocated. */
1221 /* align up end offset of allocated areas. */
1222 i += alignment - tail;
1225 /* align down end offset of zero areas. */
1234 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
1235 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
1236 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
1238 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1239 int min, int64_t sector_num, int alignment)
1242 int num_checked, num_used;
1248 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum, sector_num, alignment);
1254 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1256 sector_num += *pnum;
1257 num_checked = num_used;
1260 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum, sector_num, alignment);
1262 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1264 sector_num += *pnum;
1265 num_checked += *pnum;
1267 num_used = num_checked;
1268 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
1278 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first
1279 * sector of each buffer matches, non-zero otherwise.
1281 * pnum is set to the sector-aligned size of the buffer prefix that
1282 * has the same matching status as the first sector.
1284 static int compare_buffers(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2,
1285 int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
1288 int64_t i = MIN(bytes, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1292 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, i);
1294 int64_t len = MIN(bytes - i, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1296 if (!!memcmp(buf1 + i, buf2 + i, len) != res) {
1306 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * MiB)
1309 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
1311 * Intended for use by 'qemu-img compare': Returns 0 in case sectors are
1312 * filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero data (this is a comparison
1313 * failure), and 4 on error (the exit status for read errors), after emitting
1316 * @param blk: BlockBackend for the image
1317 * @param offset: Starting offset to check
1318 * @param bytes: Number of bytes to check
1319 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
1320 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
1321 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
1323 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
1324 int64_t bytes, const char *filename,
1325 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
1330 ret = blk_pread(blk, offset, buffer, bytes);
1332 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
1333 offset, filename, strerror(-ret));
1336 idx = find_nonzero(buffer, bytes);
1338 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1347 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
1349 * 0 - Images are identical
1351 * >1 - Error occurred
1353 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
1355 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
1356 BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
1357 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
1358 int64_t total_size1, total_size2;
1359 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
1360 int64_t pnum1, pnum2;
1361 int allocated1, allocated2;
1362 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
1363 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
1370 uint64_t progress_base;
1371 bool image_opts = false;
1372 bool force_share = false;
1374 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1376 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1377 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1378 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1379 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1380 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
1383 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:T:pqsU",
1384 long_options, NULL);
1390 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
1393 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
1419 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
1421 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1428 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1434 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1440 if (optind != argc - 2) {
1441 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1443 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1444 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1446 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1447 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1448 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
1453 /* Initialize before goto out */
1454 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1457 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1459 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1464 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, filename1, fmt1, flags, writethrough, quiet,
1471 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, filename2, fmt2, flags, writethrough, quiet,
1480 buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1481 buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1482 total_size1 = blk_getlength(blk1);
1483 if (total_size1 < 0) {
1484 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1485 filename1, strerror(-total_size1));
1489 total_size2 = blk_getlength(blk2);
1490 if (total_size2 < 0) {
1491 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1492 filename2, strerror(-total_size2));
1496 total_size = MIN(total_size1, total_size2);
1497 progress_base = MAX(total_size1, total_size2);
1499 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1501 if (strict && total_size1 != total_size2) {
1503 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1507 while (offset < total_size) {
1508 int status1, status2;
1510 status1 = bdrv_block_status_above(bs1, NULL, offset,
1511 total_size1 - offset, &pnum1, NULL,
1515 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1518 allocated1 = status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1520 status2 = bdrv_block_status_above(bs2, NULL, offset,
1521 total_size2 - offset, &pnum2, NULL,
1525 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1528 allocated2 = status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1530 assert(pnum1 && pnum2);
1531 chunk = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1534 if (status1 != status2) {
1536 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1537 " block status mismatch!\n", offset);
1541 if ((status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && (status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1543 } else if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1547 chunk = MIN(chunk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1548 ret = blk_pread(blk1, offset, buf1, chunk);
1550 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1552 offset, filename1, strerror(-ret));
1556 ret = blk_pread(blk2, offset, buf2, chunk);
1558 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1560 offset, filename2, strerror(-ret));
1564 ret = compare_buffers(buf1, buf2, chunk, &pnum);
1565 if (ret || pnum != chunk) {
1566 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1567 offset + (ret ? 0 : pnum));
1573 chunk = MIN(chunk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1575 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, offset, chunk,
1576 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1578 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, offset, chunk,
1579 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1586 qemu_progress_print(((float) chunk / progress_base) * 100, 100);
1589 if (total_size1 != total_size2) {
1590 BlockBackend *blk_over;
1591 const char *filename_over;
1593 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1594 if (total_size1 > total_size2) {
1596 filename_over = filename1;
1599 filename_over = filename2;
1602 while (offset < progress_base) {
1603 ret = bdrv_block_status_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, offset,
1604 progress_base - offset, &chunk,
1608 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1613 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED && !(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1614 chunk = MIN(chunk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1615 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, offset, chunk,
1616 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1622 qemu_progress_print(((float) chunk / progress_base) * 100, 100);
1626 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1636 qemu_progress_end();
1641 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1647 #define MAX_COROUTINES 16
1649 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1651 int64_t *src_sectors;
1653 int64_t total_sectors;
1654 int64_t allocated_sectors;
1655 int64_t allocated_done;
1658 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1659 int64_t sector_next_status;
1660 BlockBackend *target;
1663 bool unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
1665 bool target_has_backing;
1666 int64_t target_backing_sectors; /* negative if unknown */
1673 size_t cluster_sectors;
1675 long num_coroutines;
1676 int running_coroutines;
1677 Coroutine *co[MAX_COROUTINES];
1678 int64_t wait_sector_num[MAX_COROUTINES];
1683 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1684 int *src_cur, int64_t *src_cur_offset)
1687 *src_cur_offset = 0;
1688 while (sector_num - *src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[*src_cur]) {
1689 *src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[*src_cur];
1691 assert(*src_cur < s->src_num);
1695 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1697 int64_t src_cur_offset;
1698 int ret, n, src_cur;
1699 bool post_backing_zero = false;
1701 convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1703 assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1704 n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1706 if (s->target_backing_sectors >= 0) {
1707 if (sector_num >= s->target_backing_sectors) {
1708 post_backing_zero = s->unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
1709 } else if (sector_num + n > s->target_backing_sectors) {
1710 /* Split requests around target_backing_sectors (because
1711 * starting from there, zeros are handled differently) */
1712 n = s->target_backing_sectors - sector_num;
1716 if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1717 uint64_t offset = (sector_num - src_cur_offset) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1721 count = n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1723 if (s->target_has_backing) {
1724 ret = bdrv_block_status(blk_bs(s->src[src_cur]), offset,
1725 count, &count, NULL, NULL);
1727 ret = bdrv_block_status_above(blk_bs(s->src[src_cur]), NULL,
1728 offset, count, &count, NULL,
1736 warn_report("error while reading block status at "
1737 "offset %" PRIu64 ": %s", offset,
1740 /* Just try to read the data, then */
1741 ret = BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
1742 count = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1744 /* Retry on a shorter range */
1745 n = DIV_ROUND_UP(n, 4);
1748 error_report("error while reading block status at offset "
1749 "%" PRIu64 ": %s", offset, strerror(-ret));
1755 n = DIV_ROUND_UP(count, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1757 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1758 s->status = post_backing_zero ? BLK_BACKING_FILE : BLK_ZERO;
1759 } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1760 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1762 s->status = s->target_has_backing ? BLK_BACKING_FILE : BLK_DATA;
1765 s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1768 n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1769 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1770 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1773 /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1774 * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1775 * cluster allocated. */
1776 if (s->compressed) {
1777 if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1778 n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1779 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1781 n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1788 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1789 int nb_sectors, uint8_t *buf)
1791 uint64_t single_read_until = 0;
1794 assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1795 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1798 int64_t bs_sectors, src_cur_offset;
1801 /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1802 * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1803 * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1804 convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1805 blk = s->src[src_cur];
1806 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[src_cur];
1808 offset = (sector_num - src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1810 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - src_cur_offset));
1811 if (single_read_until > offset) {
1815 ret = blk_co_pread(blk, offset, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf, 0);
1819 single_read_until = offset + (n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1823 warn_report("error while reading offset %" PRIu64
1824 ": %s", offset, strerror(-ret));
1826 memset(buf, 0, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1835 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1842 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1843 int nb_sectors, uint8_t *buf,
1844 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status)
1848 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1850 BdrvRequestFlags flags = s->compressed ? BDRV_REQ_WRITE_COMPRESSED : 0;
1853 case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1854 /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1855 * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1856 * visible at the respective offset. */
1857 assert(s->target_has_backing);
1861 /* If we're told to keep the target fully allocated (-S 0) or there
1862 * is real non-zero data, we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1863 * it as zero sectors.
