2 * Block driver for the QCOW version 2 format
4 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
25 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
30 #include "block/block_int.h"
31 #include "block/qdict.h"
32 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
33 #include "qemu/module.h"
35 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
36 #include "qapi/error.h"
37 #include "qapi/qapi-events-block-core.h"
38 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
39 #include "qapi/qmp/qstring.h"
41 #include "qemu/option_int.h"
42 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
43 #include "qemu/bswap.h"
44 #include "qapi/qobject-input-visitor.h"
45 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-block-core.h"
47 #include "block/thread-pool.h"
50 Differences with QCOW:
52 - Support for multiple incremental snapshots.
53 - Memory management by reference counts.
54 - Clusters which have a reference count of one have the bit
55 QCOW_OFLAG_COPIED to optimize write performance.
56 - Size of compressed clusters is stored in sectors to reduce bit usage
57 in the cluster offsets.
58 - Support for storing additional data (such as the VM state) in the
60 - If a backing store is used, the cluster size is not constrained
61 (could be backported to QCOW).
62 - L2 tables have always a size of one cluster.
69 } QEMU_PACKED QCowExtension;
71 #define QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_END 0
72 #define QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_BACKING_FORMAT 0xE2792ACA
73 #define QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_FEATURE_TABLE 0x6803f857
74 #define QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_CRYPTO_HEADER 0x0537be77
75 #define QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_BITMAPS 0x23852875
76 #define QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_DATA_FILE 0x44415441
78 static int coroutine_fn
79 qcow2_co_preadv_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs,
80 uint64_t file_cluster_offset,
85 static int qcow2_probe(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size, const char *filename)
87 const QCowHeader *cow_header = (const void *)buf;
89 if (buf_size >= sizeof(QCowHeader) &&
90 be32_to_cpu(cow_header->magic) == QCOW_MAGIC &&
91 be32_to_cpu(cow_header->version) >= 2)
98 static ssize_t qcow2_crypto_hdr_read_func(QCryptoBlock *block, size_t offset,
99 uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen,
100 void *opaque, Error **errp)
102 BlockDriverState *bs = opaque;
103 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
106 if ((offset + buflen) > s->crypto_header.length) {
107 error_setg(errp, "Request for data outside of extension header");
111 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file,
112 s->crypto_header.offset + offset, buf, buflen);
114 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read encryption header");
121 static ssize_t qcow2_crypto_hdr_init_func(QCryptoBlock *block, size_t headerlen,
122 void *opaque, Error **errp)
124 BlockDriverState *bs = opaque;
125 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
129 ret = qcow2_alloc_clusters(bs, headerlen);
131 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
132 "Cannot allocate cluster for LUKS header size %zu",
137 s->crypto_header.length = headerlen;
138 s->crypto_header.offset = ret;
140 /* Zero fill remaining space in cluster so it has predictable
141 * content in case of future spec changes */
142 clusterlen = size_to_clusters(s, headerlen) * s->cluster_size;
143 assert(qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(bs, 0, ret, clusterlen, false) == 0);
144 ret = bdrv_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file,
146 clusterlen - headerlen, 0);
148 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not zero fill encryption header");
156 static ssize_t qcow2_crypto_hdr_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block, size_t offset,
157 const uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen,
158 void *opaque, Error **errp)
160 BlockDriverState *bs = opaque;
161 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
164 if ((offset + buflen) > s->crypto_header.length) {
165 error_setg(errp, "Request for data outside of extension header");
169 ret = bdrv_pwrite(bs->file,
170 s->crypto_header.offset + offset, buf, buflen);
172 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read encryption header");
180 * read qcow2 extension and fill bs
181 * start reading from start_offset
182 * finish reading upon magic of value 0 or when end_offset reached
183 * unknown magic is skipped (future extension this version knows nothing about)
184 * return 0 upon success, non-0 otherwise
186 static int qcow2_read_extensions(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t start_offset,
187 uint64_t end_offset, void **p_feature_table,
188 int flags, bool *need_update_header,
191 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
195 Qcow2BitmapHeaderExt bitmaps_ext;
197 if (need_update_header != NULL) {
198 *need_update_header = false;
202 printf("qcow2_read_extensions: start=%ld end=%ld\n", start_offset, end_offset);
204 offset = start_offset;
205 while (offset < end_offset) {
209 if (offset > s->cluster_size)
210 printf("qcow2_read_extension: suspicious offset %lu\n", offset);
212 printf("attempting to read extended header in offset %lu\n", offset);
215 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset, &ext, sizeof(ext));
217 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "qcow2_read_extension: ERROR: "
218 "pread fail from offset %" PRIu64, offset);
221 ext.magic = be32_to_cpu(ext.magic);
222 ext.len = be32_to_cpu(ext.len);
223 offset += sizeof(ext);
225 printf("ext.magic = 0x%x\n", ext.magic);
227 if (offset > end_offset || ext.len > end_offset - offset) {
228 error_setg(errp, "Header extension too large");
233 case QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_END:
236 case QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_BACKING_FORMAT:
237 if (ext.len >= sizeof(bs->backing_format)) {
238 error_setg(errp, "ERROR: ext_backing_format: len=%" PRIu32
239 " too large (>=%zu)", ext.len,
240 sizeof(bs->backing_format));
243 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset, bs->backing_format, ext.len);
245 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "ERROR: ext_backing_format: "
246 "Could not read format name");
249 bs->backing_format[ext.len] = '\0';
250 s->image_backing_format = g_strdup(bs->backing_format);
252 printf("Qcow2: Got format extension %s\n", bs->backing_format);
256 case QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_FEATURE_TABLE:
257 if (p_feature_table != NULL) {
258 void* feature_table = g_malloc0(ext.len + 2 * sizeof(Qcow2Feature));
259 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset , feature_table, ext.len);
261 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "ERROR: ext_feature_table: "
262 "Could not read table");
266 *p_feature_table = feature_table;
270 case QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_CRYPTO_HEADER: {
271 unsigned int cflags = 0;
272 if (s->crypt_method_header != QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS) {
273 error_setg(errp, "CRYPTO header extension only "
274 "expected with LUKS encryption method");
277 if (ext.len != sizeof(Qcow2CryptoHeaderExtension)) {
278 error_setg(errp, "CRYPTO header extension size %u, "
279 "but expected size %zu", ext.len,
280 sizeof(Qcow2CryptoHeaderExtension));
284 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset, &s->crypto_header, ext.len);
286 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
287 "Unable to read CRYPTO header extension");
290 s->crypto_header.offset = be64_to_cpu(s->crypto_header.offset);
291 s->crypto_header.length = be64_to_cpu(s->crypto_header.length);
293 if ((s->crypto_header.offset % s->cluster_size) != 0) {
294 error_setg(errp, "Encryption header offset '%" PRIu64 "' is "
295 "not a multiple of cluster size '%u'",
296 s->crypto_header.offset, s->cluster_size);
300 if (flags & BDRV_O_NO_IO) {
301 cflags |= QCRYPTO_BLOCK_OPEN_NO_IO;
303 s->crypto = qcrypto_block_open(s->crypto_opts, "encrypt.",
304 qcow2_crypto_hdr_read_func,
305 bs, cflags, 1, errp);
311 case QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_BITMAPS:
312 if (ext.len != sizeof(bitmaps_ext)) {
313 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "bitmaps_ext: "
314 "Invalid extension length");
318 if (!(s->autoclear_features & QCOW2_AUTOCLEAR_BITMAPS)) {
319 if (s->qcow_version < 3) {
320 /* Let's be a bit more specific */
321 warn_report("This qcow2 v2 image contains bitmaps, but "
322 "they may have been modified by a program "
323 "without persistent bitmap support; so now "
324 "they must all be considered inconsistent");
326 warn_report("a program lacking bitmap support "
327 "modified this file, so all bitmaps are now "
328 "considered inconsistent");
330 error_printf("Some clusters may be leaked, "
331 "run 'qemu-img check -r' on the image "
333 if (need_update_header != NULL) {
334 /* Updating is needed to drop invalid bitmap extension. */
335 *need_update_header = true;
340 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset, &bitmaps_ext, ext.len);
342 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "bitmaps_ext: "
343 "Could not read ext header");
347 if (bitmaps_ext.reserved32 != 0) {
348 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "bitmaps_ext: "
349 "Reserved field is not zero");
353 bitmaps_ext.nb_bitmaps = be32_to_cpu(bitmaps_ext.nb_bitmaps);
354 bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_size =
355 be64_to_cpu(bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_size);
356 bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_offset =
357 be64_to_cpu(bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_offset);
359 if (bitmaps_ext.nb_bitmaps > QCOW2_MAX_BITMAPS) {
361 "bitmaps_ext: Image has %" PRIu32 " bitmaps, "
362 "exceeding the QEMU supported maximum of %d",
363 bitmaps_ext.nb_bitmaps, QCOW2_MAX_BITMAPS);
367 if (bitmaps_ext.nb_bitmaps == 0) {
368 error_setg(errp, "found bitmaps extension with zero bitmaps");
372 if (bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_offset & (s->cluster_size - 1)) {
373 error_setg(errp, "bitmaps_ext: "
374 "invalid bitmap directory offset");
378 if (bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_size >
379 QCOW2_MAX_BITMAP_DIRECTORY_SIZE) {
380 error_setg(errp, "bitmaps_ext: "
381 "bitmap directory size (%" PRIu64 ") exceeds "
382 "the maximum supported size (%d)",
383 bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_size,
384 QCOW2_MAX_BITMAP_DIRECTORY_SIZE);
388 s->nb_bitmaps = bitmaps_ext.nb_bitmaps;
389 s->bitmap_directory_offset =
390 bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_offset;
391 s->bitmap_directory_size =
392 bitmaps_ext.bitmap_directory_size;
395 printf("Qcow2: Got bitmaps extension: "
396 "offset=%" PRIu64 " nb_bitmaps=%" PRIu32 "\n",
397 s->bitmap_directory_offset, s->nb_bitmaps);
401 case QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_DATA_FILE:
403 s->image_data_file = g_malloc0(ext.len + 1);
404 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset, s->image_data_file, ext.len);
406 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
407 "ERROR: Could not read data file name");
411 printf("Qcow2: Got external data file %s\n", s->image_data_file);
417 /* unknown magic - save it in case we need to rewrite the header */
418 /* If you add a new feature, make sure to also update the fast
419 * path of qcow2_make_empty() to deal with it. */
421 Qcow2UnknownHeaderExtension *uext;
423 uext = g_malloc0(sizeof(*uext) + ext.len);
424 uext->magic = ext.magic;
426 QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&s->unknown_header_ext, uext, next);
428 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, offset , uext->data, uext->len);
430 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "ERROR: unknown extension: "
431 "Could not read data");
438 offset += ((ext.len + 7) & ~7);
444 static void cleanup_unknown_header_ext(BlockDriverState *bs)
446 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
447 Qcow2UnknownHeaderExtension *uext, *next;
449 QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(uext, &s->unknown_header_ext, next, next) {
450 QLIST_REMOVE(uext, next);
455 static void report_unsupported_feature(Error **errp, Qcow2Feature *table,
458 char *features = g_strdup("");
461 while (table && table->name[0] != '\0') {
462 if (table->type == QCOW2_FEAT_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE) {
463 if (mask & (1ULL << table->bit)) {
465 features = g_strdup_printf("%s%s%.46s", old, *old ? ", " : "",
468 mask &= ~(1ULL << table->bit);
476 features = g_strdup_printf("%s%sUnknown incompatible feature: %" PRIx64,
477 old, *old ? ", " : "", mask);
481 error_setg(errp, "Unsupported qcow2 feature(s): %s", features);
486 * Sets the dirty bit and flushes afterwards if necessary.
488 * The incompatible_features bit is only set if the image file header was
489 * updated successfully. Therefore it is not required to check the return
490 * value of this function.
492 int qcow2_mark_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs)
494 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
498 assert(s->qcow_version >= 3);
500 if (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY) {
501 return 0; /* already dirty */
504 val = cpu_to_be64(s->incompatible_features | QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY);
505 ret = bdrv_pwrite(bs->file, offsetof(QCowHeader, incompatible_features),
510 ret = bdrv_flush(bs->file->bs);
515 /* Only treat image as dirty if the header was updated successfully */
516 s->incompatible_features |= QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY;
521 * Clears the dirty bit and flushes before if necessary. Only call this
522 * function when there are no pending requests, it does not guard against
523 * concurrent requests dirtying the image.
525 static int qcow2_mark_clean(BlockDriverState *bs)
527 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
529 if (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY) {
532 s->incompatible_features &= ~QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY;
534 ret = qcow2_flush_caches(bs);
539 return qcow2_update_header(bs);
545 * Marks the image as corrupt.
547 int qcow2_mark_corrupt(BlockDriverState *bs)
549 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
551 s->incompatible_features |= QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT;
552 return qcow2_update_header(bs);
556 * Marks the image as consistent, i.e., unsets the corrupt bit, and flushes
557 * before if necessary.
