2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
24 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
25 #include "qemu-version.h"
26 #include "qapi/error.h"
27 #include "qapi-visit.h"
28 #include "qapi/qobject-output-visitor.h"
29 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
30 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
31 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
32 #include "qemu/config-file.h"
33 #include "qemu/option.h"
34 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
36 #include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
37 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
38 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
39 #include "block/block_int.h"
40 #include "block/blockjob.h"
41 #include "block/qapi.h"
42 #include "crypto/init.h"
43 #include "trace/control.h"
46 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION QEMU_PKGVERSION \
47 "\n" QEMU_COPYRIGHT "\n"
49 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
51 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
56 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
58 OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS = 259,
60 OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL = 261,
61 OPTION_NO_DRAIN = 262,
64 typedef enum OutputFormat {
69 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-img */
70 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
72 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
77 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
81 error_printf("qemu-img: ");
84 error_vprintf(fmt, ap);
87 error_printf("\nTry 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
91 /* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */
92 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
94 const char *help_msg =
96 "usage: qemu-img [standard options] command [command options]\n"
97 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
99 " '-h', '--help' display this help and exit\n"
100 " '-V', '--version' output version information and exit\n"
101 " '-T', '--trace' [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
102 " specify tracing options\n"
105 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
107 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
111 "Command parameters:\n"
112 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
113 " 'objectdef' is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the qemu(1)\n"
114 " manual page for a description of the object properties. The most common\n"
115 " object type is a 'secret', which is used to supply passwords and/or\n"
116 " encryption keys.\n"
117 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
118 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
119 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
120 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
121 " 'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
122 " options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
123 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
124 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
125 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
126 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
127 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
128 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
129 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
130 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
132 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
133 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
135 " 'snapshot_id_or_name' is deprecated, use 'snapshot_param'\n"
137 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
138 " '-u' enables unsafe rebasing. It is assumed that old and new backing file\n"
139 " match exactly. The image doesn't need a working backing file before\n"
140 " rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the backing file)\n"
141 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
142 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
143 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
144 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
145 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
146 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
147 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
149 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
150 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
151 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
153 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
154 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
155 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
156 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
157 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
159 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
160 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
161 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
162 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
163 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
164 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
166 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
167 " '-f' first image format\n"
168 " '-F' second image format\n"
169 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n"
171 "Parameters to dd subcommand:\n"
172 " 'bs=BYTES' read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time "
174 " 'count=N' copy only N input blocks\n"
175 " 'if=FILE' read from FILE\n"
176 " 'of=FILE' write to FILE\n"
177 " 'skip=N' skip N bs-sized blocks at the start of input\n";
179 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
180 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);
185 static QemuOptsList qemu_object_opts = {
187 .implied_opt_name = "qom-type",
188 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_object_opts.head),
194 static QemuOptsList qemu_source_opts = {
196 .implied_opt_name = "file",
197 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_source_opts.head),
203 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
209 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
216 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
218 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
219 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
220 Error *local_err = NULL;
222 /* Find driver and parse its options */
223 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
225 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
229 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
231 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
233 error_report_err(local_err);
234 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
237 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
240 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts);
241 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
246 static int img_open_password(BlockBackend *blk, const char *filename,
247 int flags, bool quiet)
249 BlockDriverState *bs;
253 if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs) && bdrv_key_required(bs) &&
254 !(flags & BDRV_O_NO_IO)) {
255 qprintf(quiet, "Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);
256 if (qemu_read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0) {
257 error_report("No password given");
260 if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0) {
261 error_report("invalid password");
269 static BlockBackend *img_open_opts(const char *optstr,
270 QemuOpts *opts, int flags, bool writethrough,
274 Error *local_err = NULL;
276 options = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
277 blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
279 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", optstr);
282 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
284 if (img_open_password(blk, optstr, flags, quiet) < 0) {
291 static BlockBackend *img_open_file(const char *filename,
292 const char *fmt, int flags,
293 bool writethrough, bool quiet)
296 Error *local_err = NULL;
297 QDict *options = NULL;
300 options = qdict_new();
301 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(fmt));
304 blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
306 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", filename);
309 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
311 if (img_open_password(blk, filename, flags, quiet) < 0) {
319 static BlockBackend *img_open(bool image_opts,
320 const char *filename,
321 const char *fmt, int flags, bool writethrough,
328 error_report("--image-opts and --format are mutually exclusive");
331 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("source"),
336 blk = img_open_opts(filename, opts, flags, writethrough, quiet);
338 blk = img_open_file(filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
344 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
345 const char *base_filename,
346 const char *base_fmt)
351 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &err);
353 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
360 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &err);
362 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
371 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
376 err = qemu_strtosz(s, NULL, &value);
380 if (value > INT64_MAX) {
386 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
389 uint64_t img_size = -1;
390 const char *fmt = "raw";
391 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
392 const char *filename;
393 const char *base_filename = NULL;
394 char *options = NULL;
395 Error *local_err = NULL;
399 static const struct option long_options[] = {
400 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
401 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
404 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "F:b:f:he6o:q",
418 base_filename = optarg;
424 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
425 "encryption\' instead!");
428 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
429 "compat6\' instead!");
432 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
433 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
437 options = g_strdup(optarg);
439 char *old_options = options;
440 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
447 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
449 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
458 /* Get the filename */
459 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
460 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
462 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
465 if (optind >= argc) {
466 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
470 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
471 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
476 /* Get image size, if specified */
480 sval = cvtnum(argv[optind++]);
482 if (sval == -ERANGE) {
483 error_report("Image size must be less than 8 EiB!");
485 error_report("Invalid image size specified! You may use k, M, "
486 "G, T, P or E suffixes for ");
487 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
488 "petabytes and exabytes.");
492 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
494 if (optind != argc) {
495 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
498 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
499 options, img_size, 0, &local_err, quiet);
501 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: ", filename);
513 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
517 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
519 visit_type_ImageCheck(v, NULL, &check, &error_abort);
520 visit_complete(v, &obj);
521 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
523 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
529 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
531 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
532 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
534 if (check->corruptions) {