1864 * Compressed clusters need to be written as a whole, so in that
1865 * case we can only save the write if the buffer is completely
1867 if (!s->min_sparse ||
1869 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse,
1870 sector_num, s->alignment)) ||
1872 !buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)))
1874 ret = blk_co_pwrite(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1875 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf, flags);
1884 if (s->has_zero_init) {
1885 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1888 ret = blk_co_pwrite_zeroes(s->target,
1889 sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1890 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1891 BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1900 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1906 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_copy_range(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1911 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1914 int64_t bs_sectors, src_cur_offset;
1917 convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1918 offset = (sector_num - src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1919 blk = s->src[src_cur];
1920 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[src_cur];
1922 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - src_cur_offset));
1924 ret = blk_co_copy_range(blk, offset, s->target,
1925 sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1926 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0, 0);
1937 static void coroutine_fn convert_co_do_copy(void *opaque)
1939 ImgConvertState *s = opaque;
1940 uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1944 for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
1945 if (s->co[i] == qemu_coroutine_self()) {
1952 s->running_coroutines++;
1953 buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1958 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1961 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1962 if (s->ret != -EINPROGRESS || s->sector_num >= s->total_sectors) {
1963 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1966 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, s->sector_num);
1968 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1972 /* save current sector and allocation status to local variables */
1973 sector_num = s->sector_num;
1975 if (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO) {
1976 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1978 /* increment global sector counter so that other coroutines can
1979 * already continue reading beyond this request */
1981 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1983 if (status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && status == BLK_ZERO)) {
1984 s->allocated_done += n;
1985 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * s->allocated_done /
1986 s->allocated_sectors, 0);
1990 copy_range = s->copy_range && s->status == BLK_DATA;
1991 if (status == BLK_DATA && !copy_range) {
1992 ret = convert_co_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1994 error_report("error while reading at byte %lld: %s",
1995 sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, strerror(-ret));
1998 } else if (!s->min_sparse && status == BLK_ZERO) {
2000 memset(buf, 0x00, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2003 if (s->wr_in_order) {
2004 /* keep writes in order */
2005 while (s->wr_offs != sector_num && s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
2006 s->wait_sector_num[index] = sector_num;
2007 qemu_coroutine_yield();
2009 s->wait_sector_num[index] = -1;
2012 if (s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
2014 ret = convert_co_copy_range(s, sector_num, n);
2016 s->copy_range = false;
2020 ret = convert_co_write(s, sector_num, n, buf, status);
2023 error_report("error while writing at byte %lld: %s",
2024 sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, strerror(-ret));
2029 if (s->wr_in_order) {
2030 /* reenter the coroutine that might have waited
2031 * for this write to complete */
2032 s->wr_offs = sector_num + n;
2033 for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
2034 if (s->co[i] && s->wait_sector_num[i] == s->wr_offs) {
2036 * A -> B -> A cannot occur because A has
2037 * s->wait_sector_num[i] == -1 during A -> B. Therefore
2038 * B will never enter A during this time window.
2040 qemu_coroutine_enter(s->co[i]);
2048 s->co[index] = NULL;
2049 s->running_coroutines--;
2050 if (!s->running_coroutines && s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
2051 /* the convert job finished successfully */
2056 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
2059 int64_t sector_num = 0;
2061 /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
2062 if (!s->has_zero_init && s->target_is_new && s->min_sparse &&
2063 !s->target_has_backing) {
2064 s->has_zero_init = bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target));
2067 if (!s->has_zero_init && !s->target_has_backing &&
2068 bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(blk_bs(s->target)))
2070 ret = blk_make_zero(s->target, BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP | BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK);
2072 s->has_zero_init = true;
2076 /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
2077 * can be copied at a time. */
2078 if (s->compressed) {
2079 if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
2080 error_report("invalid cluster size");
2083 s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
2086 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
2087 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
2091 if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
2093 s->allocated_sectors += n;
2099 s->sector_next_status = 0;
2100 s->ret = -EINPROGRESS;
2102 qemu_co_mutex_init(&s->lock);
2103 for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
2104 s->co[i] = qemu_coroutine_create(convert_co_do_copy, s);
2105 s->wait_sector_num[i] = -1;
2106 qemu_coroutine_enter(s->co[i]);
2109 while (s->running_coroutines) {
2110 main_loop_wait(false);
2113 if (s->compressed && !s->ret) {
2114 /* signal EOF to align */
2115 ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
2124 #define MAX_BUF_SECTORS 32768
2126 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
2128 int c, bs_i, flags, src_flags = 0;
2129 const char *fmt = NULL, *out_fmt = NULL, *cache = "unsafe",
2130 *src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE, *out_baseimg = NULL,
2131 *out_filename, *out_baseimg_param, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2132 BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
2133 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
2134 BlockDriverState *out_bs;
2135 QemuOpts *opts = NULL, *sn_opts = NULL;
2136 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
2137 QDict *open_opts = NULL;
2138 char *options = NULL;
2139 Error *local_err = NULL;
2140 bool writethrough, src_writethrough, image_opts = false,
2141 skip_create = false, progress = false, tgt_image_opts = false;
2142 int64_t ret = -EINVAL;
2143 bool force_share = false;
2144 bool explict_min_sparse = false;
2146 ImgConvertState s = (ImgConvertState) {
2147 /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
2149 .copy_range = false,
2150 .buf_sectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2151 .wr_in_order = true,
2152 .num_coroutines = 8,
2156 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2157 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2158 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2159 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2160 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
2161 {"target-image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS},
2162 {"salvage", no_argument, 0, OPTION_SALVAGE},