559 int qcow2_mark_consistent(BlockDriverState *bs)
561 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
563 if (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT) {
564 int ret = qcow2_flush_caches(bs);
569 s->incompatible_features &= ~QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT;
570 return qcow2_update_header(bs);
575 static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_check_locked(BlockDriverState *bs,
576 BdrvCheckResult *result,
579 int ret = qcow2_check_refcounts(bs, result, fix);
584 if (fix && result->check_errors == 0 && result->corruptions == 0) {
585 ret = qcow2_mark_clean(bs);
589 return qcow2_mark_consistent(bs);
594 static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
595 BdrvCheckResult *result,
598 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
601 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
602 ret = qcow2_co_check_locked(bs, result, fix);
603 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
607 int qcow2_validate_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
608 uint64_t entries, size_t entry_len,
609 int64_t max_size_bytes, const char *table_name,
612 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
614 if (entries > max_size_bytes / entry_len) {
615 error_setg(errp, "%s too large", table_name);
619 /* Use signed INT64_MAX as the maximum even for uint64_t header fields,
620 * because values will be passed to qemu functions taking int64_t. */
621 if ((INT64_MAX - entries * entry_len < offset) ||
622 (offset_into_cluster(s, offset) != 0)) {
623 error_setg(errp, "%s offset invalid", table_name);
630 static const char *const mutable_opts[] = {
631 QCOW2_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
632 QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_REQUEST,
633 QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT,
634 QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_OTHER,
636 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_TEMPLATE,
637 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_MAIN_HEADER,
638 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L1,
639 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L2,
640 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_TABLE,
641 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_BLOCK,
642 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_SNAPSHOT_TABLE,
643 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L1,
644 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L2,
645 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_BITMAP_DIRECTORY,
646 QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE,
647 QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE,
648 QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_ENTRY_SIZE,
649 QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE,
650 QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_CLEAN_INTERVAL,
654 static QemuOptsList qcow2_runtime_opts = {
656 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qcow2_runtime_opts.head),
659 .name = QCOW2_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
660 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
661 .help = "Postpone refcount updates",
664 .name = QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_REQUEST,
665 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
666 .help = "Pass guest discard requests to the layer below",
669 .name = QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT,
670 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
671 .help = "Generate discard requests when snapshot related space "
675 .name = QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_OTHER,
676 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
677 .help = "Generate discard requests when other clusters are freed",
680 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP,
681 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
682 .help = "Selects which overlap checks to perform from a range of "
683 "templates (none, constant, cached, all)",
686 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_TEMPLATE,
687 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
688 .help = "Selects which overlap checks to perform from a range of "
689 "templates (none, constant, cached, all)",
692 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_MAIN_HEADER,
693 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
694 .help = "Check for unintended writes into the main qcow2 header",
697 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L1,
698 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
699 .help = "Check for unintended writes into the active L1 table",
702 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L2,
703 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
704 .help = "Check for unintended writes into an active L2 table",
707 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_TABLE,
708 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
709 .help = "Check for unintended writes into the refcount table",
712 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_BLOCK,
713 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
714 .help = "Check for unintended writes into a refcount block",
717 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_SNAPSHOT_TABLE,
718 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
719 .help = "Check for unintended writes into the snapshot table",
722 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L1,
723 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
724 .help = "Check for unintended writes into an inactive L1 table",
727 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L2,
728 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
729 .help = "Check for unintended writes into an inactive L2 table",
732 .name = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_BITMAP_DIRECTORY,
733 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
734 .help = "Check for unintended writes into the bitmap directory",
737 .name = QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE,
738 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
739 .help = "Maximum combined metadata (L2 tables and refcount blocks) "
743 .name = QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE,
744 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
745 .help = "Maximum L2 table cache size",
748 .name = QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_ENTRY_SIZE,
749 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
750 .help = "Size of each entry in the L2 cache",
753 .name = QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE,
754 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
755 .help = "Maximum refcount block cache size",
758 .name = QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_CLEAN_INTERVAL,
759 .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
760 .help = "Clean unused cache entries after this time (in seconds)",
762 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_KEY_SECRET("encrypt.",
763 "ID of secret providing qcow2 AES key or LUKS passphrase"),
764 { /* end of list */ }
768 static const char *overlap_bool_option_names[QCOW2_OL_MAX_BITNR] = {
769 [QCOW2_OL_MAIN_HEADER_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_MAIN_HEADER,
770 [QCOW2_OL_ACTIVE_L1_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L1,
771 [QCOW2_OL_ACTIVE_L2_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L2,
772 [QCOW2_OL_REFCOUNT_TABLE_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_TABLE,
773 [QCOW2_OL_REFCOUNT_BLOCK_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_BLOCK,
774 [QCOW2_OL_SNAPSHOT_TABLE_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_SNAPSHOT_TABLE,
775 [QCOW2_OL_INACTIVE_L1_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L1,
776 [QCOW2_OL_INACTIVE_L2_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L2,
777 [QCOW2_OL_BITMAP_DIRECTORY_BITNR] = QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_BITMAP_DIRECTORY,
780 static void cache_clean_timer_cb(void *opaque)
782 BlockDriverState *bs = opaque;
783 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
784 qcow2_cache_clean_unused(s->l2_table_cache);
785 qcow2_cache_clean_unused(s->refcount_block_cache);
786 timer_mod(s->cache_clean_timer, qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) +
787 (int64_t) s->cache_clean_interval * 1000);
790 static void cache_clean_timer_init(BlockDriverState *bs, AioContext *context)
792 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
793 if (s->cache_clean_interval > 0) {
794 s->cache_clean_timer = aio_timer_new(context, QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL,
795 SCALE_MS, cache_clean_timer_cb,
797 timer_mod(s->cache_clean_timer, qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) +
798 (int64_t) s->cache_clean_interval * 1000);
802 static void cache_clean_timer_del(BlockDriverState *bs)
804 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
805 if (s->cache_clean_timer) {
806 timer_del(s->cache_clean_timer);
807 timer_free(s->cache_clean_timer);
808 s->cache_clean_timer = NULL;
812 static void qcow2_detach_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs)
814 cache_clean_timer_del(bs);
817 static void qcow2_attach_aio_context(BlockDriverState *bs,
818 AioContext *new_context)
820 cache_clean_timer_init(bs, new_context);
823 static void read_cache_sizes(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
824 uint64_t *l2_cache_size,
825 uint64_t *l2_cache_entry_size,
826 uint64_t *refcount_cache_size, Error **errp)
828 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
829 uint64_t combined_cache_size, l2_cache_max_setting;
830 bool l2_cache_size_set, refcount_cache_size_set, combined_cache_size_set;
831 bool l2_cache_entry_size_set;
832 int min_refcount_cache = MIN_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE * s->cluster_size;
833 uint64_t virtual_disk_size = bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
834 uint64_t max_l2_cache = virtual_disk_size / (s->cluster_size / 8);
836 combined_cache_size_set = qemu_opt_get(opts, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE);
837 l2_cache_size_set = qemu_opt_get(opts, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE);
838 refcount_cache_size_set = qemu_opt_get(opts, QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE);
839 l2_cache_entry_size_set = qemu_opt_get(opts, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_ENTRY_SIZE);
841 combined_cache_size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE, 0);
842 l2_cache_max_setting = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE,
843 DEFAULT_L2_CACHE_MAX_SIZE);
844 *refcount_cache_size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts,
845 QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE, 0);
847 *l2_cache_entry_size = qemu_opt_get_size(
848 opts, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_ENTRY_SIZE, s->cluster_size);
850 *l2_cache_size = MIN(max_l2_cache, l2_cache_max_setting);
852 if (combined_cache_size_set) {
853 if (l2_cache_size_set && refcount_cache_size_set) {
854 error_setg(errp, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE ", " QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE
855 " and " QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE " may not be set "
858 } else if (l2_cache_size_set &&
859 (l2_cache_max_setting > combined_cache_size)) {
860 error_setg(errp, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE " may not exceed "
861 QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE);
863 } else if (*refcount_cache_size > combined_cache_size) {
864 error_setg(errp, QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE " may not exceed "
865 QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE);
869 if (l2_cache_size_set) {
870 *refcount_cache_size = combined_cache_size - *l2_cache_size;
871 } else if (refcount_cache_size_set) {
872 *l2_cache_size = combined_cache_size - *refcount_cache_size;
874 /* Assign as much memory as possible to the L2 cache, and
875 * use the remainder for the refcount cache */
876 if (combined_cache_size >= max_l2_cache + min_refcount_cache) {
877 *l2_cache_size = max_l2_cache;
878 *refcount_cache_size = combined_cache_size - *l2_cache_size;
880 *refcount_cache_size =
881 MIN(combined_cache_size, min_refcount_cache);
882 *l2_cache_size = combined_cache_size - *refcount_cache_size;
888 * If the L2 cache is not enough to cover the whole disk then
889 * default to 4KB entries. Smaller entries reduce the cost of
890 * loads and evictions and increase I/O performance.
892 if (*l2_cache_size < max_l2_cache && !l2_cache_entry_size_set) {
893 *l2_cache_entry_size = MIN(s->cluster_size, 4096);
896 /* l2_cache_size and refcount_cache_size are ensured to have at least
897 * their minimum values in qcow2_update_options_prepare() */
899 if (*l2_cache_entry_size < (1 << MIN_CLUSTER_BITS) ||
900 *l2_cache_entry_size > s->cluster_size ||
901 !is_power_of_2(*l2_cache_entry_size)) {
902 error_setg(errp, "L2 cache entry size must be a power of two "
903 "between %d and the cluster size (%d)",
904 1 << MIN_CLUSTER_BITS, s->cluster_size);
909 typedef struct Qcow2ReopenState {
910 Qcow2Cache *l2_table_cache;
911 Qcow2Cache *refcount_block_cache;
912 int l2_slice_size; /* Number of entries in a slice of the L2 table */
913 bool use_lazy_refcounts;
915 bool discard_passthrough[QCOW2_DISCARD_MAX];
916 uint64_t cache_clean_interval;
917 QCryptoBlockOpenOptions *crypto_opts; /* Disk encryption runtime options */
920 static int qcow2_update_options_prepare(BlockDriverState *bs,
922 QDict *options, int flags,
925 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
926 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
927 const char *opt_overlap_check, *opt_overlap_check_template;
928 int overlap_check_template = 0;
929 uint64_t l2_cache_size, l2_cache_entry_size, refcount_cache_size;
931 const char *encryptfmt;
932 QDict *encryptopts = NULL;
933 Error *local_err = NULL;
936 qdict_extract_subqdict(options, &encryptopts, "encrypt.");
937 encryptfmt = qdict_get_try_str(encryptopts, "format");
939 opts = qemu_opts_create(&qcow2_runtime_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
940 qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, options, &local_err);