535 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
536 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
543 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
544 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
548 if (check->check_errors) {
551 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
552 check->check_errors);
556 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
557 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
558 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
559 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
560 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
561 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
562 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
563 check->allocated_clusters);
566 if (check->image_end_offset) {
568 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
572 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
574 const char *filename,
579 BdrvCheckResult result;
581 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
586 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
587 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
588 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
589 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
590 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
591 check->leaks = result.leaks;
592 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
593 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
594 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions != 0;
595 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
596 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks != 0;
597 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
598 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
599 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
600 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
601 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
602 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
603 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
604 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
605 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
606 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
612 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
614 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
615 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
616 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
617 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
618 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
620 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
623 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
624 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
626 BlockDriverState *bs;
628 int flags = BDRV_O_CHECK;
632 bool image_opts = false;
636 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
639 int option_index = 0;
640 static const struct option long_options[] = {
641 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
642 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
643 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
644 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
645 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
646 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
649 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:r:T:q",
650 long_options, &option_index);
663 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
665 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
666 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
667 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
668 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
670 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
671 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
683 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
685 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
691 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
696 if (optind != argc - 1) {
697 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
699 filename = argv[optind++];
701 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
702 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
703 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
704 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
706 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
710 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
711 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
716 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
718 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
722 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
728 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
729 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
731 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
732 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
737 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
738 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
740 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
741 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
743 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
745 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
746 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
747 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
748 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
750 check->corruptions_fixed);
753 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
755 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
756 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
760 switch (output_format) {
762 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
765 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
770 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
772 error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
774 error_report("Check failed");
780 if (check->corruptions) {
782 } else if (check->leaks) {
789 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
794 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
795 BlockDriverState *bs;
797 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
799 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
801 CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
804 error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
808 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
810 AioContext *aio_context = blk_get_aio_context(job->blk);
812 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
814 aio_poll(aio_context, true);
815 qemu_progress_print(job->len ?
816 ((float)job->offset / job->len * 100.f) : 0.0f, 0);
817 } while (!job->ready);
819 block_job_complete_sync(job, errp);
820 aio_context_release(aio_context);
822 /* A block job may finish instantaneously without publishing any progress,
823 * so just signal completion here */
824 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
827 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
830 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
832 BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
833 bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
835 Error *local_err = NULL;
836 CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
837 bool image_opts = false;
838 AioContext *aio_context;
841 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
844 static const struct option long_options[] = {
845 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
846 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
847 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
850 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:ht:b:dpq",
880 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
882 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
888 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
894 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
899 if (optind != argc - 1) {
900 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
902 filename = argv[optind++];
904 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
905 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
910 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
911 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
913 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
917 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
923 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
924 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
927 base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
929 error_setg(&local_err,
930 "Did not find '%s' in the backing chain of '%s'",
935 /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
936 * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
937 * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
938 base_bs = backing_bs(bs);
940 error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
945 cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
950 aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
951 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
952 commit_active_start("commit", bs, base_bs, BLOCK_JOB_DEFAULT, 0,
953 BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT, common_block_job_cb, &cbi,
955 aio_context_release(aio_context);
960 /* When the block job completes, the BlockBackend reference will point to
961 * the old backing file. In order to avoid that the top image is already
962 * deleted, so we can still empty it afterwards, increment the reference
963 * counter here preemptively. */
968 run_block_job(bs->job, &local_err);
973 if (!drop && bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
974 ret = bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty(bs);
976 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "Could not empty %s",
993 error_report_err(local_err);
997 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
1002 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
1005 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1006 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
1008 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)
1017 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
1018 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1020 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
1029 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
1030 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
1031 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
1033 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1037 int num_checked, num_used;
1043 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
1049 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1051 num_checked = num_used;
1054 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
1056 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1058 num_checked += *pnum;
1060 num_used = num_checked;
1061 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
1071 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first sector of both
1072 * buffers matches, non-zero otherwise.
1074 * pnum is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1075 * the first one) that are known to have the same comparison result
1077 static int compare_sectors(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2, int n,
1088 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512);
1089 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1093 if (!!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512) != res) {
1102 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
1104 static int64_t sectors_to_bytes(int64_t sectors)
1106 return sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1109 static int64_t sectors_to_process(int64_t total, int64_t from)
1111 return MIN(total - from, IO_BUF_SIZE >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1115 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
1117 * Returns 0 in case sectors are filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero
1118 * data and negative value on error.