2163 {"target-is-zero", no_argument, 0, OPTION_TARGET_IS_ZERO},
2166 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:B:Cco:l:S:pt:T:qnm:WU",
2167 long_options, NULL);
2173 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2176 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2188 out_baseimg = optarg;
2191 s.copy_range = true;
2194 s.compressed = true;
2197 if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
2202 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
2203 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
2206 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
2211 snapshot_name = optarg;
2218 sval = cvtnum("buffer size for sparse output", optarg);
2221 } else if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(sval, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) ||
2222 sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE > MAX_BUF_SECTORS) {
2223 error_report("Invalid buffer size for sparse output specified. "
2224 "Valid sizes are multiples of %llu up to %llu. Select "
2225 "0 to disable sparse detection (fully allocates output).",
2226 BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, MAX_BUF_SECTORS * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2230 s.min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2231 explict_min_sparse = true;
2250 if (qemu_strtol(optarg, NULL, 0, &s.num_coroutines) ||
2251 s.num_coroutines < 1 || s.num_coroutines > MAX_COROUTINES) {
2252 error_report("Invalid number of coroutines. Allowed number of"
2253 " coroutines is between 1 and %d", MAX_COROUTINES);
2258 s.wr_in_order = false;
2263 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2264 QemuOpts *object_opts;
2265 object_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2272 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2275 case OPTION_SALVAGE:
2278 case OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS:
2279 tgt_image_opts = true;
2281 case OPTION_TARGET_IS_ZERO:
2283 * The user asserting that the target is blank has the
2284 * same effect as the target driver supporting zero
2287 s.has_zero_init = true;
2292 if (!out_fmt && !tgt_image_opts) {
2296 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2297 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2298 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
2302 if (s.compressed && s.copy_range) {
2303 error_report("Cannot enable copy offloading when -c is used");
2307 if (explict_min_sparse && s.copy_range) {
2308 error_report("Cannot enable copy offloading when -S is used");
2312 if (s.copy_range && s.salvage) {
2313 error_report("Cannot use copy offloading in salvaging mode");
2317 if (tgt_image_opts && !skip_create) {
2318 error_report("--target-image-opts requires use of -n flag");
2322 if (skip_create && options) {
2323 warn_report("-o has no effect when skipping image creation");
2324 warn_report("This will become an error in future QEMU versions.");
2327 if (s.has_zero_init && !skip_create) {
2328 error_report("--target-is-zero requires use of -n flag");
2332 s.src_num = argc - optind - 1;
2333 out_filename = s.src_num >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
2335 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
2337 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
2340 error_report("Option help requires a format be specified");
2345 if (s.src_num < 1) {
2346 error_report("Must specify image file name");
2351 /* ret is still -EINVAL until here */
2352 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
2354 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2358 /* Initialize before goto out */
2362 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
2363 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2365 s.src = g_new0(BlockBackend *, s.src_num);
2366 s.src_sectors = g_new(int64_t, s.src_num);
2368 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < s.src_num; bs_i++) {
2369 s.src[bs_i] = img_open(image_opts, argv[optind + bs_i],
2370 fmt, src_flags, src_writethrough, s.quiet,
2376 s.src_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(s.src[bs_i]);
2377 if (s.src_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
2378 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
2379 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-s.src_sectors[bs_i]));
2383 s.total_sectors += s.src_sectors[bs_i];
2387 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(blk_bs(s.src[0]),
2388 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
2389 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
2391 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
2392 if (s.src_num > 1) {
2393 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
2398 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(blk_bs(s.src[0]), snapshot_name,
2402 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
2408 /* Find driver and parse its options */
2409 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
2411 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
2416 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
2418 error_report_err(local_err);
2423 if (!drv->create_opts) {
2424 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2430 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
2431 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2432 proto_drv->format_name);
2437 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
2438 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
2440 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2442 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
2444 error_report_err(local_err);
2450 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, s.total_sectors * 512,
2452 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
2458 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
2459 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
2460 if (out_baseimg_param) {
2461 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
2463 s.target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg;
2465 if (s.has_zero_init && s.target_has_backing) {
2466 error_report("Cannot use --target-is-zero when the destination "
2467 "image has a backing file");
2471 if (s.src_num > 1 && out_baseimg) {
2472 error_report("Having a backing file for the target makes no sense when "
2473 "concatenating multiple input images");
2478 /* Check if compression is supported */
2481 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
2482 const char *encryptfmt =
2483 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT);
2484 const char *preallocation =
2485 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
2487 if (drv && !block_driver_can_compress(drv)) {
2488 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2493 if (encryption || encryptfmt) {
2494 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
2501 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
2503 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
2511 * The later open call will need any decryption secrets, and
2512 * bdrv_create() will purge "opts", so extract them now before
2516 open_opts = qdict_new();
2517 qemu_opt_foreach(opts, img_add_key_secrets, open_opts, &error_abort);
2521 /* Create the new image */
2522 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
2524 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: error while converting %s: ",
2525 out_filename, out_fmt);
2530 s.target_is_new = !skip_create;
2532 flags = s.min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
2533 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2535 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2540 s.target = img_open(tgt_image_opts, out_filename, out_fmt,
2541 flags, writethrough, s.quiet, false);
2543 /* TODO ultimately we should allow --target-image-opts
2544 * to be used even when -n is not given.