942 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
947 /* get L2 table/refcount block cache size from command line options */
948 read_cache_sizes(bs, opts, &l2_cache_size, &l2_cache_entry_size,
949 &refcount_cache_size, &local_err);
951 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
956 l2_cache_size /= l2_cache_entry_size;
957 if (l2_cache_size < MIN_L2_CACHE_SIZE) {
958 l2_cache_size = MIN_L2_CACHE_SIZE;
960 if (l2_cache_size > INT_MAX) {
961 error_setg(errp, "L2 cache size too big");
966 refcount_cache_size /= s->cluster_size;
967 if (refcount_cache_size < MIN_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE) {
968 refcount_cache_size = MIN_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE;
970 if (refcount_cache_size > INT_MAX) {
971 error_setg(errp, "Refcount cache size too big");
976 /* alloc new L2 table/refcount block cache, flush old one */
977 if (s->l2_table_cache) {
978 ret = qcow2_cache_flush(bs, s->l2_table_cache);
980 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to flush the L2 table cache");
985 if (s->refcount_block_cache) {
986 ret = qcow2_cache_flush(bs, s->refcount_block_cache);
988 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
989 "Failed to flush the refcount block cache");
994 r->l2_slice_size = l2_cache_entry_size / sizeof(uint64_t);
995 r->l2_table_cache = qcow2_cache_create(bs, l2_cache_size,
996 l2_cache_entry_size);
997 r->refcount_block_cache = qcow2_cache_create(bs, refcount_cache_size,
999 if (r->l2_table_cache == NULL || r->refcount_block_cache == NULL) {
1000 error_setg(errp, "Could not allocate metadata caches");
1005 /* New interval for cache cleanup timer */
1006 r->cache_clean_interval =
1007 qemu_opt_get_number(opts, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_CLEAN_INTERVAL,
1008 DEFAULT_CACHE_CLEAN_INTERVAL);
1009 #ifndef CONFIG_LINUX
1010 if (r->cache_clean_interval != 0) {
1011 error_setg(errp, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_CLEAN_INTERVAL
1012 " not supported on this host");
1017 if (r->cache_clean_interval > UINT_MAX) {
1018 error_setg(errp, "Cache clean interval too big");
1023 /* lazy-refcounts; flush if going from enabled to disabled */
1024 r->use_lazy_refcounts = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, QCOW2_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
1025 (s->compatible_features & QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS));
1026 if (r->use_lazy_refcounts && s->qcow_version < 3) {
1027 error_setg(errp, "Lazy refcounts require a qcow2 image with at least "
1028 "qemu 1.1 compatibility level");
1033 if (s->use_lazy_refcounts && !r->use_lazy_refcounts) {
1034 ret = qcow2_mark_clean(bs);
1036 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to disable lazy refcounts");
1041 /* Overlap check options */
1042 opt_overlap_check = qemu_opt_get(opts, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP);
1043 opt_overlap_check_template = qemu_opt_get(opts, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_TEMPLATE);
1044 if (opt_overlap_check_template && opt_overlap_check &&
1045 strcmp(opt_overlap_check_template, opt_overlap_check))
1047 error_setg(errp, "Conflicting values for qcow2 options '"
1048 QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP "' ('%s') and '" QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_TEMPLATE
1049 "' ('%s')", opt_overlap_check, opt_overlap_check_template);
1053 if (!opt_overlap_check) {
1054 opt_overlap_check = opt_overlap_check_template ?: "cached";
1057 if (!strcmp(opt_overlap_check, "none")) {
1058 overlap_check_template = 0;
1059 } else if (!strcmp(opt_overlap_check, "constant")) {
1060 overlap_check_template = QCOW2_OL_CONSTANT;
1061 } else if (!strcmp(opt_overlap_check, "cached")) {
1062 overlap_check_template = QCOW2_OL_CACHED;
1063 } else if (!strcmp(opt_overlap_check, "all")) {
1064 overlap_check_template = QCOW2_OL_ALL;
1066 error_setg(errp, "Unsupported value '%s' for qcow2 option "
1067 "'overlap-check'. Allowed are any of the following: "
1068 "none, constant, cached, all", opt_overlap_check);
1073 r->overlap_check = 0;
1074 for (i = 0; i < QCOW2_OL_MAX_BITNR; i++) {
1075 /* overlap-check defines a template bitmask, but every flag may be
1076 * overwritten through the associated boolean option */
1078 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, overlap_bool_option_names[i],
1079 overlap_check_template & (1 << i)) << i;
1082 r->discard_passthrough[QCOW2_DISCARD_NEVER] = false;
1083 r->discard_passthrough[QCOW2_DISCARD_ALWAYS] = true;
1084 r->discard_passthrough[QCOW2_DISCARD_REQUEST] =
1085 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_REQUEST,
1086 flags & BDRV_O_UNMAP);
1087 r->discard_passthrough[QCOW2_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT] =
1088 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT, true);
1089 r->discard_passthrough[QCOW2_DISCARD_OTHER] =
1090 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_OTHER, false);
1092 switch (s->crypt_method_header) {
1093 case QCOW_CRYPT_NONE:
1095 error_setg(errp, "No encryption in image header, but options "
1096 "specified format '%s'", encryptfmt);
1102 case QCOW_CRYPT_AES:
1103 if (encryptfmt && !g_str_equal(encryptfmt, "aes")) {
1105 "Header reported 'aes' encryption format but "
1106 "options specify '%s'", encryptfmt);
1110 qdict_put_str(encryptopts, "format", "qcow");
1111 r->crypto_opts = block_crypto_open_opts_init(encryptopts, errp);
1114 case QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS:
1115 if (encryptfmt && !g_str_equal(encryptfmt, "luks")) {
1117 "Header reported 'luks' encryption format but "
1118 "options specify '%s'", encryptfmt);
1122 qdict_put_str(encryptopts, "format", "luks");
1123 r->crypto_opts = block_crypto_open_opts_init(encryptopts, errp);
1127 error_setg(errp, "Unsupported encryption method %d",
1128 s->crypt_method_header);
1131 if (s->crypt_method_header != QCOW_CRYPT_NONE && !r->crypto_opts) {
1138 qobject_unref(encryptopts);
1139 qemu_opts_del(opts);
1144 static void qcow2_update_options_commit(BlockDriverState *bs,
1145 Qcow2ReopenState *r)
1147 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
1150 if (s->l2_table_cache) {
1151 qcow2_cache_destroy(s->l2_table_cache);
1153 if (s->refcount_block_cache) {
1154 qcow2_cache_destroy(s->refcount_block_cache);
1156 s->l2_table_cache = r->l2_table_cache;
1157 s->refcount_block_cache = r->refcount_block_cache;
1158 s->l2_slice_size = r->l2_slice_size;
1160 s->overlap_check = r->overlap_check;
1161 s->use_lazy_refcounts = r->use_lazy_refcounts;
1163 for (i = 0; i < QCOW2_DISCARD_MAX; i++) {
1164 s->discard_passthrough[i] = r->discard_passthrough[i];
1167 if (s->cache_clean_interval != r->cache_clean_interval) {
1168 cache_clean_timer_del(bs);
1169 s->cache_clean_interval = r->cache_clean_interval;
1170 cache_clean_timer_init(bs, bdrv_get_aio_context(bs));
1173 qapi_free_QCryptoBlockOpenOptions(s->crypto_opts);
1174 s->crypto_opts = r->crypto_opts;
1177 static void qcow2_update_options_abort(BlockDriverState *bs,
1178 Qcow2ReopenState *r)
1180 if (r->l2_table_cache) {
1181 qcow2_cache_destroy(r->l2_table_cache);
1183 if (r->refcount_block_cache) {
1184 qcow2_cache_destroy(r->refcount_block_cache);
1186 qapi_free_QCryptoBlockOpenOptions(r->crypto_opts);
1189 static int qcow2_update_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
1190 int flags, Error **errp)
1192 Qcow2ReopenState r = {};
1195 ret = qcow2_update_options_prepare(bs, &r, options, flags, errp);
1197 qcow2_update_options_commit(bs, &r);
1199 qcow2_update_options_abort(bs, &r);
1205 /* Called with s->lock held. */
1206 static int coroutine_fn qcow2_do_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
1207 int flags, Error **errp)
1209 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
1210 unsigned int len, i;
1213 Error *local_err = NULL;
1215 uint64_t l1_vm_state_index;
1216 bool update_header = false;
1218 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, 0, &header, sizeof(header));
1220 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read qcow2 header");
1223 header.magic = be32_to_cpu(header.magic);
1224 header.version = be32_to_cpu(header.version);
1225 header.backing_file_offset = be64_to_cpu(header.backing_file_offset);
1226 header.backing_file_size = be32_to_cpu(header.backing_file_size);
1227 header.size = be64_to_cpu(header.size);
1228 header.cluster_bits = be32_to_cpu(header.cluster_bits);
1229 header.crypt_method = be32_to_cpu(header.crypt_method);
1230 header.l1_table_offset = be64_to_cpu(header.l1_table_offset);
1231 header.l1_size = be32_to_cpu(header.l1_size);
1232 header.refcount_table_offset = be64_to_cpu(header.refcount_table_offset);
1233 header.refcount_table_clusters =
1234 be32_to_cpu(header.refcount_table_clusters);
1235 header.snapshots_offset = be64_to_cpu(header.snapshots_offset);
1236 header.nb_snapshots = be32_to_cpu(header.nb_snapshots);
1238 if (header.magic != QCOW_MAGIC) {
1239 error_setg(errp, "Image is not in qcow2 format");
1243 if (header.version < 2 || header.version > 3) {
1244 error_setg(errp, "Unsupported qcow2 version %" PRIu32, header.version);
1249 s->qcow_version = header.version;
1251 /* Initialise cluster size */
1252 if (header.cluster_bits < MIN_CLUSTER_BITS ||
1253 header.cluster_bits > MAX_CLUSTER_BITS) {
1254 error_setg(errp, "Unsupported cluster size: 2^%" PRIu32,
1255 header.cluster_bits);
1260 s->cluster_bits = header.cluster_bits;
1261 s->cluster_size = 1 << s->cluster_bits;
1262 s->cluster_sectors = 1 << (s->cluster_bits - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1264 /* Initialise version 3 header fields */
1265 if (header.version == 2) {
1266 header.incompatible_features = 0;
1267 header.compatible_features = 0;
1268 header.autoclear_features = 0;
1269 header.refcount_order = 4;
1270 header.header_length = 72;
1272 header.incompatible_features =
1273 be64_to_cpu(header.incompatible_features);
1274 header.compatible_features = be64_to_cpu(header.compatible_features);
1275 header.autoclear_features = be64_to_cpu(header.autoclear_features);
1276 header.refcount_order = be32_to_cpu(header.refcount_order);
1277 header.header_length = be32_to_cpu(header.header_length);
1279 if (header.header_length < 104) {
1280 error_setg(errp, "qcow2 header too short");
1286 if (header.header_length > s->cluster_size) {
1287 error_setg(errp, "qcow2 header exceeds cluster size");
1292 if (header.header_length > sizeof(header)) {
1293 s->unknown_header_fields_size = header.header_length - sizeof(header);
1294 s->unknown_header_fields = g_malloc(s->unknown_header_fields_size);
1295 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, sizeof(header), s->unknown_header_fields,
1296 s->unknown_header_fields_size);
1298 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read unknown qcow2 header "
1304 if (header.backing_file_offset > s->cluster_size) {
1305 error_setg(errp, "Invalid backing file offset");
1310 if (header.backing_file_offset) {
1311 ext_end = header.backing_file_offset;
1313 ext_end = 1 << header.cluster_bits;
1316 /* Handle feature bits */
1317 s->incompatible_features = header.incompatible_features;
1318 s->compatible_features = header.compatible_features;
1319 s->autoclear_features = header.autoclear_features;
1321 if (s->incompatible_features & ~QCOW2_INCOMPAT_MASK) {
1322 void *feature_table = NULL;
1323 qcow2_read_extensions(bs, header.header_length, ext_end,
1324 &feature_table, flags, NULL, NULL);
1325 report_unsupported_feature(errp, feature_table,
1326 s->incompatible_features &
1327 ~QCOW2_INCOMPAT_MASK);
1329 g_free(feature_table);
1333 if (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT) {
1334 /* Corrupt images may not be written to unless they are being repaired
1336 if ((flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) && !(flags & BDRV_O_CHECK)) {
1337 error_setg(errp, "qcow2: Image is corrupt; cannot be opened "
1344 /* Check support for various header values */
1345 if (header.refcount_order > 6) {
1346 error_setg(errp, "Reference count entry width too large; may not "
1351 s->refcount_order = header.refcount_order;
1352 s->refcount_bits = 1 << s->refcount_order;
1353 s->refcount_max = UINT64_C(1) << (s->refcount_bits - 1);
1354 s->refcount_max += s->refcount_max - 1;
1356 s->crypt_method_header = header.crypt_method;
1357 if (s->crypt_method_header) {
1358 if (bdrv_uses_whitelist() &&
1359 s->crypt_method_header == QCOW_CRYPT_AES) {
1361 "Use of AES-CBC encrypted qcow2 images is no longer "
1362 "supported in system emulators");
1363 error_append_hint(errp,
1364 "You can use 'qemu-img convert' to convert your "
1365 "image to an alternative supported format, such "
1366 "as unencrypted qcow2, or raw with the LUKS "
1367 "format instead.\n");
1372 if (s->crypt_method_header == QCOW_CRYPT_AES) {
1373 s->crypt_physical_offset = false;
1375 /* Assuming LUKS and any future crypt methods we
1376 * add will all use physical offsets, due to the
1377 * fact that the alternative is insecure... */
1378 s->crypt_physical_offset = true;
1381 bs->encrypted = true;
1384 s->l2_bits = s->cluster_bits - 3; /* L2 is always one cluster */
1385 s->l2_size = 1 << s->l2_bits;
1386 /* 2^(s->refcount_order - 3) is the refcount width in bytes */
1387 s->refcount_block_bits = s->cluster_bits - (s->refcount_order - 3);
1388 s->refcount_block_size = 1 << s->refcount_block_bits;
1389 bs->total_sectors = header.size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1390 s->csize_shift = (62 - (s->cluster_bits - 8));
1391 s->csize_mask = (1 << (s->cluster_bits - 8)) - 1;
1392 s->cluster_offset_mask = (1LL << s->csize_shift) - 1;
1394 s->refcount_table_offset = header.refcount_table_offset;
1395 s->refcount_table_size =
1396 header.refcount_table_clusters << (s->cluster_bits - 3);
1398 if (header.refcount_table_clusters == 0 && !(flags & BDRV_O_CHECK)) {
1399 error_setg(errp, "Image does not contain a reference count table");
1404 ret = qcow2_validate_table(bs, s->refcount_table_offset,
1405 header.refcount_table_clusters,
1406 s->cluster_size, QCOW_MAX_REFTABLE_SIZE,
1407 "Reference count table", errp);
1412 /* The total size in bytes of the snapshot table is checked in
1413 * qcow2_read_snapshots() because the size of each snapshot is
1414 * variable and we don't know it yet.