1120 * @param blk: BlockBackend for the image
1121 * @param sect_num: Number of first sector to check
1122 * @param sect_count: Number of sectors to check
1123 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
1124 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
1125 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
1127 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t sect_num,
1128 int sect_count, const char *filename,
1129 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
1132 ret = blk_pread(blk, sect_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buffer,
1133 sect_count << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1135 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
1136 sectors_to_bytes(sect_num), filename, strerror(-ret));
1139 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buffer, sect_count, &pnum);
1140 if (ret || pnum != sect_count) {
1141 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1142 sectors_to_bytes(ret ? sect_num : sect_num + pnum));
1150 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
1152 * 0 - Images are identical
1154 * >1 - Error occurred
1156 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
1158 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
1159 BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
1160 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
1161 int64_t total_sectors1, total_sectors2;
1162 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
1164 int allocated1, allocated2;
1165 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
1166 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
1169 int64_t total_sectors;
1170 int64_t sector_num = 0;
1173 uint64_t progress_base;
1174 bool image_opts = false;
1176 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1178 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1179 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1180 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1181 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1184 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:F:T:pqs",
1185 long_options, NULL);
1212 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
1214 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1221 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1227 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1233 if (optind != argc - 2) {
1234 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1236 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1237 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1239 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1240 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1246 /* Initialize before goto out */
1247 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1250 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1252 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1257 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, filename1, fmt1, flags, writethrough, quiet);
1263 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, filename2, fmt2, flags, writethrough, quiet);
1271 buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1272 buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1273 total_sectors1 = blk_nb_sectors(blk1);
1274 if (total_sectors1 < 0) {
1275 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1276 filename1, strerror(-total_sectors1));
1280 total_sectors2 = blk_nb_sectors(blk2);
1281 if (total_sectors2 < 0) {
1282 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1283 filename2, strerror(-total_sectors2));
1287 total_sectors = MIN(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1288 progress_base = MAX(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1290 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1292 if (strict && total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1294 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1299 int64_t status1, status2;
1300 BlockDriverState *file;
1302 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors, sector_num);
1303 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1306 status1 = bdrv_get_block_status_above(bs1, NULL, sector_num,
1307 total_sectors1 - sector_num,
1311 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1314 allocated1 = status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1316 status2 = bdrv_get_block_status_above(bs2, NULL, sector_num,
1317 total_sectors2 - sector_num,
1321 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1324 allocated2 = status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1326 nb_sectors = MIN(nb_sectors, pnum1);
1329 nb_sectors = MIN(nb_sectors, pnum2);
1333 if ((status1 & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK) !=
1334 (status2 & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK)) {
1336 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1337 " block status mismatch!\n",
1338 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num));
1342 if ((status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && (status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1343 nb_sectors = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1344 } else if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1346 ret = blk_pread(blk1, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf1,
1347 nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1349 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s:"
1350 " %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), filename1,
1355 ret = blk_pread(blk2, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf2,
1356 nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1358 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1359 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1360 filename2, strerror(-ret));
1364 ret = compare_sectors(buf1, buf2, nb_sectors, &pnum);
1365 if (ret || pnum != nb_sectors) {
1366 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1368 ret ? sector_num : sector_num + pnum));
1376 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1377 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1379 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1380 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1384 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 ": %s",
1385 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), strerror(-ret));
1391 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1392 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1395 if (total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1396 BlockBackend *blk_over;
1397 int64_t total_sectors_over;
1398 const char *filename_over;
1400 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1401 if (total_sectors1 > total_sectors2) {
1402 total_sectors_over = total_sectors1;
1404 filename_over = filename1;
1406 total_sectors_over = total_sectors2;
1408 filename_over = filename2;
1412 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors_over, sector_num);
1413 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1416 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, sector_num,
1420 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1427 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1428 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1431 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1432 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1433 filename_over, strerror(-ret));
1439 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1440 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1444 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1454 qemu_progress_end();
1459 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1465 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1467 int64_t *src_sectors;
1468 int src_cur, src_num;
1469 int64_t src_cur_offset;
1470 int64_t total_sectors;
1471 int64_t allocated_sectors;
1472 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1473 int64_t sector_next_status;
1474 BlockBackend *target;
1477 bool target_has_backing;
1479 size_t cluster_sectors;
1483 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1485 assert(sector_num >= s->src_cur_offset);
1486 while (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[s->src_cur]) {
1487 s->src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1489 assert(s->src_cur < s->src_num);
1493 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1498 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1500 assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1501 n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1503 if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1504 BlockDriverState *file;
1505 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(blk_bs(s->src[s->src_cur]),
1506 sector_num - s->src_cur_offset,
1512 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1513 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1514 } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1515 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1516 } else if (!s->target_has_backing) {
1517 /* Without a target backing file we must copy over the contents of
1518 * the backing file as well. */
1519 /* Check block status of the backing file chain to avoid
1520 * needlessly reading zeroes and limiting the iteration to the
1522 ret = bdrv_get_block_status_above(blk_bs(s->src[s->src_cur]), NULL,
1523 sector_num - s->src_cur_offset,
1529 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1530 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1532 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1535 s->status = BLK_BACKING_FILE;
1538 s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1541 n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1542 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1543 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1546 /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1547 * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1548 * cluster allocated. */
1549 if (s->compressed) {
1550 if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1551 n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1552 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1554 n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1561 static int convert_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1567 assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1568 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1572 /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1573 * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1574 * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1575 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1576 blk = s->src[s->src_cur];
1577 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1579 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset));
1580 ret = blk_pread(blk,