2545 * That has to wait for bdrv_create to be improved
2546 * to allow filenames in option syntax
2548 s.target = img_open_file(out_filename, open_opts, out_fmt,
2549 flags, writethrough, s.quiet, false);
2550 open_opts = NULL; /* blk_new_open will have freed it */
2556 out_bs = blk_bs(s.target);
2558 if (s.compressed && !block_driver_can_compress(out_bs->drv)) {
2559 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2564 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer
2565 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to
2566 * MAX_BUF_SECTORS as maximum which is currently 32768 (16MB). */
2567 s.buf_sectors = MIN(MAX_BUF_SECTORS,
2569 MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
2570 out_bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment >>
2571 BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)));
2573 /* try to align the write requests to the destination to avoid unnecessary
2575 s.alignment = MAX(pow2floor(s.min_sparse),
2576 DIV_ROUND_UP(out_bs->bl.request_alignment,
2578 assert(is_power_of_2(s.alignment));
2581 int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(s.target);
2582 if (output_sectors < 0) {
2583 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
2584 strerror(-output_sectors));
2587 } else if (output_sectors < s.total_sectors) {
2588 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
2594 if (s.target_has_backing && s.target_is_new) {
2595 /* Errors are treated as "backing length unknown" (which means
2596 * s.target_backing_sectors has to be negative, which it will
2597 * be automatically). The backing file length is used only
2598 * for optimizations, so such a case is not fatal. */
2599 s.target_backing_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(out_bs->backing->bs);
2601 s.target_backing_sectors = -1;
2604 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
2607 error_report("could not get block driver info");
2611 s.compressed = s.compressed || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
2612 s.cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2613 s.unallocated_blocks_are_zero = bdi.unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
2616 ret = convert_do_copy(&s);
2619 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2621 qemu_progress_end();
2622 qemu_opts_del(opts);
2623 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
2624 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
2625 qobject_unref(open_opts);
2626 blk_unref(s.target);
2628 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < s.src_num; bs_i++) {
2629 blk_unref(s.src[bs_i]);
2633 g_free(s.src_sectors);
2641 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
2643 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
2646 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
2649 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
2650 bdrv_snapshot_dump(NULL);
2652 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
2654 bdrv_snapshot_dump(sn);
2660 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2664 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2666 visit_type_ImageInfoList(v, NULL, &list, &error_abort);
2667 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2668 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2669 assert(str != NULL);
2670 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2676 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
2680 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2682 visit_type_ImageInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
2683 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2684 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2685 assert(str != NULL);
2686 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2692 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2694 ImageInfoList *elem;
2697 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
2703 bdrv_image_info_dump(elem->value);
2707 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
2709 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
2713 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
2715 * @filename: topmost image filename
2716 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
2717 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
2718 * false - only topmost image file
2720 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
2721 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
2724 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(bool image_opts,
2725 const char *filename,
2727 bool chain, bool force_share)
2729 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
2730 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
2731 GHashTable *filenames;
2734 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2738 BlockDriverState *bs;
2740 ImageInfoList *elem;
2742 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2743 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2747 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2749 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
2750 BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_NO_IO, false, false,
2757 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2759 error_report_err(err);
2764 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2771 /* Clear parameters that only apply to the topmost image */
2772 filename = fmt = NULL;
2776 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2777 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2778 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2779 error_report("Could not determine absolute backing filename,"
2780 " but backing filename '%s' present",
2781 info->backing_filename);
2784 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2785 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2789 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2793 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2794 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2798 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2801 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2803 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2804 ImageInfoList *list;
2805 bool image_opts = false;
2806 bool force_share = false;
2811 int option_index = 0;
2812 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2813 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2814 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2815 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2816 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2817 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2818 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2819 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
2822 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hU",
2823 long_options, &option_index);
2829 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2832 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2846 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2849 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2851 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2857 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2862 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2863 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2865 filename = argv[optind++];
2867 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2868 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2869 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2870 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2871 } else if (output) {
2872 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2876 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2877 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2878 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
2882 list = collect_image_info_list(image_opts, filename, fmt, chain,
2888 switch (output_format) {
2890 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2894 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2896 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2901 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2905 static int dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2908 switch (output_format) {
2910 if (e->data && !e->has_offset) {
2911 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2914 if (e->data && !e->zero) {
2915 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2916 e->start, e->length,
2917 e->has_offset ? e->offset : 0,
2918 e->has_filename ? e->filename : "");
2920 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2921 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2923 if (next && (!next->data || next->zero)) {
2929 printf("{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64","
2930 " \"depth\": %"PRId64", \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2931 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2932 e->zero ? "true" : "false",
2933 e->data ? "true" : "false");
2934 if (e->has_offset) {
2935 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2947 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
2948 int64_t bytes, MapEntry *e)
2952 BlockDriverState *file;
2955 char *filename = NULL;
2957 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2958 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2964 ret = bdrv_block_status(bs, offset, bytes, &bytes, &map, &file);
2969 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2972 bs = backing_bs(bs);
2981 has_offset = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID);
2983 if (file && has_offset) {
2984 bdrv_refresh_filename(file);
2985 filename = file->filename;
2991 .data = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA),
2992 .zero = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO),
2994 .has_offset = has_offset,
2996 .has_filename = filename,
2997 .filename = filename,
3003 static inline bool entry_mergeable(const MapEntry *curr, const MapEntry *next)
3005 if (curr->length == 0) {
3008 if (curr->zero != next->zero ||
3009 curr->data != next->data ||
3010 curr->depth != next->depth ||
3011 curr->has_filename != next->has_filename ||
3012 curr->has_offset != next->has_offset) {
3015 if (curr->has_filename && strcmp(curr->filename, next->filename)) {
3018 if (curr->has_offset && curr->offset + curr->length != next->offset) {
3024 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
3027 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
3029 BlockDriverState *bs;
3030 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
3032 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
3034 bool image_opts = false;
3035 bool force_share = false;
3036 int64_t start_offset = 0;
3037 int64_t max_length = -1;
3042 int option_index = 0;
3043 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3044 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3045 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
3046 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
3047 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3048 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3049 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
3050 {"start-offset", required_argument, 0, 's'},
3051 {"max-length", required_argument, 0, 'l'},
3054 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:s:l:hU",
3055 long_options, &option_index);
3061 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3064 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3079 start_offset = cvtnum("start offset", optarg);
3080 if (start_offset < 0) {
3085 max_length = cvtnum("max length", optarg);
3086 if (max_length < 0) {
3090 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3092 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3098 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3103 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3104 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3106 filename = argv[optind];
3108 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
3109 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
3110 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
3111 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
3112 } else if (output) {
3113 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
3117 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3118 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3119 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
3123 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0, false, false, force_share);
3129 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
3130 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
3131 } else if (output_format == OFORMAT_JSON) {
3135 length = blk_getlength(blk);
3137 error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", filename);
3140 if (max_length != -1) {
3141 length = MIN(start_offset + max_length, length);
3144 curr.start = start_offset;
3145 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
3146 int64_t offset = curr.start + curr.length;
3149 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
3150 n = MIN(1 * GiB, length - offset);
3151 ret = get_block_status(bs, offset, n, &next);
3154 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
3158 if (entry_mergeable(&curr, &next)) {
3159 curr.length += next.length;
3163 if (curr.length > 0) {
3164 ret = dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
3172 ret = dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
3173 if (output_format == OFORMAT_JSON) {
3182 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
3183 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
3184 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
3185 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
3187 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
3190 BlockDriverState *bs;
3191 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
3192 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
3193 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
3198 bool image_opts = false;
3199 bool force_share = false;
3201 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
3202 /* Parse commandline parameters */
3204 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3205 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3206 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3207 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3208 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
3211 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":la:c:d:hqU",
3212 long_options, NULL);
3218 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3221 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3228 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3231 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
3232 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
3236 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3239 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