1415 * Here we only check the offset and number of snapshots. */
1416 ret = qcow2_validate_table(bs, header.snapshots_offset,
1417 header.nb_snapshots,
1418 sizeof(QCowSnapshotHeader),
1419 sizeof(QCowSnapshotHeader) * QCOW_MAX_SNAPSHOTS,
1420 "Snapshot table", errp);
1425 /* read the level 1 table */
1426 ret = qcow2_validate_table(bs, header.l1_table_offset,
1427 header.l1_size, sizeof(uint64_t),
1428 QCOW_MAX_L1_SIZE, "Active L1 table", errp);
1432 s->l1_size = header.l1_size;
1433 s->l1_table_offset = header.l1_table_offset;
1435 l1_vm_state_index = size_to_l1(s, header.size);
1436 if (l1_vm_state_index > INT_MAX) {
1437 error_setg(errp, "Image is too big");
1441 s->l1_vm_state_index = l1_vm_state_index;
1443 /* the L1 table must contain at least enough entries to put
1444 header.size bytes */
1445 if (s->l1_size < s->l1_vm_state_index) {
1446 error_setg(errp, "L1 table is too small");
1451 if (s->l1_size > 0) {
1452 s->l1_table = qemu_try_blockalign(bs->file->bs,
1453 ROUND_UP(s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t), 512));
1454 if (s->l1_table == NULL) {
1455 error_setg(errp, "Could not allocate L1 table");
1459 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, s->l1_table_offset, s->l1_table,
1460 s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t));
1462 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read L1 table");
1465 for(i = 0;i < s->l1_size; i++) {
1466 s->l1_table[i] = be64_to_cpu(s->l1_table[i]);
1470 /* Parse driver-specific options */
1471 ret = qcow2_update_options(bs, options, flags, errp);
1478 ret = qcow2_refcount_init(bs);
1480 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not initialize refcount handling");
1484 QLIST_INIT(&s->cluster_allocs);
1485 QTAILQ_INIT(&s->discards);
1487 /* read qcow2 extensions */
1488 if (qcow2_read_extensions(bs, header.header_length, ext_end, NULL,
1489 flags, &update_header, &local_err)) {
1490 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1495 /* Open external data file */
1496 s->data_file = bdrv_open_child(NULL, options, "data-file", bs, &child_file,
1499 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1504 if (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DATA_FILE) {
1505 if (!s->data_file && s->image_data_file) {
1506 s->data_file = bdrv_open_child(s->image_data_file, options,
1507 "data-file", bs, &child_file,
1509 if (!s->data_file) {
1514 if (!s->data_file) {
1515 error_setg(errp, "'data-file' is required for this image");
1521 error_setg(errp, "'data-file' can only be set for images with an "
1522 "external data file");
1527 s->data_file = bs->file;
1529 if (data_file_is_raw(bs)) {
1530 error_setg(errp, "data-file-raw requires a data file");
1536 /* qcow2_read_extension may have set up the crypto context
1537 * if the crypt method needs a header region, some methods
1538 * don't need header extensions, so must check here
1540 if (s->crypt_method_header && !s->crypto) {
1541 if (s->crypt_method_header == QCOW_CRYPT_AES) {
1542 unsigned int cflags = 0;
1543 if (flags & BDRV_O_NO_IO) {
1544 cflags |= QCRYPTO_BLOCK_OPEN_NO_IO;
1546 s->crypto = qcrypto_block_open(s->crypto_opts, "encrypt.",
1547 NULL, NULL, cflags, 1, errp);
1552 } else if (!(flags & BDRV_O_NO_IO)) {
1553 error_setg(errp, "Missing CRYPTO header for crypt method %d",
1554 s->crypt_method_header);
1560 /* read the backing file name */
1561 if (header.backing_file_offset != 0) {
1562 len = header.backing_file_size;
1563 if (len > MIN(1023, s->cluster_size - header.backing_file_offset) ||
1564 len >= sizeof(bs->backing_file)) {
1565 error_setg(errp, "Backing file name too long");
1569 ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, header.backing_file_offset,
1570 bs->auto_backing_file, len);
1572 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read backing file name");
1575 bs->auto_backing_file[len] = '\0';
1576 pstrcpy(bs->backing_file, sizeof(bs->backing_file),
1577 bs->auto_backing_file);
1578 s->image_backing_file = g_strdup(bs->auto_backing_file);
1581 /* Internal snapshots */
1582 s->snapshots_offset = header.snapshots_offset;
1583 s->nb_snapshots = header.nb_snapshots;
1585 ret = qcow2_read_snapshots(bs);
1587 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read snapshots");
1591 /* Clear unknown autoclear feature bits */
1592 update_header |= s->autoclear_features & ~QCOW2_AUTOCLEAR_MASK;
1594 update_header && !bs->read_only && !(flags & BDRV_O_INACTIVE);
1595 if (update_header) {
1596 s->autoclear_features &= QCOW2_AUTOCLEAR_MASK;
1599 /* == Handle persistent dirty bitmaps ==
1601 * We want load dirty bitmaps in three cases:
1603 * 1. Normal open of the disk in active mode, not related to invalidation
1606 * 2. Invalidation of the target vm after pre-copy phase of migration, if
1607 * bitmaps are _not_ migrating through migration channel, i.e.
1608 * 'dirty-bitmaps' capability is disabled.
1610 * 3. Invalidation of source vm after failed or canceled migration.
1611 * This is a very interesting case. There are two possible types of
1614 * A. Stored on inactivation and removed. They should be loaded from the
1617 * B. Not stored: not-persistent bitmaps and bitmaps, migrated through
1618 * the migration channel (with dirty-bitmaps capability).
1620 * On the other hand, there are two possible sub-cases:
1622 * 3.1 disk was changed by somebody else while were inactive. In this
1623 * case all in-RAM dirty bitmaps (both persistent and not) are
1624 * definitely invalid. And we don't have any method to determine
1627 * Simple and safe thing is to just drop all the bitmaps of type B on
1628 * inactivation. But in this case we lose bitmaps in valid 4.2 case.
1630 * On the other hand, resuming source vm, if disk was already changed
1631 * is a bad thing anyway: not only bitmaps, the whole vm state is
1632 * out of sync with disk.
1634 * This means, that user or management tool, who for some reason
1635 * decided to resume source vm, after disk was already changed by
1636 * target vm, should at least drop all dirty bitmaps by hand.
1638 * So, we can ignore this case for now, but TODO: "generation"
1639 * extension for qcow2, to determine, that image was changed after
1640 * last inactivation. And if it is changed, we will drop (or at least
1641 * mark as 'invalid' all the bitmaps of type B, both persistent
1644 * 3.2 disk was _not_ changed while were inactive. Bitmaps may be saved
1645 * to disk ('dirty-bitmaps' capability disabled), or not saved
1646 * ('dirty-bitmaps' capability enabled), but we don't need to care
1647 * of: let's load bitmaps as always: stored bitmaps will be loaded,
1648 * and not stored has flag IN_USE=1 in the image and will be skipped
1651 * One remaining possible case when we don't want load bitmaps:
1653 * 4. Open disk in inactive mode in target vm (bitmaps are migrating or
1654 * will be loaded on invalidation, no needs try loading them before)
1657 if (!(bdrv_get_flags(bs) & BDRV_O_INACTIVE)) {
1658 /* It's case 1, 2 or 3.2. Or 3.1 which is BUG in management layer. */
1659 bool header_updated = qcow2_load_dirty_bitmaps(bs, &local_err);
1661 update_header = update_header && !header_updated;
1663 if (local_err != NULL) {
1664 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
1669 if (update_header) {
1670 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
1672 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not update qcow2 header");
1677 bs->supported_zero_flags = header.version >= 3 ? BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP : 0;
1679 /* Repair image if dirty */
1680 if (!(flags & (BDRV_O_CHECK | BDRV_O_INACTIVE)) && !bs->read_only &&
1681 (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY)) {
1682 BdrvCheckResult result = {0};
1684 ret = qcow2_co_check_locked(bs, &result,
1685 BDRV_FIX_ERRORS | BDRV_FIX_LEAKS);
1686 if (ret < 0 || result.check_errors) {
1690 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not repair dirty image");
1697 BdrvCheckResult result = {0};
1698 qcow2_check_refcounts(bs, &result, 0);
1702 qemu_co_queue_init(&s->compress_wait_queue);
1707 g_free(s->image_data_file);
1708 if (has_data_file(bs)) {
1709 bdrv_unref_child(bs, s->data_file);
1711 g_free(s->unknown_header_fields);
1712 cleanup_unknown_header_ext(bs);
1713 qcow2_free_snapshots(bs);
1714 qcow2_refcount_close(bs);
1715 qemu_vfree(s->l1_table);
1716 /* else pre-write overlap checks in cache_destroy may crash */
1718 cache_clean_timer_del(bs);
1719 if (s->l2_table_cache) {
1720 qcow2_cache_destroy(s->l2_table_cache);
1722 if (s->refcount_block_cache) {
1723 qcow2_cache_destroy(s->refcount_block_cache);
1725 qcrypto_block_free(s->crypto);
1726 qapi_free_QCryptoBlockOpenOptions(s->crypto_opts);
1730 typedef struct QCow2OpenCo {
1731 BlockDriverState *bs;
1738 static void coroutine_fn qcow2_open_entry(void *opaque)
1740 QCow2OpenCo *qoc = opaque;
1741 BDRVQcow2State *s = qoc->bs->opaque;
1743 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1744 qoc->ret = qcow2_do_open(qoc->bs, qoc->options, qoc->flags, qoc->errp);
1745 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1748 static int qcow2_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
1751 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
1760 bs->file = bdrv_open_child(NULL, options, "file", bs, &child_file,
1766 /* Initialise locks */
1767 qemu_co_mutex_init(&s->lock);
1769 if (qemu_in_coroutine()) {
1770 /* From bdrv_co_create. */
1771 qcow2_open_entry(&qoc);
1773 assert(qemu_get_current_aio_context() == qemu_get_aio_context());
1774 qemu_coroutine_enter(qemu_coroutine_create(qcow2_open_entry, &qoc));
1775 BDRV_POLL_WHILE(bs, qoc.ret == -EINPROGRESS);
1780 static void qcow2_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
1782 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
1784 if (bs->encrypted) {
1785 /* Encryption works on a sector granularity */
1786 bs->bl.request_alignment = qcrypto_block_get_sector_size(s->crypto);
1788 bs->bl.pwrite_zeroes_alignment = s->cluster_size;
1789 bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment = s->cluster_size;
1792 static int qcow2_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
1793 BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp)
1795 Qcow2ReopenState *r;
1798 r = g_new0(Qcow2ReopenState, 1);
1801 ret = qcow2_update_options_prepare(state->bs, r, state->options,
1802 state->flags, errp);
1807 /* We need to write out any unwritten data if we reopen read-only. */
1808 if ((state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) == 0) {
1809 ret = qcow2_reopen_bitmaps_ro(state->bs, errp);
1814 ret = bdrv_flush(state->bs);
1819 ret = qcow2_mark_clean(state->bs);
1828 qcow2_update_options_abort(state->bs, r);
1833 static void qcow2_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *state)
1835 qcow2_update_options_commit(state->bs, state->opaque);
1836 g_free(state->opaque);
1839 static void qcow2_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *state)
1841 qcow2_update_options_abort(state->bs, state->opaque);
1842 g_free(state->opaque);
1845 static void qcow2_join_options(QDict *options, QDict *old_options)
1847 bool has_new_overlap_template =
1848 qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP) ||
1849 qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_TEMPLATE);
1850 bool has_new_total_cache_size =
1851 qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE);
1852 bool has_all_cache_options;
1854 /* New overlap template overrides all old overlap options */
1855 if (has_new_overlap_template) {
1856 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP);
1857 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_TEMPLATE);
1858 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_MAIN_HEADER);
1859 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L1);
1860 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_ACTIVE_L2);
1861 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_TABLE);
1862 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_REFCOUNT_BLOCK);
1863 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_SNAPSHOT_TABLE);
1864 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L1);
1865 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_OVERLAP_INACTIVE_L2);
1868 /* New total cache size overrides all old options */
1869 if (qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE)) {
1870 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE);
1871 qdict_del(old_options, QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE);
1874 qdict_join(options, old_options, false);
1877 * If after merging all cache size options are set, an old total size is
1878 * overwritten. Do keep all options, however, if all three are new. The
1879 * resulting error message is what we want to happen.