1581 (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1582 buf, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1589 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1595 static int convert_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1600 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1603 switch (s->status) {
1604 case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1605 /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1606 * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1607 * visible at the respective offset. */
1608 assert(s->target_has_backing);
1612 /* We must always write compressed clusters as a whole, so don't
1613 * try to find zeroed parts in the buffer. We can only save the
1614 * write if the buffer is completely zeroed and we're allowed to
1615 * keep the target sparse. */
1616 if (s->compressed) {
1617 if (s->has_zero_init && s->min_sparse &&
1618 buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE))
1620 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1624 ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target,
1625 sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1626 buf, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1633 /* If there is real non-zero data or we're told to keep the target
1634 * fully allocated (-S 0), we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1635 * it as zero sectors. */
1636 if (!s->min_sparse ||
1637 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse))
1639 ret = blk_pwrite(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1640 buf, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
1649 if (s->has_zero_init) {
1652 ret = blk_pwrite_zeroes(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1653 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
1662 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1668 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
1670 uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1671 int64_t sector_num, allocated_done;
1675 /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
1676 s->has_zero_init = s->min_sparse && !s->target_has_backing
1677 ? bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target))
1680 if (!s->has_zero_init && !s->target_has_backing &&
1681 bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(blk_bs(s->target)))
1683 ret = blk_make_zero(s->target, BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1685 s->has_zero_init = true;
1689 /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
1690 * can be copied at a time. */
1691 if (s->compressed) {
1692 if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
1693 error_report("invalid cluster size");
1697 s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
1699 buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1701 /* Calculate allocated sectors for progress */
1702 s->allocated_sectors = 0;
1704 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1705 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1710 if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
1712 s->allocated_sectors += n;
1719 s->src_cur_offset = 0;
1720 s->sector_next_status = 0;
1725 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1726 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1731 if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
1733 allocated_done += n;
1734 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * allocated_done / s->allocated_sectors,
1738 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1739 ret = convert_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1741 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64
1742 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1745 } else if (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO) {
1746 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1747 memset(buf, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1748 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1751 ret = convert_write(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1753 error_report("error while writing sector %" PRId64
1754 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1761 if (s->compressed) {
1762 /* signal EOF to align */
1763 ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
1775 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
1777 int c, bs_n, bs_i, compress, cluster_sectors, skip_create;
1779 int progress = 0, flags, src_flags;
1780 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
1781 const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;
1782 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
1783 BlockBackend **blk = NULL, *out_blk = NULL;
1784 BlockDriverState **bs = NULL, *out_bs = NULL;
1785 int64_t total_sectors;
1786 int64_t *bs_sectors = NULL;
1787 size_t bufsectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1788 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1789 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1790 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
1791 const char *out_baseimg_param;
1792 char *options = NULL;
1793 const char *snapshot_name = NULL;
1794 int min_sparse = 8; /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
1796 Error *local_err = NULL;
1797 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
1798 ImgConvertState state;
1799 bool image_opts = false;
1804 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1809 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1810 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1811 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1812 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1815 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:B:ce6o:s:l:S:pt:T:qn",
1816 long_options, NULL);
1832 out_baseimg = optarg;
1838 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1839 "encryption\' instead!");
1843 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1844 "compat6\' instead!");
1848 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
1849 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
1854 options = g_strdup(optarg);
1856 char *old_options = options;
1857 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
1858 g_free(old_options);
1862 snapshot_name = optarg;
1865 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
1866 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
1869 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
1875 snapshot_name = optarg;
1882 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
1884 error_report("Invalid minimum zero buffer size for sparse output specified");
1889 min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1908 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1914 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1920 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1921 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1926 /* Initialize before goto out */
1930 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
1932 bs_n = argc - optind - 1;
1933 out_filename = bs_n >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
1935 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
1936 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
1941 error_exit("Must specify image file name");
1945 if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg) {
1946 error_report("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input "
1953 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
1955 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
1959 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1961 blk = g_new0(BlockBackend *, bs_n);
1962 bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState *, bs_n);
1963 bs_sectors = g_new(int64_t, bs_n);
1966 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1967 blk[bs_i] = img_open(image_opts, argv[optind + bs_i],
1968 fmt, src_flags, src_writethrough, quiet);
1973 bs[bs_i] = blk_bs(blk[bs_i]);
1974 bs_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(blk[bs_i]);
1975 if (bs_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
1976 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
1977 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-bs_sectors[bs_i]));
1981 total_sectors += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1985 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(bs[0],
1986 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
1987 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
1989 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
1991 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
1996 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(bs[0], snapshot_name, &local_err);
1999 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
2004 /* Find driver and parse its options */
2005 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
2007 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
2012 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
2014 error_report_err(local_err);
2020 if (!drv->create_opts) {
2021 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2027 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
2028 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2029 proto_drv->format_name);
2034 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
2035 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
2037 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2039 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
2041 error_report_err(local_err);
2047 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_sectors * 512,
2049 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
2055 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
2056 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
2057 if (out_baseimg_param) {
2058 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
2061 /* Check if compression is supported */
2064 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
2065 const char *preallocation =
2066 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
2068 if (!drv->bdrv_co_pwritev_compressed) {
2069 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2075 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
2082 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
2084 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
2092 /* Create the new image */
2093 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
2095 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: error while converting %s: ",
2096 out_filename, out_fmt);
2101 flags = min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
2102 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2104 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2108 /* XXX we should allow --image-opts to trigger use of
2109 * img_open() here, but then we have trouble with
2110 * the bdrv_create() call which takes different params.
2111 * Not critical right now, so fix can wait...