3240 snapshot_name = optarg;
3244 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3247 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
3248 snapshot_name = optarg;
3252 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
3255 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
3256 snapshot_name = optarg;
3264 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3266 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3272 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3278 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3279 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3281 filename = argv[optind++];
3283 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3284 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3285 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
3289 /* Open the image */
3290 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, false, quiet,
3297 /* Perform the requested action */
3303 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
3304 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
3305 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
3307 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
3308 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
3309 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
3311 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
3313 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
3314 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
3318 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
3319 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
3321 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not apply snapshot '%s': ",
3326 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
3327 ret = bdrv_snapshot_find(bs, &sn, snapshot_name);
3329 error_report("Could not delete snapshot '%s': snapshot not "
3330 "found", snapshot_name);
3333 ret = bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs, sn.id_str, sn.name, &err);
3335 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not delete snapshot '%s': ",
3351 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
3353 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
3354 uint8_t *buf_old = NULL;
3355 uint8_t *buf_new = NULL;
3356 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL, *prefix_chain_bs = NULL;
3358 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
3359 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
3360 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
3362 bool force_share = false;
3365 Error *local_err = NULL;
3366 bool image_opts = false;
3368 /* Parse commandline parameters */
3370 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3371 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3375 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3376 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3377 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3378 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3379 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
3382 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:b:upt:T:qU",
3383 long_options, NULL);
3389 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3392 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3401 out_basefmt = optarg;
3404 out_baseimg = optarg;
3421 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3423 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3429 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3442 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3443 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3445 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
3446 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
3448 filename = argv[optind++];
3450 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3451 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3452 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
3456 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
3457 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
3459 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
3460 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
3462 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
3467 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
3469 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
3473 /* The source files are opened read-only, don't care about WCE */
3474 assert((src_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) == 0);
3475 (void) src_writethrough;
3480 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
3481 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
3483 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
3491 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
3492 if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
3493 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
3499 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
3501 QDict *options = NULL;
3502 BlockDriverState *base_bs = backing_bs(bs);
3505 blk_old_backing = blk_new(qemu_get_aio_context(),
3506 BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ,
3508 ret = blk_insert_bs(blk_old_backing, base_bs,
3511 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3512 "Could not reuse old backing file '%s': ",
3517 blk_old_backing = NULL;
3520 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
3521 const char *overlay_filename;
3522 char *out_real_path;
3524 options = qdict_new();
3526 qdict_put_str(options, "driver", out_basefmt);
3529 qdict_put_bool(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, true);
3532 bdrv_refresh_filename(bs);
3533 overlay_filename = bs->exact_filename[0] ? bs->exact_filename
3536 bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(overlay_filename,
3540 qobject_unref(options);
3541 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3542 "Could not resolve backing filename: ");
3548 * Find out whether we rebase an image on top of a previous image
3551 prefix_chain_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, out_real_path);
3552 if (prefix_chain_bs) {
3553 qobject_unref(options);
3554 g_free(out_real_path);
3556 blk_new_backing = blk_new(qemu_get_aio_context(),
3557 BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ,
3559 ret = blk_insert_bs(blk_new_backing, prefix_chain_bs,
3562 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3563 "Could not reuse backing file '%s': ",
3568 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open(out_real_path, NULL,
3569 options, src_flags, &local_err);
3570 g_free(out_real_path);
3571 if (!blk_new_backing) {
3572 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3573 "Could not open new backing file '%s': ",
3583 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
3584 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
3585 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
3586 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
3588 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
3589 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
3593 int64_t old_backing_size = 0;
3594 int64_t new_backing_size = 0;
3597 float local_progress = 0;
3599 buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3600 buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3602 size = blk_getlength(blk);
3604 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3605 filename, strerror(-size));
3609 if (blk_old_backing) {
3610 old_backing_size = blk_getlength(blk_old_backing);
3611 if (old_backing_size < 0) {
3612 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
3614 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name,
3615 sizeof(backing_name));
3616 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3617 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_size));
3622 if (blk_new_backing) {
3623 new_backing_size = blk_getlength(blk_new_backing);
3624 if (new_backing_size < 0) {
3625 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3626 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_size));
3633 local_progress = (float)100 / (size / MIN(size, IO_BUF_SIZE));
3636 for (offset = 0; offset < size; offset += n) {
3637 bool buf_old_is_zero = false;
3639 /* How many bytes can we handle with the next read? */
3640 n = MIN(IO_BUF_SIZE, size - offset);
3642 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
3643 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, n, &n);
3645 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3653 if (prefix_chain_bs) {
3655 * If cluster wasn't changed since prefix_chain, we don't need
3658 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(backing_bs(bs), prefix_chain_bs,
3659 false, offset, n, &n);
3661 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3671 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
3672 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
3674 if (offset >= old_backing_size) {
3675 memset(buf_old, 0, n);
3676 buf_old_is_zero = true;
3678 if (offset + n > old_backing_size) {
3679 n = old_backing_size - offset;
3682 ret = blk_pread(blk_old_backing, offset, buf_old, n);
3684 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
3689 if (offset >= new_backing_size || !blk_new_backing) {
3690 memset(buf_new, 0, n);
3692 if (offset + n > new_backing_size) {
3693 n = new_backing_size - offset;
3696 ret = blk_pread(blk_new_backing, offset, buf_new, n);
3698 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
3703 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
3704 uint64_t written = 0;
3706 while (written < n) {
3709 if (compare_buffers(buf_old + written, buf_new + written,
3710 n - written, &pnum))
3712 if (buf_old_is_zero) {
3713 ret = blk_pwrite_zeroes(blk, offset + written, pnum, 0);
3715 ret = blk_pwrite(blk, offset + written,
3716 buf_old + written, pnum, 0);
3719 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
3727 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
3732 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
3733 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
3734 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
3736 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
3737 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
3739 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
3742 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
3743 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
3744 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
3745 } else if (ret < 0) {
3746 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
3747 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
3750 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
3752 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
3753 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
3754 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
3755 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
3758 qemu_progress_end();
3761 blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
3762 blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
3764 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
3765 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
3774 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
3777 int c, ret, relative;
3778 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
3779 int64_t n, total_size, current_size;
3781 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3782 PreallocMode prealloc = PREALLOC_MODE_OFF;
3785 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
3786 .name = "resize_options",
3787 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
3790 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
3791 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3792 .help = "Virtual disk size"
3798 bool image_opts = false;
3799 bool shrink = false;
3801 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
3802 * as options by getopt. */
3804 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3808 size = argv[--argc];
3810 /* Parse getopt arguments */
3813 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3814 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3815 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3816 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3817 {"preallocation", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PREALLOCATION},
3818 {"shrink", no_argument, 0, OPTION_SHRINK},
3821 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hq",
3822 long_options, NULL);
3828 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3831 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3842 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3844 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3850 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3853 case OPTION_PREALLOCATION:
3854 prealloc = qapi_enum_parse(&PreallocMode_lookup, optarg,
3855 PREALLOC_MODE__MAX, NULL);
3856 if (prealloc == PREALLOC_MODE__MAX) {
3857 error_report("Invalid preallocation mode '%s'", optarg);
3866 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3867 error_exit("Expecting image file name and size");
3869 filename = argv[optind++];
3871 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3872 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3873 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
3877 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
3893 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3894 qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err);
3896 error_report_err(err);
3898 qemu_opts_del(param);
3901 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
3902 qemu_opts_del(param);
3904 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
3905 BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE, false, quiet,
3912 current_size = blk_getlength(blk);
3913 if (current_size < 0) {
3914 error_report("Failed to inquire current image length: %s",
3915 strerror(-current_size));
3921 total_size = current_size + n * relative;
3925 if (total_size <= 0) {
3926 error_report("New image size must be positive");
3931 if (total_size <= current_size && prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF) {
3932 error_report("Preallocation can only be used for growing images");
3937 if (total_size < current_size && !shrink) {
3938 warn_report("Shrinking an image will delete all data beyond the "
3939 "shrunken image's end. Before performing such an "
3940 "operation, make sure there is no important data there.");
3942 if (g_strcmp0(bdrv_get_format_name(blk_bs(blk)), "raw") != 0) {
3944 "Use the --shrink option to perform a shrink operation.");
3948 warn_report("Using the --shrink option will suppress this message. "
3949 "Note that future versions of qemu-img may refuse to "
3950 "shrink images without this option.");
3955 * The user expects the image to have the desired size after
3956 * resizing, so pass @exact=true. It is of no use to report
3957 * success when the image has not actually been resized.