1881 has_all_cache_options =
1882 qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE) ||
1883 qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_L2_CACHE_SIZE) ||
1884 qdict_haskey(options, QCOW2_OPT_REFCOUNT_CACHE_SIZE);
1886 if (has_all_cache_options && !has_new_total_cache_size) {
1887 qdict_del(options, QCOW2_OPT_CACHE_SIZE);
1891 static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
1893 int64_t offset, int64_t count,
1894 int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
1895 BlockDriverState **file)
1897 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
1898 uint64_t cluster_offset;
1899 int index_in_cluster, ret;
1903 bytes = MIN(INT_MAX, count);
1904 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1905 ret = qcow2_get_cluster_offset(bs, offset, &bytes, &cluster_offset);
1906 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1913 if ((ret == QCOW2_CLUSTER_NORMAL || ret == QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_ALLOC) &&
1915 index_in_cluster = offset & (s->cluster_size - 1);
1916 *map = cluster_offset | index_in_cluster;
1917 *file = s->data_file->bs;
1918 status |= BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
1920 if (ret == QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_PLAIN || ret == QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_ALLOC) {
1921 status |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
1922 } else if (ret != QCOW2_CLUSTER_UNALLOCATED) {
1923 status |= BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
1928 static coroutine_fn int qcow2_handle_l2meta(BlockDriverState *bs,
1929 QCowL2Meta **pl2meta,
1933 QCowL2Meta *l2meta = *pl2meta;
1935 while (l2meta != NULL) {
1939 ret = qcow2_alloc_cluster_link_l2(bs, l2meta);
1944 qcow2_alloc_cluster_abort(bs, l2meta);
1947 /* Take the request off the list of running requests */
1948 if (l2meta->nb_clusters != 0) {
1949 QLIST_REMOVE(l2meta, next_in_flight);
1952 qemu_co_queue_restart_all(&l2meta->dependent_requests);
1954 next = l2meta->next;
1963 static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
1964 uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
1967 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
1968 int offset_in_cluster;
1970 unsigned int cur_bytes; /* number of bytes in current iteration */
1971 uint64_t cluster_offset = 0;
1972 uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
1973 QEMUIOVector hd_qiov;
1974 uint8_t *cluster_data = NULL;
1976 qemu_iovec_init(&hd_qiov, qiov->niov);
1978 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1980 while (bytes != 0) {
1982 /* prepare next request */
1983 cur_bytes = MIN(bytes, INT_MAX);
1985 cur_bytes = MIN(cur_bytes,
1986 QCOW_MAX_CRYPT_CLUSTERS * s->cluster_size);
1989 ret = qcow2_get_cluster_offset(bs, offset, &cur_bytes, &cluster_offset);
1994 offset_in_cluster = offset_into_cluster(s, offset);
1996 qemu_iovec_reset(&hd_qiov);
1997 qemu_iovec_concat(&hd_qiov, qiov, bytes_done, cur_bytes);
2000 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_UNALLOCATED:
2003 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_BACKING_AIO);
2004 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2005 ret = bdrv_co_preadv(bs->backing, offset, cur_bytes,
2007 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
2012 /* Note: in this case, no need to wait */
2013 qemu_iovec_memset(&hd_qiov, 0, 0, cur_bytes);
2017 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_PLAIN:
2018 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_ALLOC:
2019 qemu_iovec_memset(&hd_qiov, 0, 0, cur_bytes);
2022 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_COMPRESSED:
2023 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2024 ret = qcow2_co_preadv_compressed(bs, cluster_offset,
2027 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
2034 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_NORMAL:
2035 if ((cluster_offset & 511) != 0) {
2040 if (bs->encrypted) {
2044 * For encrypted images, read everything into a temporary
2045 * contiguous buffer on which the AES functions can work.
2047 if (!cluster_data) {
2049 qemu_try_blockalign(s->data_file->bs,
2050 QCOW_MAX_CRYPT_CLUSTERS
2052 if (cluster_data == NULL) {
2058 assert(cur_bytes <= QCOW_MAX_CRYPT_CLUSTERS * s->cluster_size);
2059 qemu_iovec_reset(&hd_qiov);
2060 qemu_iovec_add(&hd_qiov, cluster_data, cur_bytes);
2063 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_AIO);
2064 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2065 ret = bdrv_co_preadv(s->data_file,
2066 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster,
2067 cur_bytes, &hd_qiov, 0);
2068 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
2072 if (bs->encrypted) {
2074 assert((offset & (BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) == 0);
2075 assert((cur_bytes & (BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) == 0);
2076 if (qcrypto_block_decrypt(s->crypto,
2077 (s->crypt_physical_offset ?
2078 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster :
2086 qemu_iovec_from_buf(qiov, bytes_done, cluster_data, cur_bytes);
2091 g_assert_not_reached();
2097 offset += cur_bytes;
2098 bytes_done += cur_bytes;
2103 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2105 qemu_iovec_destroy(&hd_qiov);
2106 qemu_vfree(cluster_data);
2111 /* Check if it's possible to merge a write request with the writing of
2112 * the data from the COW regions */
2113 static bool merge_cow(uint64_t offset, unsigned bytes,
2114 QEMUIOVector *hd_qiov, QCowL2Meta *l2meta)
2118 for (m = l2meta; m != NULL; m = m->next) {
2119 /* If both COW regions are empty then there's nothing to merge */
2120 if (m->cow_start.nb_bytes == 0 && m->cow_end.nb_bytes == 0) {
2124 /* The data (middle) region must be immediately after the
2126 if (l2meta_cow_start(m) + m->cow_start.nb_bytes != offset) {
2130 /* The end region must be immediately after the data (middle)
2132 if (m->offset + m->cow_end.offset != offset + bytes) {
2136 /* Make sure that adding both COW regions to the QEMUIOVector
2137 * does not exceed IOV_MAX */
2138 if (hd_qiov->niov > IOV_MAX - 2) {
2142 m->data_qiov = hd_qiov;
2149 static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
2150 uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
2153 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2154 int offset_in_cluster;
2156 unsigned int cur_bytes; /* number of sectors in current iteration */
2157 uint64_t cluster_offset;
2158 QEMUIOVector hd_qiov;
2159 uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
2160 uint8_t *cluster_data = NULL;
2161 QCowL2Meta *l2meta = NULL;
2163 trace_qcow2_writev_start_req(qemu_coroutine_self(), offset, bytes);
2165 qemu_iovec_init(&hd_qiov, qiov->niov);
2167 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
2169 while (bytes != 0) {
2173 trace_qcow2_writev_start_part(qemu_coroutine_self());
2174 offset_in_cluster = offset_into_cluster(s, offset);
2175 cur_bytes = MIN(bytes, INT_MAX);
2176 if (bs->encrypted) {
2177 cur_bytes = MIN(cur_bytes,
2178 QCOW_MAX_CRYPT_CLUSTERS * s->cluster_size
2179 - offset_in_cluster);
2182 ret = qcow2_alloc_cluster_offset(bs, offset, &cur_bytes,
2183 &cluster_offset, &l2meta);
2188 assert((cluster_offset & 511) == 0);
2190 qemu_iovec_reset(&hd_qiov);
2191 qemu_iovec_concat(&hd_qiov, qiov, bytes_done, cur_bytes);
2193 if (bs->encrypted) {
2195 if (!cluster_data) {
2196 cluster_data = qemu_try_blockalign(bs->file->bs,
2197 QCOW_MAX_CRYPT_CLUSTERS
2199 if (cluster_data == NULL) {
2205 assert(hd_qiov.size <=
2206 QCOW_MAX_CRYPT_CLUSTERS * s->cluster_size);
2207 qemu_iovec_to_buf(&hd_qiov, 0, cluster_data, hd_qiov.size);
2209 if (qcrypto_block_encrypt(s->crypto,
2210 (s->crypt_physical_offset ?
2211 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster :
2214 cur_bytes, NULL) < 0) {
2219 qemu_iovec_reset(&hd_qiov);
2220 qemu_iovec_add(&hd_qiov, cluster_data, cur_bytes);
2223 ret = qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(bs, 0,
2224 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster, cur_bytes, true);
2229 /* If we need to do COW, check if it's possible to merge the
2230 * writing of the guest data together with that of the COW regions.
2231 * If it's not possible (or not necessary) then write the
2232 * guest data now. */
2233 if (!merge_cow(offset, cur_bytes, &hd_qiov, l2meta)) {
2234 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2235 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_WRITE_AIO);
2236 trace_qcow2_writev_data(qemu_coroutine_self(),
2237 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster);
2238 ret = bdrv_co_pwritev(s->data_file,
2239 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster,
2240 cur_bytes, &hd_qiov, 0);
2241 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
2247 ret = qcow2_handle_l2meta(bs, &l2meta, true);
2253 offset += cur_bytes;
2254 bytes_done += cur_bytes;
2255 trace_qcow2_writev_done_part(qemu_coroutine_self(), cur_bytes);
2260 qcow2_handle_l2meta(bs, &l2meta, false);
2262 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2264 qemu_iovec_destroy(&hd_qiov);
2265 qemu_vfree(cluster_data);
2266 trace_qcow2_writev_done_req(qemu_coroutine_self(), ret);
2271 static int qcow2_inactivate(BlockDriverState *bs)
2273 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2274 int ret, result = 0;
2275 Error *local_err = NULL;
2277 qcow2_store_persistent_dirty_bitmaps(bs, &local_err);
2278 if (local_err != NULL) {
2280 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Lost persistent bitmaps during "
2281 "inactivation of node '%s': ",
2282 bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
2285 ret = qcow2_cache_flush(bs, s->l2_table_cache);
2288 error_report("Failed to flush the L2 table cache: %s",
2292 ret = qcow2_cache_flush(bs, s->refcount_block_cache);
2295 error_report("Failed to flush the refcount block cache: %s",
2300 qcow2_mark_clean(bs);
2306 static void qcow2_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
2308 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2309 qemu_vfree(s->l1_table);
2310 /* else pre-write overlap checks in cache_destroy may crash */
2313 if (!(s->flags & BDRV_O_INACTIVE)) {
2314 qcow2_inactivate(bs);
2317 cache_clean_timer_del(bs);
2318 qcow2_cache_destroy(s->l2_table_cache);
2319 qcow2_cache_destroy(s->refcount_block_cache);
2321 qcrypto_block_free(s->crypto);
2324 g_free(s->unknown_header_fields);
2325 cleanup_unknown_header_ext(bs);
2327 g_free(s->image_data_file);
2328 g_free(s->image_backing_file);
2329 g_free(s->image_backing_format);
2331 if (has_data_file(bs)) {
2332 bdrv_unref_child(bs, s->data_file);
2335 qcow2_refcount_close(bs);
2336 qcow2_free_snapshots(bs);
2339 static void coroutine_fn qcow2_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs,
2342 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2343 int flags = s->flags;
2344 QCryptoBlock *crypto = NULL;
2346 Error *local_err = NULL;
2350 * Backing files are read-only which makes all of their metadata immutable,
2351 * that means we don't have to worry about reopening them here.
2359 memset(s, 0, sizeof(BDRVQcow2State));
2360 options = qdict_clone_shallow(bs->options);
2362 flags &= ~BDRV_O_INACTIVE;
2363 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
2364 ret = qcow2_do_open(bs, options, flags, &local_err);
2365 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
2366 qobject_unref(options);
2368 error_propagate_prepend(errp, local_err,
2369 "Could not reopen qcow2 layer: ");
2372 } else if (ret < 0) {
2373 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not reopen qcow2 layer");
2381 static size_t header_ext_add(char *buf, uint32_t magic, const void *s,
2382 size_t len, size_t buflen)
2384 QCowExtension *ext_backing_fmt = (QCowExtension*) buf;
2385 size_t ext_len = sizeof(QCowExtension) + ((len + 7) & ~7);
2387 if (buflen < ext_len) {
2391 *ext_backing_fmt = (QCowExtension) {
2392 .magic = cpu_to_be32(magic),
2393 .len = cpu_to_be32(len),
2397 memcpy(buf + sizeof(QCowExtension), s, len);
2404 * Updates the qcow2 header, including the variable length parts of it, i.e.
2405 * the backing file name and all extensions. qcow2 was not designed to allow
2406 * such changes, so if we run out of space (we can only use the first cluster)
2407 * this function may fail.
2409 * Returns 0 on success, -errno in error cases.