2113 out_blk = img_open_file(out_filename, out_fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
2118 out_bs = blk_bs(out_blk);
2120 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer
2121 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to 32768 (16MB)
2123 bufsectors = MIN(32768,
2125 MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
2126 out_bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment >>
2127 BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)));
2130 int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(out_blk);
2131 if (output_sectors < 0) {
2132 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
2133 strerror(-output_sectors));
2136 } else if (output_sectors < total_sectors) {
2137 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
2143 cluster_sectors = 0;
2144 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
2147 error_report("could not get block driver info");
2151 compress = compress || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
2152 cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2155 state = (ImgConvertState) {
2157 .src_sectors = bs_sectors,
2159 .total_sectors = total_sectors,
2161 .compressed = compress,
2162 .target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg,
2163 .min_sparse = min_sparse,
2164 .cluster_sectors = cluster_sectors,
2165 .buf_sectors = bufsectors,
2167 ret = convert_do_copy(&state);
2171 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2173 qemu_progress_end();
2174 qemu_opts_del(opts);
2175 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
2176 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
2180 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
2181 blk_unref(blk[bs_i]);
2196 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
2198 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
2201 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
2204 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
2205 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, NULL);
2207 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
2209 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, sn);
2215 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2219 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2221 visit_type_ImageInfoList(v, NULL, &list, &error_abort);
2222 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2223 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2224 assert(str != NULL);
2225 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2226 qobject_decref(obj);
2231 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
2235 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2237 visit_type_ImageInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
2238 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2239 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2240 assert(str != NULL);
2241 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2242 qobject_decref(obj);
2247 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2249 ImageInfoList *elem;
2252 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
2258 bdrv_image_info_dump(fprintf, stdout, elem->value);
2262 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
2264 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
2268 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
2270 * @filename: topmost image filename
2271 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
2272 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
2273 * false - only topmost image file
2275 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
2276 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
2279 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(bool image_opts,
2280 const char *filename,
2284 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
2285 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
2286 GHashTable *filenames;
2289 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2293 BlockDriverState *bs;
2295 ImageInfoList *elem;
2297 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2298 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2302 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2304 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
2305 BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_NO_IO, false, false);
2311 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2313 error_report_err(err);
2318 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2325 filename = fmt = NULL;
2327 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2328 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2329 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2330 error_report("Could not determine absolute backing filename,"
2331 " but backing filename '%s' present",
2332 info->backing_filename);
2335 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2336 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2340 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2344 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2345 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2349 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2352 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2354 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2355 ImageInfoList *list;
2356 bool image_opts = false;
2361 int option_index = 0;
2362 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2363 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2364 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2365 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2366 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2367 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2368 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2371 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2372 long_options, &option_index);
2387 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2390 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2392 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2398 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2403 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2404 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2406 filename = argv[optind++];
2408 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2409 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2410 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2411 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2412 } else if (output) {
2413 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2417 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2418 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2423 list = collect_image_info_list(image_opts, filename, fmt, chain);
2428 switch (output_format) {
2430 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2434 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2436 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2441 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2445 static void dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2448 switch (output_format) {
2450 if (e->data && !e->has_offset) {
2451 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2454 if (e->data && !e->zero) {
2455 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2456 e->start, e->length,
2457 e->has_offset ? e->offset : 0,
2458 e->has_filename ? e->filename : "");
2460 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2461 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2463 if (next && (!next->data || next->zero)) {
2469 printf("%s{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64","
2470 " \"depth\": %"PRId64", \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2471 (e->start == 0 ? "[" : ",\n"),
2472 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2473 e->zero ? "true" : "false",
2474 e->data ? "true" : "false");
2475 if (e->has_offset) {
2476 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2487 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2488 int nb_sectors, MapEntry *e)
2492 BlockDriverState *file;
2495 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2496 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2502 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &nb_sectors,
2508 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2511 bs = backing_bs(bs);
2520 has_offset = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID);
2523 .start = sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2524 .length = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2525 .data = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA),
2526 .zero = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO),
2527 .offset = ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK,
2528 .has_offset = has_offset,
2530 .has_filename = file && has_offset,
2531 .filename = file && has_offset ? file->filename : NULL,
2537 static inline bool entry_mergeable(const MapEntry *curr, const MapEntry *next)
2539 if (curr->length == 0) {
2542 if (curr->zero != next->zero ||
2543 curr->data != next->data ||
2544 curr->depth != next->depth ||
2545 curr->has_filename != next->has_filename ||
2546 curr->has_offset != next->has_offset) {
2549 if (curr->has_filename && strcmp(curr->filename, next->filename)) {
2552 if (curr->has_offset && curr->offset + curr->length != next->offset) {
2558 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
2561 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2563 BlockDriverState *bs;
2564 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2566 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
2568 bool image_opts = false;
2573 int option_index = 0;
2574 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2575 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2576 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2577 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2578 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2579 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2582 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2583 long_options, &option_index);
2598 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2600 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2606 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2611 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2612 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2614 filename = argv[optind];