3959 ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size, true, prealloc, 0, &err);
3961 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
3963 error_report_err(err);
3973 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
3974 int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size,
3977 qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
3980 static int print_amend_option_help(const char *format)
3984 /* Find driver and parse its options */
3985 drv = bdrv_find_format(format);
3987 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", format);
3991 if (!drv->bdrv_amend_options) {
3992 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support option amendment",
3997 /* Every driver supporting amendment must have create_opts */
3998 assert(drv->create_opts);
4000 printf("Creation options for '%s':\n", format);
4001 qemu_opts_print_help(drv->create_opts, false);
4002 printf("\nNote that not all of these options may be amendable.\n");
4006 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
4010 char *options = NULL;
4011 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
4012 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4013 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
4016 bool quiet = false, progress = false;
4017 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
4018 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
4019 bool image_opts = false;
4021 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
4023 static const struct option long_options[] = {
4024 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4025 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
4026 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4029 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":ho:f:t:pq",
4030 long_options, NULL);
4037 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4040 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4046 if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
4048 goto out_no_progress;
4064 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
4068 goto out_no_progress;
4071 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4078 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
4081 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
4082 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
4083 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
4085 goto out_no_progress;
4091 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
4093 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
4094 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
4095 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
4096 * given), print option help here */
4097 ret = print_amend_option_help(fmt);
4101 if (optind != argc - 1) {
4102 error_report("Expecting one image file name");
4107 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
4108 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
4110 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
4114 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
4122 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
4124 if (has_help_option(options)) {
4125 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
4126 ret = print_amend_option_help(fmt);
4130 if (!bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options) {
4131 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support option amendment",
4137 /* Every driver supporting amendment must have create_opts */
4138 assert(bs->drv->create_opts);
4140 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
4141 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4142 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
4144 error_report_err(err);
4149 /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
4150 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
4151 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL, &err);
4152 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
4154 error_report_err(err);
4159 qemu_progress_end();
4163 qemu_opts_del(opts);
4164 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
4173 typedef struct BenchData {
4175 uint64_t image_size;
4182 bool drain_on_flush;
4191 static void bench_undrained_flush_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
4194 error_report("Failed flush request: %s", strerror(-ret));
4199 static void bench_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
4201 BenchData *b = opaque;
4205 error_report("Failed request: %s", strerror(-ret));
4210 /* Just finished a flush with drained queue: Start next requests */
4211 assert(b->in_flight == 0);
4212 b->in_flush = false;
4213 } else if (b->in_flight > 0) {
4214 int remaining = b->n - b->in_flight;
4219 /* Time for flush? Drain queue if requested, then flush */
4220 if (b->flush_interval && remaining % b->flush_interval == 0) {
4221 if (!b->in_flight || !b->drain_on_flush) {
4222 BlockCompletionFunc *cb;
4224 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
4228 cb = bench_undrained_flush_cb;
4231 acb = blk_aio_flush(b->blk, cb, b);
4233 error_report("Failed to issue flush request");
4237 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
4243 while (b->n > b->in_flight && b->in_flight < b->nrreq) {
4244 int64_t offset = b->offset;
4245 /* blk_aio_* might look for completed I/Os and kick bench_cb
4246 * again, so make sure this operation is counted by in_flight
4247 * and b->offset is ready for the next submission.
4250 b->offset += b->step;
4251 b->offset %= b->image_size;
4253 acb = blk_aio_pwritev(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
4255 acb = blk_aio_preadv(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
4258 error_report("Failed to issue request");
4264 static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
4267 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename;
4269 bool image_opts = false;
4270 bool is_write = false;
4274 size_t bufsize = 4096;
4277 int flush_interval = 0;
4278 bool drain_on_flush = true;
4280 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
4281 BenchData data = {};
4283 bool writethrough = false;
4284 struct timeval t1, t2;
4286 bool force_share = false;
4290 static const struct option long_options[] = {
4291 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4292 {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
4293 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4294 {"pattern", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PATTERN},
4295 {"no-drain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_NO_DRAIN},
4296 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
4299 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hc:d:f:ni:o:qs:S:t:wU", long_options,
4307 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4310 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4319 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4320 error_report("Invalid request count specified");
4330 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4331 error_report("Invalid queue depth specified");
4341 flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
4344 ret = bdrv_parse_aio(optarg, &flags);
4346 error_report("Invalid aio option: %s", optarg);
4353 offset = cvtnum("offset", optarg);
4367 sval = cvtnum_full("buffer size", optarg, 0, INT_MAX);
4379 sval = cvtnum_full("step_size", optarg, 0, INT_MAX);
4388 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough);
4390 error_report("Invalid cache mode");
4396 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
4402 case OPTION_PATTERN:
4406 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > 0xff) {
4407 error_report("Invalid pattern byte specified");
4413 case OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL:
4417 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4418 error_report("Invalid flush interval specified");
4421 flush_interval = res;
4424 case OPTION_NO_DRAIN:
4425 drain_on_flush = false;
4427 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4433 if (optind != argc - 1) {
4434 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
4436 filename = argv[argc - 1];
4438 if (!is_write && flush_interval) {
4439 error_report("--flush-interval is only available in write tests");
4443 if (flush_interval && flush_interval < depth) {
4444 error_report("Flush interval can't be smaller than depth");
4449 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet,
4456 image_size = blk_getlength(blk);
4457 if (image_size < 0) {
4462 data = (BenchData) {
4464 .image_size = image_size,
4466 .step = step ?: bufsize,
4471 .flush_interval = flush_interval,
4472 .drain_on_flush = drain_on_flush,
4474 printf("Sending %d %s requests, %d bytes each, %d in parallel "
4475 "(starting at offset %" PRId64 ", step size %d)\n",
4476 data.n, data.write ? "write" : "read", data.bufsize, data.nrreq,
4477 data.offset, data.step);
4478 if (flush_interval) {
4479 printf("Sending flush every %d requests\n", flush_interval);
4482 buf_size = data.nrreq * data.bufsize;
4483 data.buf = blk_blockalign(blk, buf_size);
4484 memset(data.buf, pattern, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
4486 blk_register_buf(blk, data.buf, buf_size);
4488 data.qiov = g_new(QEMUIOVector, data.nrreq);
4489 for (i = 0; i < data.nrreq; i++) {
4490 qemu_iovec_init(&data.qiov[i], 1);
4491 qemu_iovec_add(&data.qiov[i],
4492 data.buf + i * data.bufsize, data.bufsize);
4495 gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
4498 while (data.n > 0) {
4499 main_loop_wait(false);
4501 gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
4503 printf("Run completed in %3.3f seconds.\n",
4504 (t2.tv_sec - t1.tv_sec)
4505 + ((double)(t2.tv_usec - t1.tv_usec) / 1000000));
4509 blk_unregister_buf(blk, data.buf);
4511 qemu_vfree(data.buf);
4528 typedef struct ImgBitmapAction {
4529 enum ImgBitmapAct act;
4530 const char *src; /* only used for merge */
4531 QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(ImgBitmapAction) next;
4534 static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