2411 int qcow2_update_header(BlockDriverState *bs)
2413 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2416 size_t buflen = s->cluster_size;
2418 uint64_t total_size;
2419 uint32_t refcount_table_clusters;
2420 size_t header_length;
2421 Qcow2UnknownHeaderExtension *uext;
2423 buf = qemu_blockalign(bs, buflen);
2425 /* Header structure */
2426 header = (QCowHeader*) buf;
2428 if (buflen < sizeof(*header)) {
2433 header_length = sizeof(*header) + s->unknown_header_fields_size;
2434 total_size = bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2435 refcount_table_clusters = s->refcount_table_size >> (s->cluster_bits - 3);
2437 *header = (QCowHeader) {
2438 /* Version 2 fields */
2439 .magic = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_MAGIC),
2440 .version = cpu_to_be32(s->qcow_version),
2441 .backing_file_offset = 0,
2442 .backing_file_size = 0,
2443 .cluster_bits = cpu_to_be32(s->cluster_bits),
2444 .size = cpu_to_be64(total_size),
2445 .crypt_method = cpu_to_be32(s->crypt_method_header),
2446 .l1_size = cpu_to_be32(s->l1_size),
2447 .l1_table_offset = cpu_to_be64(s->l1_table_offset),
2448 .refcount_table_offset = cpu_to_be64(s->refcount_table_offset),
2449 .refcount_table_clusters = cpu_to_be32(refcount_table_clusters),
2450 .nb_snapshots = cpu_to_be32(s->nb_snapshots),
2451 .snapshots_offset = cpu_to_be64(s->snapshots_offset),
2453 /* Version 3 fields */
2454 .incompatible_features = cpu_to_be64(s->incompatible_features),
2455 .compatible_features = cpu_to_be64(s->compatible_features),
2456 .autoclear_features = cpu_to_be64(s->autoclear_features),
2457 .refcount_order = cpu_to_be32(s->refcount_order),
2458 .header_length = cpu_to_be32(header_length),
2461 /* For older versions, write a shorter header */
2462 switch (s->qcow_version) {
2464 ret = offsetof(QCowHeader, incompatible_features);
2467 ret = sizeof(*header);
2476 memset(buf, 0, buflen);
2478 /* Preserve any unknown field in the header */
2479 if (s->unknown_header_fields_size) {
2480 if (buflen < s->unknown_header_fields_size) {
2485 memcpy(buf, s->unknown_header_fields, s->unknown_header_fields_size);
2486 buf += s->unknown_header_fields_size;
2487 buflen -= s->unknown_header_fields_size;
2490 /* Backing file format header extension */
2491 if (s->image_backing_format) {
2492 ret = header_ext_add(buf, QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_BACKING_FORMAT,
2493 s->image_backing_format,
2494 strlen(s->image_backing_format),
2504 /* External data file header extension */
2505 if (has_data_file(bs) && s->image_data_file) {
2506 ret = header_ext_add(buf, QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_DATA_FILE,
2507 s->image_data_file, strlen(s->image_data_file),
2517 /* Full disk encryption header pointer extension */
2518 if (s->crypto_header.offset != 0) {
2519 s->crypto_header.offset = cpu_to_be64(s->crypto_header.offset);
2520 s->crypto_header.length = cpu_to_be64(s->crypto_header.length);
2521 ret = header_ext_add(buf, QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_CRYPTO_HEADER,
2522 &s->crypto_header, sizeof(s->crypto_header),
2524 s->crypto_header.offset = be64_to_cpu(s->crypto_header.offset);
2525 s->crypto_header.length = be64_to_cpu(s->crypto_header.length);
2534 if (s->qcow_version >= 3) {
2535 Qcow2Feature features[] = {
2537 .type = QCOW2_FEAT_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE,
2538 .bit = QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY_BITNR,
2539 .name = "dirty bit",
2542 .type = QCOW2_FEAT_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE,
2543 .bit = QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT_BITNR,
2544 .name = "corrupt bit",
2547 .type = QCOW2_FEAT_TYPE_INCOMPATIBLE,
2548 .bit = QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DATA_FILE_BITNR,
2549 .name = "external data file",
2552 .type = QCOW2_FEAT_TYPE_COMPATIBLE,
2553 .bit = QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS_BITNR,
2554 .name = "lazy refcounts",
2558 ret = header_ext_add(buf, QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_FEATURE_TABLE,
2559 features, sizeof(features), buflen);
2567 /* Bitmap extension */
2568 if (s->nb_bitmaps > 0) {
2569 Qcow2BitmapHeaderExt bitmaps_header = {
2570 .nb_bitmaps = cpu_to_be32(s->nb_bitmaps),
2571 .bitmap_directory_size =
2572 cpu_to_be64(s->bitmap_directory_size),
2573 .bitmap_directory_offset =
2574 cpu_to_be64(s->bitmap_directory_offset)
2576 ret = header_ext_add(buf, QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_BITMAPS,
2577 &bitmaps_header, sizeof(bitmaps_header),
2586 /* Keep unknown header extensions */
2587 QLIST_FOREACH(uext, &s->unknown_header_ext, next) {
2588 ret = header_ext_add(buf, uext->magic, uext->data, uext->len, buflen);
2597 /* End of header extensions */
2598 ret = header_ext_add(buf, QCOW2_EXT_MAGIC_END, NULL, 0, buflen);
2606 /* Backing file name */
2607 if (s->image_backing_file) {
2608 size_t backing_file_len = strlen(s->image_backing_file);
2610 if (buflen < backing_file_len) {
2615 /* Using strncpy is ok here, since buf is not NUL-terminated. */
2616 strncpy(buf, s->image_backing_file, buflen);
2618 header->backing_file_offset = cpu_to_be64(buf - ((char*) header));
2619 header->backing_file_size = cpu_to_be32(backing_file_len);
2622 /* Write the new header */
2623 ret = bdrv_pwrite(bs->file, 0, header, s->cluster_size);
2634 static int qcow2_change_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs,
2635 const char *backing_file, const char *backing_fmt)
2637 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2639 /* Adding a backing file means that the external data file alone won't be
2640 * enough to make sense of the content */
2641 if (backing_file && data_file_is_raw(bs)) {
2645 if (backing_file && strlen(backing_file) > 1023) {
2649 pstrcpy(bs->auto_backing_file, sizeof(bs->auto_backing_file),
2650 backing_file ?: "");
2651 pstrcpy(bs->backing_file, sizeof(bs->backing_file), backing_file ?: "");
2652 pstrcpy(bs->backing_format, sizeof(bs->backing_format), backing_fmt ?: "");
2654 g_free(s->image_backing_file);
2655 g_free(s->image_backing_format);
2657 s->image_backing_file = backing_file ? g_strdup(bs->backing_file) : NULL;
2658 s->image_backing_format = backing_fmt ? g_strdup(bs->backing_format) : NULL;
2660 return qcow2_update_header(bs);
2663 static int qcow2_crypt_method_from_format(const char *encryptfmt)
2665 if (g_str_equal(encryptfmt, "luks")) {
2666 return QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS;
2667 } else if (g_str_equal(encryptfmt, "aes")) {
2668 return QCOW_CRYPT_AES;
2674 static int qcow2_set_up_encryption(BlockDriverState *bs,
2675 QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *cryptoopts,
2678 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2679 QCryptoBlock *crypto = NULL;
2682 switch (cryptoopts->format) {
2683 case Q_CRYPTO_BLOCK_FORMAT_LUKS:
2684 fmt = QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS;
2686 case Q_CRYPTO_BLOCK_FORMAT_QCOW:
2687 fmt = QCOW_CRYPT_AES;
2690 error_setg(errp, "Crypto format not supported in qcow2");
2694 s->crypt_method_header = fmt;
2696 crypto = qcrypto_block_create(cryptoopts, "encrypt.",
2697 qcow2_crypto_hdr_init_func,
2698 qcow2_crypto_hdr_write_func,
2704 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
2706 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write encryption header");
2712 qcrypto_block_free(crypto);
2717 * Preallocates metadata structures for data clusters between @offset (in the
2718 * guest disk) and @new_length (which is thus generally the new guest disk
2721 * Returns: 0 on success, -errno on failure.
2723 static int coroutine_fn preallocate_co(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
2724 uint64_t new_length, Error **errp)
2726 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
2728 uint64_t host_offset = 0;
2729 unsigned int cur_bytes;
2733 assert(offset <= new_length);
2734 bytes = new_length - offset;
2737 cur_bytes = MIN(bytes, QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(INT_MAX, s->cluster_size));
2738 ret = qcow2_alloc_cluster_offset(bs, offset, &cur_bytes,
2739 &host_offset, &meta);
2741 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Allocating clusters failed");
2746 QCowL2Meta *next = meta->next;
2748 ret = qcow2_alloc_cluster_link_l2(bs, meta);
2750 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Mapping clusters failed");
2751 qcow2_free_any_clusters(bs, meta->alloc_offset,
2752 meta->nb_clusters, QCOW2_DISCARD_NEVER);
2756 /* There are no dependent requests, but we need to remove our
2757 * request from the list of in-flight requests */
2758 QLIST_REMOVE(meta, next_in_flight);
2764 /* TODO Preallocate data if requested */
2767 offset += cur_bytes;
2771 * It is expected that the image file is large enough to actually contain
2772 * all of the allocated clusters (otherwise we get failing reads after
2773 * EOF). Extend the image to the last allocated sector.
2775 if (host_offset != 0) {
2777 ret = bdrv_pwrite(s->data_file, (host_offset + cur_bytes) - 1,
2780 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Writing to EOF failed");
2788 /* qcow2_refcount_metadata_size:
2789 * @clusters: number of clusters to refcount (including data and L1/L2 tables)
2790 * @cluster_size: size of a cluster, in bytes
2791 * @refcount_order: refcount bits power-of-2 exponent
2792 * @generous_increase: allow for the refcount table to be 1.5x as large as it
2795 * Returns: Number of bytes required for refcount blocks and table metadata.
2797 int64_t qcow2_refcount_metadata_size(int64_t clusters, size_t cluster_size,
2798 int refcount_order, bool generous_increase,
2799 uint64_t *refblock_count)
2802 * Every host cluster is reference-counted, including metadata (even
2803 * refcount metadata is recursively included).
2805 * An accurate formula for the size of refcount metadata size is difficult
2806 * to derive. An easier method of calculation is finding the fixed point
2807 * where no further refcount blocks or table clusters are required to
2808 * reference count every cluster.
2810 int64_t blocks_per_table_cluster = cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t);
2811 int64_t refcounts_per_block = cluster_size * 8 / (1 << refcount_order);
2812 int64_t table = 0; /* number of refcount table clusters */
2813 int64_t blocks = 0; /* number of refcount block clusters */
2819 blocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(clusters + table + blocks, refcounts_per_block);
2820 table = DIV_ROUND_UP(blocks, blocks_per_table_cluster);
2821 n = clusters + blocks + table;
2823 if (n == last && generous_increase) {
2824 clusters += DIV_ROUND_UP(table, 2);
2825 n = 0; /* force another loop */
2826 generous_increase = false;
2828 } while (n != last);
2830 if (refblock_count) {
2831 *refblock_count = blocks;
2834 return (blocks + table) * cluster_size;
2838 * qcow2_calc_prealloc_size:
2839 * @total_size: virtual disk size in bytes
2840 * @cluster_size: cluster size in bytes
2841 * @refcount_order: refcount bits power-of-2 exponent
2843 * Returns: Total number of bytes required for the fully allocated image
2844 * (including metadata).
2846 static int64_t qcow2_calc_prealloc_size(int64_t total_size,
2847 size_t cluster_size,
2850 int64_t meta_size = 0;
2851 uint64_t nl1e, nl2e;
2852 int64_t aligned_total_size = ROUND_UP(total_size, cluster_size);
2854 /* header: 1 cluster */
2855 meta_size += cluster_size;
2857 /* total size of L2 tables */
2858 nl2e = aligned_total_size / cluster_size;
2859 nl2e = ROUND_UP(nl2e, cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
2860 meta_size += nl2e * sizeof(uint64_t);
2862 /* total size of L1 tables */
2863 nl1e = nl2e * sizeof(uint64_t) / cluster_size;
2864 nl1e = ROUND_UP(nl1e, cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
2865 meta_size += nl1e * sizeof(uint64_t);
2867 /* total size of refcount table and blocks */
2868 meta_size += qcow2_refcount_metadata_size(
2869 (meta_size + aligned_total_size) / cluster_size,
2870 cluster_size, refcount_order, false, NULL);
2872 return meta_size + aligned_total_size;
2875 static bool validate_cluster_size(size_t cluster_size, Error **errp)
2877 int cluster_bits = ctz32(cluster_size);
2878 if (cluster_bits < MIN_CLUSTER_BITS || cluster_bits > MAX_CLUSTER_BITS ||
2879 (1 << cluster_bits) != cluster_size)
2881 error_setg(errp, "Cluster size must be a power of two between %d and "
2882 "%dk", 1 << MIN_CLUSTER_BITS, 1 << (MAX_CLUSTER_BITS - 10));
2888 static size_t qcow2_opt_get_cluster_size_del(QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
2890 size_t cluster_size;
2892 cluster_size = qemu_opt_get_size_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE,
2893 DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE);
2894 if (!validate_cluster_size(cluster_size, errp)) {
2897 return cluster_size;
2900 static int qcow2_opt_get_version_del(QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
2905 buf = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL);
2907 ret = 3; /* default */
2908 } else if (!strcmp(buf, "0.10")) {
2910 } else if (!strcmp(buf, "1.1")) {
2913 error_setg(errp, "Invalid compatibility level: '%s'", buf);
2920 static uint64_t qcow2_opt_get_refcount_bits_del(QemuOpts *opts, int version,
2923 uint64_t refcount_bits;
2925 refcount_bits = qemu_opt_get_number_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS, 16);
2926 if (refcount_bits > 64 || !is_power_of_2(refcount_bits)) {
2927 error_setg(errp, "Refcount width must be a power of two and may not "
2932 if (version < 3 && refcount_bits != 16) {
2933 error_setg(errp, "Different refcount widths than 16 bits require "
2934 "compatibility level 1.1 or above (use compat=1.1 or "
2939 return refcount_bits;
2942 static int coroutine_fn
2943 qcow2_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options, Error **errp)
2945 BlockdevCreateOptionsQcow2 *qcow2_opts;
2949 * Open the image file and write a minimal qcow2 header.
2951 * We keep things simple and start with a zero-sized image. We also
2952 * do without refcount blocks or a L1 table for now. We'll fix the
2953 * inconsistency later.
2955 * We do need a refcount table because growing the refcount table means
2956 * allocating two new refcount blocks - the seconds of which would be at
2957 * 2 GB for 64k clusters, and we don't want to have a 2 GB initial file
2958 * size for any qcow2 image.