2616 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2617 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2618 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2619 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2620 } else if (output) {
2621 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2625 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2626 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2631 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0, false, false);
2637 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
2638 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
2641 length = blk_getlength(blk);
2642 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
2643 int64_t nsectors_left;
2647 sector_num = (curr.start + curr.length) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2649 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
2650 nsectors_left = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) - sector_num;
2651 n = MIN(1 << (30 - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS), nsectors_left);
2652 ret = get_block_status(bs, sector_num, n, &next);
2655 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
2659 if (entry_mergeable(&curr, &next)) {
2660 curr.length += next.length;
2664 if (curr.length > 0) {
2665 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
2670 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
2677 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
2678 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
2679 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
2680 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
2682 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
2685 BlockDriverState *bs;
2686 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
2687 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2688 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
2693 bool image_opts = false;
2695 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
2696 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2698 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2699 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2700 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2701 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2704 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "la:c:d:hq",
2705 long_options, NULL);
2716 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2719 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
2720 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
2724 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2727 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
2728 snapshot_name = optarg;
2732 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2735 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
2736 snapshot_name = optarg;
2740 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2743 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
2744 snapshot_name = optarg;
2749 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2751 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2757 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2763 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2764 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2766 filename = argv[optind++];
2768 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2769 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2774 /* Open the image */
2775 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, false, quiet);
2781 /* Perform the requested action */
2787 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
2788 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
2789 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
2791 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
2792 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
2793 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
2795 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
2797 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2798 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2802 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
2803 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);
2805 error_report("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2806 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2810 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
2811 bdrv_snapshot_delete_by_id_or_name(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
2813 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not delete snapshot '%s': ",
2828 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
2830 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
2831 uint8_t *buf_old = NULL;
2832 uint8_t *buf_new = NULL;
2833 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2835 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
2836 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
2837 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
2841 Error *local_err = NULL;
2842 bool image_opts = false;
2844 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2846 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2847 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2851 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2852 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2853 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2854 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2857 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:F:b:upt:T:q",
2858 long_options, NULL);
2871 out_basefmt = optarg;
2874 out_baseimg = optarg;
2891 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2893 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2899 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2909 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2910 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2912 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
2913 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
2915 filename = argv[optind++];
2917 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2918 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2923 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
2924 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2926 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
2927 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2929 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2934 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
2936 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2940 /* The source files are opened read-only, don't care about WCE */
2941 assert((src_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) == 0);
2942 (void) src_writethrough;
2947 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
2948 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
2950 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
2957 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
2958 if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
2959 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
2965 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
2967 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
2968 QDict *options = NULL;
2970 if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {
2971 options = qdict_new();
2972 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(bs->backing_format));
2975 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2976 blk_old_backing = blk_new_open(backing_name, NULL,
2977 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2978 if (!blk_old_backing) {
2979 error_reportf_err(local_err,
2980 "Could not open old backing file '%s': ",
2986 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
2988 options = qdict_new();
2989 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(out_basefmt));
2994 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open(out_baseimg, NULL,
2995 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2996 if (!blk_new_backing) {
2997 error_reportf_err(local_err,
2998 "Could not open new backing file '%s': ",
3007 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
3008 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
3009 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
3010 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
3012 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
3013 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
3016 int64_t num_sectors;
3017 int64_t old_backing_num_sectors;
3018 int64_t new_backing_num_sectors = 0;
3021 float local_progress = 0;
3023 buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3024 buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3026 num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
3027 if (num_sectors < 0) {
3028 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3029 filename, strerror(-num_sectors));
3033 old_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_old_backing);
3034 if (old_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
3035 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
3037 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
3038 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3039 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_num_sectors));
3043 if (blk_new_backing) {
3044 new_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_new_backing);
3045 if (new_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
3046 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3047 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_num_sectors));
3053 if (num_sectors != 0) {
3054 local_progress = (float)100 /
3055 (num_sectors / MIN(num_sectors, IO_BUF_SIZE / 512));
3058 for (sector = 0; sector < num_sectors; sector += n) {
3060 /* How many sectors can we handle with the next read? */
3061 if (sector + (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512) <= num_sectors) {
3062 n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);
3064 n = num_sectors - sector;
3067 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
3068 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, n, &n);
3070 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3079 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
3080 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
3082 if (sector >= old_backing_num_sectors) {
3083 memset(buf_old, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3085 if (sector + n > old_backing_num_sectors) {