4538 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4539 const char *fmt = NULL, *src_fmt = NULL, *src_filename = NULL;
4540 const char *filename, *bitmap;
4541 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *src = NULL;
4542 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL, *src_bs = NULL;
4543 bool image_opts = false;
4544 int64_t granularity = 0;
4545 bool add = false, merge = false;
4546 QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, ImgBitmapAction) actions;
4547 ImgBitmapAction *act, *act_next;
4550 QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&actions);
4553 static const struct option long_options[] = {
4554 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4555 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
4556 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4557 {"add", no_argument, 0, OPTION_ADD},
4558 {"remove", no_argument, 0, OPTION_REMOVE},
4559 {"clear", no_argument, 0, OPTION_CLEAR},
4560 {"enable", no_argument, 0, OPTION_ENABLE},
4561 {"disable", no_argument, 0, OPTION_DISABLE},
4562 {"merge", required_argument, 0, OPTION_MERGE},
4563 {"granularity", required_argument, 0, 'g'},
4564 {"source-file", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
4565 {"source-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
4568 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":b:f:F:g:h", long_options, NULL);
4575 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4578 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4584 src_filename = optarg;
4593 granularity = cvtnum("granularity", optarg);
4594 if (granularity < 0) {
4599 act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4600 act->act = BITMAP_ADD;
4601 QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4605 act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4606 act->act = BITMAP_REMOVE;
4607 QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4610 act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4611 act->act = BITMAP_CLEAR;
4612 QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4615 act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4616 act->act = BITMAP_ENABLE;
4617 QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4619 case OPTION_DISABLE:
4620 act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4621 act->act = BITMAP_DISABLE;
4622 QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4625 act = g_new0(ImgBitmapAction, 1);
4626 act->act = BITMAP_MERGE;
4628 QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&actions, act, next);
4632 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts, optarg, true);
4637 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4643 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
4644 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
4645 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
4649 if (QSIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&actions)) {
4650 error_report("Need at least one of --add, --remove, --clear, "
4651 "--enable, --disable, or --merge");
4655 if (granularity && !add) {
4656 error_report("granularity only supported with --add");
4659 if (src_fmt && !src_filename) {
4660 error_report("-F only supported with -b");
4663 if (src_filename && !merge) {
4664 error_report("Merge bitmap source file only supported with "
4669 if (optind != argc - 2) {
4670 error_report("Expecting filename and bitmap name");
4674 filename = argv[optind];
4675 bitmap = argv[optind + 1];
4677 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR, false, false,
4684 src = img_open(false, src_filename, src_fmt, 0, false, false, false);
4688 src_bs = blk_bs(src);
4693 QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH_SAFE(act, &actions, next, act_next) {
4696 qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_add(bs->node_name, bitmap,
4697 !!granularity, granularity, true, true,
4698 false, false, &err);
4702 qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_remove(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4706 qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_clear(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4710 qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_enable(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4713 case BITMAP_DISABLE:
4714 qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_disable(bs->node_name, bitmap, &err);
4717 case BITMAP_MERGE: {
4718 BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSource *merge_src;
4719 BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSourceList *list;
4721 merge_src = g_new0(BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSource, 1);
4722 merge_src->type = QTYPE_QDICT;
4723 merge_src->u.external.node = g_strdup(src_bs->node_name);
4724 merge_src->u.external.name = g_strdup(act->src);
4725 list = g_new0(BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSourceList, 1);
4726 list->value = merge_src;
4727 qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(bs->node_name, bitmap, list, &err);
4728 qapi_free_BlockDirtyBitmapMergeSourceList(list);
4733 g_assert_not_reached();
4737 error_reportf_err(err, "Operation %s on bitmap %s failed: ",
4749 qemu_opts_del(opts);
4765 int bsz; /* Block size */
4773 int (*f)(const char *, struct DdIo *, struct DdIo *, struct DdInfo *);
4777 static int img_dd_bs(const char *arg,
4778 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4783 res = cvtnum_full("bs", arg, 1, INT_MAX);
4788 in->bsz = out->bsz = res;
4793 static int img_dd_count(const char *arg,
4794 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4797 dd->count = cvtnum("count", arg);
4799 if (dd->count < 0) {
4806 static int img_dd_if(const char *arg,
4807 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4810 in->filename = g_strdup(arg);
4815 static int img_dd_of(const char *arg,
4816 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4819 out->filename = g_strdup(arg);
4824 static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
4825 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4828 in->offset = cvtnum("skip", arg);
4830 if (in->offset < 0) {
4837 static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
4842 BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
4843 BlockBackend *blk1 = NULL, *blk2 = NULL;
4844 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4845 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
4846 Error *local_err = NULL;
4847 bool image_opts = false;
4849 const char *out_fmt = "raw";
4850 const char *fmt = NULL;
4852 int64_t block_count = 0, out_pos, in_pos;
4853 bool force_share = false;
4854 struct DdInfo dd = {
4859 .bsz = 512, /* Block size is by default 512 bytes */
4871 const struct DdOpts options[] = {
4872 { "bs", img_dd_bs, C_BS },
4873 { "count", img_dd_count, C_COUNT },
4874 { "if", img_dd_if, C_IF },
4875 { "of", img_dd_of, C_OF },
4876 { "skip", img_dd_skip, C_SKIP },
4879 const struct option long_options[] = {
4880 { "help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4881 { "object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
4882 { "image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4883 { "force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
4887 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:U", long_options, NULL))) {
4899 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4902 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4911 if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts, optarg, true)) {
4916 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4922 for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
4924 arg = g_strdup(argv[i]);
4926 tmp = strchr(arg, '=');
4928 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4935 for (j = 0; options[j].name != NULL; j++) {
4936 if (!strcmp(arg, options[j].name)) {
4940 if (options[j].name == NULL) {
4941 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4946 if (options[j].f(tmp, &in, &out, &dd) != 0) {
4950 dd.flags |= options[j].flag;
4955 if (!(dd.flags & C_IF && dd.flags & C_OF)) {
4956 error_report("Must specify both input and output files");
4961 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
4962 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
4963 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
4968 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, in.filename, fmt, 0, false, false,
4976 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
4978 error_report("Unknown file format");
4982 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out.filename, true, &local_err);
4985 error_report_err(local_err);
4989 if (!drv->create_opts) {
4990 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4995 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
4996 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4997 proto_drv->format_name);
5001 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
5002 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
5004 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
5006 size = blk_getlength(blk1);
5008 error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", in.filename);
5013 if (dd.flags & C_COUNT && dd.count <= INT64_MAX / in.bsz &&
5014 dd.count * in.bsz < size) {
5015 size = dd.count * in.bsz;
5018 /* Overflow means the specified offset is beyond input image's size */
5019 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
5020 size < in.bsz * in.offset)) {
5021 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0, &error_abort);
5023 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
5024 size - in.bsz * in.offset, &error_abort);
5027 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out.filename, opts, &local_err);
5029 error_reportf_err(local_err,
5030 "%s: error while creating output image: ",
5036 /* TODO, we can't honour --image-opts for the target,
5037 * since it needs to be given in a format compatible
5038 * with the bdrv_create() call above which does not
5039 * support image-opts style.