2960 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
2961 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2962 BlockDriverState *data_bs = NULL;
2964 size_t cluster_size;
2967 uint64_t* refcount_table;
2968 Error *local_err = NULL;
2971 assert(create_options->driver == BLOCKDEV_DRIVER_QCOW2);
2972 qcow2_opts = &create_options->u.qcow2;
2974 bs = bdrv_open_blockdev_ref(qcow2_opts->file, errp);
2979 /* Validate options and set default values */
2980 if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(qcow2_opts->size, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
2981 error_setg(errp, "Image size must be a multiple of 512 bytes");
2986 if (qcow2_opts->has_version) {
2987 switch (qcow2_opts->version) {
2988 case BLOCKDEV_QCOW2_VERSION_V2:
2991 case BLOCKDEV_QCOW2_VERSION_V3:
2995 g_assert_not_reached();
3001 if (qcow2_opts->has_cluster_size) {
3002 cluster_size = qcow2_opts->cluster_size;
3004 cluster_size = DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE;
3007 if (!validate_cluster_size(cluster_size, errp)) {
3012 if (!qcow2_opts->has_preallocation) {
3013 qcow2_opts->preallocation = PREALLOC_MODE_OFF;
3015 if (qcow2_opts->has_backing_file &&
3016 qcow2_opts->preallocation != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF)
3018 error_setg(errp, "Backing file and preallocation cannot be used at "
3023 if (qcow2_opts->has_backing_fmt && !qcow2_opts->has_backing_file) {
3024 error_setg(errp, "Backing format cannot be used without backing file");
3029 if (!qcow2_opts->has_lazy_refcounts) {
3030 qcow2_opts->lazy_refcounts = false;
3032 if (version < 3 && qcow2_opts->lazy_refcounts) {
3033 error_setg(errp, "Lazy refcounts only supported with compatibility "
3034 "level 1.1 and above (use version=v3 or greater)");
3039 if (!qcow2_opts->has_refcount_bits) {
3040 qcow2_opts->refcount_bits = 16;
3042 if (qcow2_opts->refcount_bits > 64 ||
3043 !is_power_of_2(qcow2_opts->refcount_bits))
3045 error_setg(errp, "Refcount width must be a power of two and may not "
3050 if (version < 3 && qcow2_opts->refcount_bits != 16) {
3051 error_setg(errp, "Different refcount widths than 16 bits require "
3052 "compatibility level 1.1 or above (use version=v3 or "
3057 refcount_order = ctz32(qcow2_opts->refcount_bits);
3059 if (qcow2_opts->data_file_raw && !qcow2_opts->data_file) {
3060 error_setg(errp, "data-file-raw requires data-file");
3064 if (qcow2_opts->data_file_raw && qcow2_opts->has_backing_file) {
3065 error_setg(errp, "Backing file and data-file-raw cannot be used at "
3071 if (qcow2_opts->data_file) {
3073 error_setg(errp, "External data files are only supported with "
3074 "compatibility level 1.1 and above (use version=v3 or "
3079 data_bs = bdrv_open_blockdev_ref(qcow2_opts->data_file, errp);
3080 if (data_bs == NULL) {
3086 /* Create BlockBackend to write to the image */
3087 blk = blk_new(BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE, BLK_PERM_ALL);
3088 ret = blk_insert_bs(blk, bs, errp);
3092 blk_set_allow_write_beyond_eof(blk, true);
3094 /* Clear the protocol layer and preallocate it if necessary */
3095 ret = blk_truncate(blk, 0, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, errp);
3100 /* Write the header */
3101 QEMU_BUILD_BUG_ON((1 << MIN_CLUSTER_BITS) < sizeof(*header));
3102 header = g_malloc0(cluster_size);
3103 *header = (QCowHeader) {
3104 .magic = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_MAGIC),
3105 .version = cpu_to_be32(version),
3106 .cluster_bits = cpu_to_be32(ctz32(cluster_size)),
3107 .size = cpu_to_be64(0),
3108 .l1_table_offset = cpu_to_be64(0),
3109 .l1_size = cpu_to_be32(0),
3110 .refcount_table_offset = cpu_to_be64(cluster_size),
3111 .refcount_table_clusters = cpu_to_be32(1),
3112 .refcount_order = cpu_to_be32(refcount_order),
3113 .header_length = cpu_to_be32(sizeof(*header)),
3116 /* We'll update this to correct value later */
3117 header->crypt_method = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_CRYPT_NONE);
3119 if (qcow2_opts->lazy_refcounts) {
3120 header->compatible_features |=
3121 cpu_to_be64(QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS);
3124 header->incompatible_features |=
3125 cpu_to_be64(QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DATA_FILE);
3127 if (qcow2_opts->data_file_raw) {
3128 header->autoclear_features |=
3129 cpu_to_be64(QCOW2_AUTOCLEAR_DATA_FILE_RAW);
3132 ret = blk_pwrite(blk, 0, header, cluster_size, 0);
3135 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write qcow2 header");
3139 /* Write a refcount table with one refcount block */
3140 refcount_table = g_malloc0(2 * cluster_size);
3141 refcount_table[0] = cpu_to_be64(2 * cluster_size);
3142 ret = blk_pwrite(blk, cluster_size, refcount_table, 2 * cluster_size, 0);
3143 g_free(refcount_table);
3146 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write refcount table");
3154 * And now open the image and make it consistent first (i.e. increase the
3155 * refcount of the cluster that is occupied by the header and the refcount
3158 options = qdict_new();
3159 qdict_put_str(options, "driver", "qcow2");
3160 qdict_put_str(options, "file", bs->node_name);
3162 qdict_put_str(options, "data-file", data_bs->node_name);
3164 blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options,
3165 BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE | BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH,
3168 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3173 ret = qcow2_alloc_clusters(blk_bs(blk), 3 * cluster_size);
3175 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not allocate clusters for qcow2 "
3176 "header and refcount table");
3179 } else if (ret != 0) {
3180 error_report("Huh, first cluster in empty image is already in use?");
3184 /* Set the external data file if necessary */
3186 BDRVQcow2State *s = blk_bs(blk)->opaque;
3187 s->image_data_file = g_strdup(data_bs->filename);
3190 /* Create a full header (including things like feature table) */
3191 ret = qcow2_update_header(blk_bs(blk));
3193 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not update qcow2 header");
3197 /* Okay, now that we have a valid image, let's give it the right size */
3198 ret = blk_truncate(blk, qcow2_opts->size, qcow2_opts->preallocation, errp);
3200 error_prepend(errp, "Could not resize image: ");
3204 /* Want a backing file? There you go.*/
3205 if (qcow2_opts->has_backing_file) {
3206 const char *backing_format = NULL;
3208 if (qcow2_opts->has_backing_fmt) {
3209 backing_format = BlockdevDriver_str(qcow2_opts->backing_fmt);
3212 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(blk_bs(blk), qcow2_opts->backing_file,
3215 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not assign backing file '%s' "
3216 "with format '%s'", qcow2_opts->backing_file,
3222 /* Want encryption? There you go. */
3223 if (qcow2_opts->has_encrypt) {
3224 ret = qcow2_set_up_encryption(blk_bs(blk), qcow2_opts->encrypt, errp);
3233 /* Reopen the image without BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH to flush it before returning.
3234 * Using BDRV_O_NO_IO, since encryption is now setup we don't want to
3235 * have to setup decryption context. We're not doing any I/O on the top
3236 * level BlockDriverState, only lower layers, where BDRV_O_NO_IO does
3239 options = qdict_new();
3240 qdict_put_str(options, "driver", "qcow2");
3241 qdict_put_str(options, "file", bs->node_name);
3243 qdict_put_str(options, "data-file", data_bs->node_name);
3245 blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options,
3246 BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_NO_IO,
3249 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3258 bdrv_unref(data_bs);
3262 static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_create_opts(const char *filename, QemuOpts *opts,
3265 BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
3268 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3269 BlockDriverState *data_bs = NULL;
3270 Error *local_err = NULL;
3274 /* Only the keyval visitor supports the dotted syntax needed for
3275 * encryption, so go through a QDict before getting a QAPI type. Ignore
3276 * options meant for the protocol layer so that the visitor doesn't
3278 qdict = qemu_opts_to_qdict_filtered(opts, NULL, bdrv_qcow2.create_opts,
3281 /* Handle encryption options */
3282 val = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT);
3283 if (val && !strcmp(val, "on")) {
3284 qdict_put_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, "qcow");
3285 } else if (val && !strcmp(val, "off")) {
3286 qdict_del(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT);
3289 val = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT);
3290 if (val && !strcmp(val, "aes")) {
3291 qdict_put_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT, "qcow");
3294 /* Convert compat=0.10/1.1 into compat=v2/v3, to be renamed into
3295 * version=v2/v3 below. */
3296 val = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL);
3297 if (val && !strcmp(val, "0.10")) {
3298 qdict_put_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL, "v2");
3299 } else if (val && !strcmp(val, "1.1")) {
3300 qdict_put_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL, "v3");
3303 /* Change legacy command line options into QMP ones */
3304 static const QDictRenames opt_renames[] = {
3305 { BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, "backing-file" },
3306 { BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, "backing-fmt" },
3307 { BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE, "cluster-size" },
3308 { BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS, "lazy-refcounts" },
3309 { BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS, "refcount-bits" },
3310 { BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT },
3311 { BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL, "version" },
3312 { BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE_RAW, "data-file-raw" },
3316 if (!qdict_rename_keys(qdict, opt_renames, errp)) {
3321 /* Create and open the file (protocol layer) */
3322 ret = bdrv_create_file(filename, opts, errp);
3327 bs = bdrv_open(filename, NULL, NULL,
3328 BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL, errp);
3334 /* Create and open an external data file (protocol layer) */
3335 val = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE);
3337 ret = bdrv_create_file(val, opts, errp);
3342 data_bs = bdrv_open(val, NULL, NULL,
3343 BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL,
3345 if (data_bs == NULL) {
3350 qdict_del(qdict, BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE);
3351 qdict_put_str(qdict, "data-file", data_bs->node_name);
3354 /* Set 'driver' and 'node' options */
3355 qdict_put_str(qdict, "driver", "qcow2");
3356 qdict_put_str(qdict, "file", bs->node_name);
3358 /* Now get the QAPI type BlockdevCreateOptions */
3359 v = qobject_input_visitor_new_flat_confused(qdict, errp);
3365 visit_type_BlockdevCreateOptions(v, NULL, &create_options, &local_err);
3369 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
3374 /* Silently round up size */
3375 create_options->u.qcow2.size = ROUND_UP(create_options->u.qcow2.size,
3378 /* Create the qcow2 image (format layer) */
3379 ret = qcow2_co_create(create_options, errp);
3386 qobject_unref(qdict);
3388 bdrv_unref(data_bs);
3389 qapi_free_BlockdevCreateOptions(create_options);
3394 static bool is_zero(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
3399 /* Clamp to image length, before checking status of underlying sectors */
3400 if (offset + bytes > bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
3401 bytes = bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE - offset;
3407 res = bdrv_block_status_above(bs, NULL, offset, bytes, &nr, NULL, NULL);
3408 return res >= 0 && (res & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && nr == bytes;
3411 static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
3412 int64_t offset, int bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
3415 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
3417 uint32_t head = offset % s->cluster_size;
3418 uint32_t tail = (offset + bytes) % s->cluster_size;
3420 trace_qcow2_pwrite_zeroes_start_req(qemu_coroutine_self(), offset, bytes);
3421 if (offset + bytes == bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
3429 assert(head + bytes <= s->cluster_size);
3431 /* check whether remainder of cluster already reads as zero */
3432 if (!(is_zero(bs, offset - head, head) &&
3433 is_zero(bs, offset + bytes,
3434 tail ? s->cluster_size - tail : 0))) {
3438 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3439 /* We can have new write after previous check */
3440 offset = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(offset, s->cluster_size);
3441 bytes = s->cluster_size;
3442 nr = s->cluster_size;
3443 ret = qcow2_get_cluster_offset(bs, offset, &nr, &off);
3444 if (ret != QCOW2_CLUSTER_UNALLOCATED &&
3445 ret != QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_PLAIN &&
3446 ret != QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_ALLOC) {
3447 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3451 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3454 trace_qcow2_pwrite_zeroes(qemu_coroutine_self(), offset, bytes);
3456 /* Whatever is left can use real zero clusters */
3457 ret = qcow2_cluster_zeroize(bs, offset, bytes, flags);
3458 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3463 static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
3464 int64_t offset, int bytes)
3467 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
3469 if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset | bytes, s->cluster_size)) {
3470 assert(bytes < s->cluster_size);
3471 /* Ignore partial clusters, except for the special case of the
3472 * complete partial cluster at the end of an unaligned file */
3473 if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset, s->cluster_size) ||
3474 offset + bytes != bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
3479 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3480 ret = qcow2_cluster_discard(bs, offset, bytes, QCOW2_DISCARD_REQUEST,
3482 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3486 static int coroutine_fn
3487 qcow2_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
3488 BdrvChild *src, uint64_t src_offset,
3489 BdrvChild *dst, uint64_t dst_offset,
3490 uint64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
3491 BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
3493 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
3495 unsigned int cur_bytes; /* number of bytes in current iteration */
3496 BdrvChild *child = NULL;
3497 BdrvRequestFlags cur_write_flags;
3499 assert(!bs->encrypted);
3500 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3502 while (bytes != 0) {
3503 uint64_t copy_offset = 0;
3504 /* prepare next request */
3505 cur_bytes = MIN(bytes, INT_MAX);
3506 cur_write_flags = write_flags;
3508 ret = qcow2_get_cluster_offset(bs, src_offset, &cur_bytes, ©_offset);
3514 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_UNALLOCATED:
3515 if (bs->backing && bs->backing->bs) {
3516 int64_t backing_length = bdrv_getlength(bs->backing->bs);
3517 if (src_offset >= backing_length) {
3518 cur_write_flags |= BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE;
3520 child = bs->backing;
3521 cur_bytes = MIN(cur_bytes, backing_length - src_offset);
3522 copy_offset = src_offset;
3525 cur_write_flags |= BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE;
3529 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_PLAIN:
3530 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_ZERO_ALLOC:
3531 cur_write_flags |= BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE;
3534 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_COMPRESSED:
3538 case QCOW2_CLUSTER_NORMAL:
3539 child = s->data_file;
3540 copy_offset += offset_into_cluster(s, src_offset);
3541 if ((copy_offset & 511) != 0) {
3550 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3551 ret = bdrv_co_copy_range_from(child,
3554 cur_bytes, read_flags, cur_write_flags);
3555 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3561 src_offset += cur_bytes;
3562 dst_offset += cur_bytes;
3567 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3571 static int coroutine_fn
3572 qcow2_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
3573 BdrvChild *src, uint64_t src_offset,
3574 BdrvChild *dst, uint64_t dst_offset,
3575 uint64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
3576 BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
3578 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
3579 int offset_in_cluster;
3581 unsigned int cur_bytes; /* number of sectors in current iteration */
3582 uint64_t cluster_offset;
3583 QCowL2Meta *l2meta = NULL;
3585 assert(!bs->encrypted);
3587 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3589 while (bytes != 0) {
3593 offset_in_cluster = offset_into_cluster(s, dst_offset);
3594 cur_bytes = MIN(bytes, INT_MAX);
3597 * If src->bs == dst->bs, we could simply copy by incrementing
3598 * the refcnt, without copying user data.