3086 n = old_backing_num_sectors - sector;
3089 ret = blk_pread(blk_old_backing, sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3090 buf_old, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3092 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
3097 if (sector >= new_backing_num_sectors || !blk_new_backing) {
3098 memset(buf_new, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3100 if (sector + n > new_backing_num_sectors) {
3101 n = new_backing_num_sectors - sector;
3104 ret = blk_pread(blk_new_backing, sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3105 buf_new, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3107 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
3112 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
3113 uint64_t written = 0;
3115 while (written < n) {
3118 if (compare_sectors(buf_old + written * 512,
3119 buf_new + written * 512, n - written, &pnum))
3121 ret = blk_pwrite(blk,
3122 (sector + written) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3123 buf_old + written * 512,
3124 pnum << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
3126 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
3134 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
3139 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
3140 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
3141 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
3143 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
3144 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
3146 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
3149 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
3150 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
3151 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
3152 } else if (ret < 0) {
3153 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
3154 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
3157 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
3159 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
3160 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
3161 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
3162 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
3165 qemu_progress_end();
3168 blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
3169 blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
3171 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
3172 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
3181 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
3184 int c, ret, relative;
3185 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
3186 int64_t n, total_size;
3188 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3191 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
3192 .name = "resize_options",
3193 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
3196 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
3197 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3198 .help = "Virtual disk size"
3204 bool image_opts = false;
3206 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
3207 * as options by getopt. */
3209 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3213 size = argv[--argc];
3215 /* Parse getopt arguments */
3218 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3219 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3220 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3221 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3224 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:hq",
3225 long_options, NULL);
3240 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3242 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3248 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3253 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3254 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3256 filename = argv[optind++];
3258 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3259 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3264 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
3280 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3281 qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err);
3283 error_report_err(err);
3285 qemu_opts_del(param);
3288 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
3289 qemu_opts_del(param);
3291 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
3292 BDRV_O_RDWR, false, quiet);
3299 total_size = blk_getlength(blk) + n * relative;
3303 if (total_size <= 0) {
3304 error_report("New image size must be positive");
3309 ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size);
3312 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
3315 error_report("This image does not support resize");
3318 error_report("Image is read-only");
3321 error_report("Error resizing image: %s", strerror(-ret));
3332 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
3333 int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size,
3336 qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
3339 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
3343 char *options = NULL;
3344 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
3345 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
3346 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
3349 bool quiet = false, progress = false;
3350 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3351 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3352 bool image_opts = false;
3354 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3356 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3357 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3358 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3359 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3362 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ho:f:t:pq",
3363 long_options, NULL);
3374 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
3375 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
3377 goto out_no_progress;
3380 options = g_strdup(optarg);
3382 char *old_options = options;
3383 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
3384 g_free(old_options);
3400 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3404 goto out_no_progress;
3407 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3414 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
3417 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3418 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3421 goto out_no_progress;
3427 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
3429 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
3430 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
3431 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
3432 * given), print option help here */
3433 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3437 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3438 error_report("Expecting one image file name");
3443 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
3444 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
3446 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
3450 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3457 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
3459 if (has_help_option(options)) {
3460 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
3461 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3465 if (!bs->drv->create_opts) {
3466 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support any options to amend",
3472 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
3473 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3474 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
3476 error_report_err(err);
3481 /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
3482 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
3483 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL);
3484 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
3486 error_report("Error while amending options: %s", strerror(-ret));
3491 qemu_progress_end();
3495 qemu_opts_del(opts);
3496 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
3505 typedef struct BenchData {
3507 uint64_t image_size;
3514 bool drain_on_flush;
3523 static void bench_undrained_flush_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
3526 error_report("Failed flush request: %s", strerror(-ret));
3531 static void bench_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
3533 BenchData *b = opaque;
3537 error_report("Failed request: %s", strerror(-ret));
3542 /* Just finished a flush with drained queue: Start next requests */
3543 assert(b->in_flight == 0);
3544 b->in_flush = false;
3545 } else if (b->in_flight > 0) {
3546 int remaining = b->n - b->in_flight;
3551 /* Time for flush? Drain queue if requested, then flush */
3552 if (b->flush_interval && remaining % b->flush_interval == 0) {
3553 if (!b->in_flight || !b->drain_on_flush) {
3554 BlockCompletionFunc *cb;
3556 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
3560 cb = bench_undrained_flush_cb;
3563 acb = blk_aio_flush(b->blk, cb, b);
3565 error_report("Failed to issue flush request");
3569 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
3575 while (b->n > b->in_flight && b->in_flight < b->nrreq) {
3576 int64_t offset = b->offset;
3577 /* blk_aio_* might look for completed I/Os and kick bench_cb
3578 * again, so make sure this operation is counted by in_flight
3579 * and b->offset is ready for the next submission.
3582 b->offset += b->step;
3583 b->offset %= b->image_size;
3585 acb = blk_aio_pwritev(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
3587 acb = blk_aio_preadv(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
3590 error_report("Failed to issue request");
3596 static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
3599 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename;
3601 bool image_opts = false;
3602 bool is_write = false;
3606 size_t bufsize = 4096;
3609 int flush_interval = 0;
3610 bool drain_on_flush = true;
3612 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3613 BenchData data = {};
3615 bool writethrough = false;
3616 struct timeval t1, t2;
3620 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3621 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3622 {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
3623 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3624 {"pattern", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PATTERN},