5041 blk2 = img_open_file(out.filename, NULL, out_fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR,
5042 false, false, false);
5049 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
5050 size < in.offset * in.bsz)) {
5051 /* We give a warning if the skip option is bigger than the input
5052 * size and create an empty output disk image (i.e. like dd(1)).
5054 error_report("%s: cannot skip to specified offset", in.filename);
5057 in_pos = in.offset * in.bsz;
5060 in.buf = g_new(uint8_t, in.bsz);
5062 for (out_pos = 0; in_pos < size; block_count++) {
5063 int in_ret, out_ret;
5065 if (in_pos + in.bsz > size) {
5066 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, size - in_pos);
5068 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, in.bsz);
5071 error_report("error while reading from input image file: %s",
5078 out_ret = blk_pwrite(blk2, out_pos, in.buf, in_ret, 0);
5081 error_report("error while writing to output image file: %s",
5082 strerror(-out_ret));
5091 qemu_opts_del(opts);
5092 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
5095 g_free(in.filename);
5096 g_free(out.filename);
5106 static void dump_json_block_measure_info(BlockMeasureInfo *info)
5110 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
5112 visit_type_BlockMeasureInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
5113 visit_complete(v, &obj);
5114 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
5115 assert(str != NULL);
5116 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
5122 static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
5124 static const struct option long_options[] = {
5125 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
5126 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
5127 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
5128 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
5129 {"size", required_argument, 0, OPTION_SIZE},
5130 {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
5133 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
5134 BlockBackend *in_blk = NULL;
5136 const char *filename = NULL;
5137 const char *fmt = NULL;
5138 const char *out_fmt = "raw";
5139 char *options = NULL;
5140 char *snapshot_name = NULL;
5141 bool force_share = false;
5142 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
5143 QemuOpts *object_opts = NULL;
5144 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
5145 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
5146 bool image_opts = false;
5147 uint64_t img_size = UINT64_MAX;
5148 BlockMeasureInfo *info = NULL;
5149 Error *local_err = NULL;
5153 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:o:l:U",
5154 long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
5167 if (accumulate_options(&options, optarg) < 0) {
5172 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
5173 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
5176 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
5181 snapshot_name = optarg;
5188 object_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
5194 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
5198 if (!strcmp(optarg, "json")) {
5199 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
5200 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "human")) {
5201 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
5203 error_report("--output must be used with human or json "
5212 sval = cvtnum("image size", optarg);
5216 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
5222 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
5223 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
5224 qemu_img_object_print_help, &error_fatal)) {
5228 if (argc - optind > 1) {
5229 error_report("At most one filename argument is allowed.");
5231 } else if (argc - optind == 1) {
5232 filename = argv[optind];
5235 if (!filename && (image_opts || fmt || snapshot_name || sn_opts)) {
5236 error_report("--image-opts, -f, and -l require a filename argument.");
5239 if (filename && img_size != UINT64_MAX) {
5240 error_report("--size N cannot be used together with a filename.");
5243 if (!filename && img_size == UINT64_MAX) {
5244 error_report("Either --size N or one filename must be specified.");
5249 in_blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0,
5250 false, false, force_share);
5256 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(blk_bs(in_blk),
5257 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
5258 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
5260 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
5261 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(blk_bs(in_blk),
5262 snapshot_name, &local_err);
5265 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
5270 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
5272 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
5275 if (!drv->create_opts) {
5276 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
5281 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
5282 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bdrv_file.create_opts);
5283 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
5285 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
5287 error_report_err(local_err);
5288 error_report("Invalid options for file format '%s'", out_fmt);
5292 if (img_size != UINT64_MAX) {
5293 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, img_size, &error_abort);
5296 info = bdrv_measure(drv, opts, in_blk ? blk_bs(in_blk) : NULL, &local_err);
5298 error_report_err(local_err);
5302 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
5303 printf("required size: %" PRIu64 "\n", info->required);
5304 printf("fully allocated size: %" PRIu64 "\n", info->fully_allocated);
5306 dump_json_block_measure_info(info);
5312 qapi_free_BlockMeasureInfo(info);
5313 qemu_opts_del(object_opts);
5314 qemu_opts_del(opts);
5315 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
5316 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
5322 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
5323 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
5324 { option, callback },
5325 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
5330 int main(int argc, char **argv)
5332 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
5333 const char *cmdname;
5334 Error *local_error = NULL;
5335 char *trace_file = NULL;
5337 static const struct option long_options[] = {
5338 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
5339 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
5340 {"trace", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
5345 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
5348 error_init(argv[0]);
5349 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_TRACE);
5350 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
5352 if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
5353 error_report_err(local_error);
5357 qcrypto_init(&error_fatal);
5359 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_QOM);
5362 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
5365 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_object_opts);
5366 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_source_opts);
5367 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
5369 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+:hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
5372 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
5375 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
5381 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
5385 trace_file = trace_opt_parse(optarg);
5390 cmdname = argv[optind];
5392 /* reset getopt_long scanning */
5398 qemu_reset_optind();
5400 if (!trace_init_backends()) {
5403 trace_init_file(trace_file);
5404 qemu_set_log(LOG_TRACE);
5406 /* find the command */
5407 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
5408 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
5409 return cmd->handler(argc, argv);
5414 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);