3625 {"no-drain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_NO_DRAIN},
3628 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hc:d:f:no:qs:S:t:w", long_options, NULL);
3642 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3643 error_report("Invalid request count specified");
3653 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3654 error_report("Invalid queue depth specified");
3664 flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
3668 offset = cvtnum(optarg);
3670 error_report("Invalid offset specified");
3683 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
3684 if (sval < 0 || sval > INT_MAX) {
3685 error_report("Invalid buffer size specified");
3696 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
3697 if (sval < 0 || sval > INT_MAX) {
3698 error_report("Invalid step size specified");
3706 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough);
3708 error_report("Invalid cache mode");
3714 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
3717 case OPTION_PATTERN:
3721 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > 0xff) {
3722 error_report("Invalid pattern byte specified");
3728 case OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL:
3732 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3733 error_report("Invalid flush interval specified");
3736 flush_interval = res;
3739 case OPTION_NO_DRAIN:
3740 drain_on_flush = false;
3742 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3748 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3749 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3751 filename = argv[argc - 1];
3753 if (!is_write && flush_interval) {
3754 error_report("--flush-interval is only available in write tests");
3758 if (flush_interval && flush_interval < depth) {
3759 error_report("Flush interval can't be smaller than depth");
3764 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3770 image_size = blk_getlength(blk);
3771 if (image_size < 0) {
3776 data = (BenchData) {
3778 .image_size = image_size,
3780 .step = step ?: bufsize,
3785 .flush_interval = flush_interval,
3786 .drain_on_flush = drain_on_flush,
3788 printf("Sending %d %s requests, %d bytes each, %d in parallel "
3789 "(starting at offset %" PRId64 ", step size %d)\n",
3790 data.n, data.write ? "write" : "read", data.bufsize, data.nrreq,
3791 data.offset, data.step);
3792 if (flush_interval) {
3793 printf("Sending flush every %d requests\n", flush_interval);
3796 data.buf = blk_blockalign(blk, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
3797 memset(data.buf, pattern, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
3799 data.qiov = g_new(QEMUIOVector, data.nrreq);
3800 for (i = 0; i < data.nrreq; i++) {
3801 qemu_iovec_init(&data.qiov[i], 1);
3802 qemu_iovec_add(&data.qiov[i],
3803 data.buf + i * data.bufsize, data.bufsize);
3806 gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
3809 while (data.n > 0) {
3810 main_loop_wait(false);
3812 gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
3814 printf("Run completed in %3.3f seconds.\n",
3815 (t2.tv_sec - t1.tv_sec)
3816 + ((double)(t2.tv_usec - t1.tv_usec) / 1000000));
3819 qemu_vfree(data.buf);
3840 int bsz; /* Block size */
3848 int (*f)(const char *, struct DdIo *, struct DdIo *, struct DdInfo *);
3852 static int img_dd_bs(const char *arg,
3853 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3860 if (res <= 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3861 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
3864 in->bsz = out->bsz = res;
3869 static int img_dd_count(const char *arg,
3870 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3873 dd->count = cvtnum(arg);
3875 if (dd->count < 0) {
3876 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
3883 static int img_dd_if(const char *arg,
3884 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3887 in->filename = g_strdup(arg);
3892 static int img_dd_of(const char *arg,
3893 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3896 out->filename = g_strdup(arg);
3901 static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
3902 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
3905 in->offset = cvtnum(arg);
3907 if (in->offset < 0) {
3908 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
3915 static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
3920 BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
3921 BlockBackend *blk1 = NULL, *blk2 = NULL;
3922 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
3923 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
3924 Error *local_err = NULL;
3925 bool image_opts = false;
3927 const char *out_fmt = "raw";
3928 const char *fmt = NULL;
3930 int64_t block_count = 0, out_pos, in_pos;
3931 struct DdInfo dd = {
3936 .bsz = 512, /* Block size is by default 512 bytes */
3948 const struct DdOpts options[] = {
3949 { "bs", img_dd_bs, C_BS },
3950 { "count", img_dd_count, C_COUNT },
3951 { "if", img_dd_if, C_IF },
3952 { "of", img_dd_of, C_OF },
3953 { "skip", img_dd_skip, C_SKIP },
3956 const struct option long_options[] = {
3957 { "help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3958 { "image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3962 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:", long_options, NULL))) {
3974 error_report("Try 'qemu-img --help' for more information.");
3980 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3986 for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
3988 arg = g_strdup(argv[i]);
3990 tmp = strchr(arg, '=');
3992 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
3999 for (j = 0; options[j].name != NULL; j++) {
4000 if (!strcmp(arg, options[j].name)) {
4004 if (options[j].name == NULL) {
4005 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4010 if (options[j].f(tmp, &in, &out, &dd) != 0) {
4014 dd.flags |= options[j].flag;
4019 if (!(dd.flags & C_IF && dd.flags & C_OF)) {
4020 error_report("Must specify both input and output files");
4024 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, in.filename, fmt, 0, false, false);
4031 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
4033 error_report("Unknown file format");
4037 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out.filename, true, &local_err);
4040 error_report_err(local_err);
4044 if (!drv->create_opts) {
4045 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4050 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
4051 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4052 proto_drv->format_name);
4056 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
4057 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
4059 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4061 size = blk_getlength(blk1);
4063 error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", in.filename);
4068 if (dd.flags & C_COUNT && dd.count <= INT64_MAX / in.bsz &&
4069 dd.count * in.bsz < size) {
4070 size = dd.count * in.bsz;
4073 /* Overflow means the specified offset is beyond input image's size */
4074 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4075 size < in.bsz * in.offset)) {
4076 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0, &error_abort);
4078 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
4079 size - in.bsz * in.offset, &error_abort);
4082 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out.filename, opts, &local_err);
4084 error_reportf_err(local_err,
4085 "%s: error while creating output image: ",
4091 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, out.filename, out_fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR,
4099 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4100 size < in.offset * in.bsz)) {
4101 /* We give a warning if the skip option is bigger than the input
4102 * size and create an empty output disk image (i.e. like dd(1)).
4104 error_report("%s: cannot skip to specified offset", in.filename);
4107 in_pos = in.offset * in.bsz;
4110 in.buf = g_new(uint8_t, in.bsz);
4112 for (out_pos = 0; in_pos < size; block_count++) {
4113 int in_ret, out_ret;
4115 if (in_pos + in.bsz > size) {
4116 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, size - in_pos);
4118 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, in.bsz);
4121 error_report("error while reading from input image file: %s",
4128 out_ret = blk_pwrite(blk2, out_pos, in.buf, in_ret, 0);
4131 error_report("error while writing to output image file: %s",
4132 strerror(-out_ret));
4141 qemu_opts_del(opts);
4142 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
4145 g_free(in.filename);
4146 g_free(out.filename);
4157 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
4158 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
4159 { option, callback },
4160 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
4166 int main(int argc, char **argv)
4168 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
4169 const char *cmdname;
4170 Error *local_error = NULL;
4171 char *trace_file = NULL;
4173 static const struct option long_options[] = {
4174 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4175 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
4176 {"trace", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
4181 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
4184 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_TRACE);
4185 error_set_progname(argv[0]);
4186 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
4188 if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
4189 error_report_err(local_error);
4193 qcrypto_init(&error_fatal);
4195 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_QOM);
4198 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
4201 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_object_opts);
4202 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_source_opts);
4203 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
4205 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
4211 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
4215 trace_file = trace_opt_parse(optarg);
4220 cmdname = argv[optind];
4222 /* reset getopt_long scanning */
4230 if (!trace_init_backends()) {
4233 trace_init_file(trace_file);
4234 qemu_set_log(LOG_TRACE);
4236 /* find the command */
4237 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
4238 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
4239 return cmd->handler(argc, argv);
4244 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);