3599 * Or if src->bs == dst->bs->backing->bs, we could copy by discarding. */
3600 ret = qcow2_alloc_cluster_offset(bs, dst_offset, &cur_bytes,
3601 &cluster_offset, &l2meta);
3606 assert((cluster_offset & 511) == 0);
3608 ret = qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(bs, 0,
3609 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster, cur_bytes, true);
3614 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3615 ret = bdrv_co_copy_range_to(src, src_offset,
3617 cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster,
3618 cur_bytes, read_flags, write_flags);
3619 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3624 ret = qcow2_handle_l2meta(bs, &l2meta, true);
3630 src_offset += cur_bytes;
3631 dst_offset += cur_bytes;
3636 qcow2_handle_l2meta(bs, &l2meta, false);
3638 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3640 trace_qcow2_writev_done_req(qemu_coroutine_self(), ret);
3645 static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
3646 PreallocMode prealloc, Error **errp)
3648 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
3649 uint64_t old_length;
3650 int64_t new_l1_size;
3654 if (prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF && prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_METADATA &&
3655 prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_FALLOC && prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_FULL)
3657 error_setg(errp, "Unsupported preallocation mode '%s'",
3658 PreallocMode_str(prealloc));
3663 error_setg(errp, "The new size must be a multiple of 512");
3667 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
3669 /* cannot proceed if image has snapshots */
3670 if (s->nb_snapshots) {
3671 error_setg(errp, "Can't resize an image which has snapshots");
3676 /* cannot proceed if image has bitmaps */
3677 if (qcow2_truncate_bitmaps_check(bs, errp)) {
3682 old_length = bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
3683 new_l1_size = size_to_l1(s, offset);
3685 if (offset < old_length) {
3686 int64_t last_cluster, old_file_size;
3687 if (prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF) {
3689 "Preallocation can't be used for shrinking an image");
3694 ret = qcow2_cluster_discard(bs, ROUND_UP(offset, s->cluster_size),
3695 old_length - ROUND_UP(offset,
3697 QCOW2_DISCARD_ALWAYS, true);
3699 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to discard cropped clusters");
3703 ret = qcow2_shrink_l1_table(bs, new_l1_size);
3705 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
3706 "Failed to reduce the number of L2 tables");
3710 ret = qcow2_shrink_reftable(bs);
3712 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
3713 "Failed to discard unused refblocks");
3717 old_file_size = bdrv_getlength(bs->file->bs);
3718 if (old_file_size < 0) {
3719 error_setg_errno(errp, -old_file_size,
3720 "Failed to inquire current file length");
3721 ret = old_file_size;
3724 last_cluster = qcow2_get_last_cluster(bs, old_file_size);
3725 if (last_cluster < 0) {
3726 error_setg_errno(errp, -last_cluster,
3727 "Failed to find the last cluster");
3731 if ((last_cluster + 1) * s->cluster_size < old_file_size) {
3732 Error *local_err = NULL;
3734 bdrv_co_truncate(bs->file, (last_cluster + 1) * s->cluster_size,
3735 PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, &local_err);
3737 warn_reportf_err(local_err,
3738 "Failed to truncate the tail of the image: ");
3742 ret = qcow2_grow_l1_table(bs, new_l1_size, true);
3744 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to grow the L1 table");
3750 case PREALLOC_MODE_OFF:
3753 case PREALLOC_MODE_METADATA:
3754 ret = preallocate_co(bs, old_length, offset, errp);
3760 case PREALLOC_MODE_FALLOC:
3761 case PREALLOC_MODE_FULL:
3763 int64_t allocation_start, host_offset, guest_offset;
3764 int64_t clusters_allocated;
3765 int64_t old_file_size, new_file_size;
3766 uint64_t nb_new_data_clusters, nb_new_l2_tables;
3768 /* With a data file, preallocation means just allocating the metadata
3769 * and forwarding the truncate request to the data file */
3770 if (has_data_file(bs)) {
3771 ret = preallocate_co(bs, old_length, offset, errp);
3778 old_file_size = bdrv_getlength(bs->file->bs);
3779 if (old_file_size < 0) {
3780 error_setg_errno(errp, -old_file_size,
3781 "Failed to inquire current file length");
3782 ret = old_file_size;
3785 old_file_size = ROUND_UP(old_file_size, s->cluster_size);
3787 nb_new_data_clusters = DIV_ROUND_UP(offset - old_length,
3790 /* This is an overestimation; we will not actually allocate space for
3791 * these in the file but just make sure the new refcount structures are
3792 * able to cover them so we will not have to allocate new refblocks
3793 * while entering the data blocks in the potentially new L2 tables.
3794 * (We do not actually care where the L2 tables are placed. Maybe they
3795 * are already allocated or they can be placed somewhere before
3796 * @old_file_size. It does not matter because they will be fully
3797 * allocated automatically, so they do not need to be covered by the
3798 * preallocation. All that matters is that we will not have to allocate
3799 * new refcount structures for them.) */
3800 nb_new_l2_tables = DIV_ROUND_UP(nb_new_data_clusters,
3801 s->cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
3802 /* The cluster range may not be aligned to L2 boundaries, so add one L2
3803 * table for a potential head/tail */
3806 allocation_start = qcow2_refcount_area(bs, old_file_size,
3807 nb_new_data_clusters +
3810 if (allocation_start < 0) {
3811 error_setg_errno(errp, -allocation_start,
3812 "Failed to resize refcount structures");
3813 ret = allocation_start;
3817 clusters_allocated = qcow2_alloc_clusters_at(bs, allocation_start,
3818 nb_new_data_clusters);
3819 if (clusters_allocated < 0) {
3820 error_setg_errno(errp, -clusters_allocated,
3821 "Failed to allocate data clusters");
3822 ret = clusters_allocated;
3826 assert(clusters_allocated == nb_new_data_clusters);
3828 /* Allocate the data area */
3829 new_file_size = allocation_start +
3830 nb_new_data_clusters * s->cluster_size;
3831 ret = bdrv_co_truncate(bs->file, new_file_size, prealloc, errp);
3833 error_prepend(errp, "Failed to resize underlying file: ");
3834 qcow2_free_clusters(bs, allocation_start,
3835 nb_new_data_clusters * s->cluster_size,
3836 QCOW2_DISCARD_OTHER);
3840 /* Create the necessary L2 entries */
3841 host_offset = allocation_start;
3842 guest_offset = old_length;
3843 while (nb_new_data_clusters) {
3844 int64_t nb_clusters = MIN(
3845 nb_new_data_clusters,
3846 s->l2_slice_size - offset_to_l2_slice_index(s, guest_offset));
3847 QCowL2Meta allocation = {
3848 .offset = guest_offset,
3849 .alloc_offset = host_offset,
3850 .nb_clusters = nb_clusters,
3852 qemu_co_queue_init(&allocation.dependent_requests);
3854 ret = qcow2_alloc_cluster_link_l2(bs, &allocation);
3856 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update L2 tables");
3857 qcow2_free_clusters(bs, host_offset,
3858 nb_new_data_clusters * s->cluster_size,
3859 QCOW2_DISCARD_OTHER);
3863 guest_offset += nb_clusters * s->cluster_size;
3864 host_offset += nb_clusters * s->cluster_size;
3865 nb_new_data_clusters -= nb_clusters;
3871 g_assert_not_reached();
3874 if (prealloc != PREALLOC_MODE_OFF) {
3875 /* Flush metadata before actually changing the image size */
3876 ret = qcow2_write_caches(bs);
3878 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
3879 "Failed to flush the preallocated area to disk");
3884 bs->total_sectors = offset / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
3886 if (has_data_file(bs)) {
3887 if (prealloc == PREALLOC_MODE_METADATA) {
3888 prealloc = PREALLOC_MODE_OFF;
3890 ret = bdrv_co_truncate(s->data_file, offset, prealloc, errp);
3896 /* write updated header.size */
3897 offset = cpu_to_be64(offset);
3898 ret = bdrv_pwrite_sync(bs->file, offsetof(QCowHeader, size),
3899 &offset, sizeof(uint64_t));
3901 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update the image size");
3905 s->l1_vm_state_index = new_l1_size;
3907 /* Update cache sizes */
3908 options = qdict_clone_shallow(bs->options);
3909 ret = qcow2_update_options(bs, options, s->flags, errp);
3910 qobject_unref(options);
3916 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
3923 * @dest - destination buffer, @dest_size bytes
3924 * @src - source buffer, @src_size bytes
3926 * Returns: compressed size on success
3927 * -1 destination buffer is not enough to store compressed data
3928 * -2 on any other error
3930 static ssize_t qcow2_compress(void *dest, size_t dest_size,
3931 const void *src, size_t src_size)
3936 /* best compression, small window, no zlib header */
3937 memset(&strm, 0, sizeof(strm));
3938 ret = deflateInit2(&strm, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, Z_DEFLATED,
3939 -12, 9, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);
3944 /* strm.next_in is not const in old zlib versions, such as those used on
3945 * OpenBSD/NetBSD, so cast the const away */
3946 strm.avail_in = src_size;
3947 strm.next_in = (void *) src;
3948 strm.avail_out = dest_size;
3949 strm.next_out = dest;
3951 ret = deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH);
3952 if (ret == Z_STREAM_END) {
3953 ret = dest_size - strm.avail_out;
3955 ret = (ret == Z_OK ? -1 : -2);
3964 * qcow2_decompress()
3966 * Decompress some data (not more than @src_size bytes) to produce exactly
3969 * @dest - destination buffer, @dest_size bytes
3970 * @src - source buffer, @src_size bytes
3972 * Returns: 0 on success
3975 static ssize_t qcow2_decompress(void *dest, size_t dest_size,
3976 const void *src, size_t src_size)
3981 memset(&strm, 0, sizeof(strm));
3982 strm.avail_in = src_size;
3983 strm.next_in = (void *) src;
3984 strm.avail_out = dest_size;
3985 strm.next_out = dest;
3987 ret = inflateInit2(&strm, -12);
3992 ret = inflate(&strm, Z_FINISH);
3993 if ((ret != Z_STREAM_END && ret != Z_BUF_ERROR) || strm.avail_out != 0) {
3994 /* We approve Z_BUF_ERROR because we need @dest buffer to be filled, but
3995 * @src buffer may be processed partly (because in qcow2 we know size of
3996 * compressed data with precision of one sector) */
4005 #define MAX_COMPRESS_THREADS 4
4007 typedef ssize_t (*Qcow2CompressFunc)(void *dest, size_t dest_size,
4008 const void *src, size_t src_size);
4009 typedef struct Qcow2CompressData {
4016 Qcow2CompressFunc func;
4017 } Qcow2CompressData;
4019 static int qcow2_compress_pool_func(void *opaque)
4021 Qcow2CompressData *data = opaque;
4023 data->ret = data->func(data->dest, data->dest_size,
4024 data->src, data->src_size);
4029 static void qcow2_compress_complete(void *opaque, int ret)
4031 qemu_coroutine_enter(opaque);
4034 static ssize_t coroutine_fn
4035 qcow2_co_do_compress(BlockDriverState *bs, void *dest, size_t dest_size,
4036 const void *src, size_t src_size, Qcow2CompressFunc func)
4038 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4040 ThreadPool *pool = aio_get_thread_pool(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs));
4041 Qcow2CompressData arg = {
4043 .dest_size = dest_size,
4045 .src_size = src_size,
4049 while (s->nb_compress_threads >= MAX_COMPRESS_THREADS) {
4050 qemu_co_queue_wait(&s->compress_wait_queue, NULL);
4053 s->nb_compress_threads++;
4054 acb = thread_pool_submit_aio(pool, qcow2_compress_pool_func, &arg,
4055 qcow2_compress_complete,
4056 qemu_coroutine_self());
4059 s->nb_compress_threads--;
4062 qemu_coroutine_yield();
4063 s->nb_compress_threads--;
4064 qemu_co_queue_next(&s->compress_wait_queue);
4069 static ssize_t coroutine_fn
4070 qcow2_co_compress(BlockDriverState *bs, void *dest, size_t dest_size,
4071 const void *src, size_t src_size)
4073 return qcow2_co_do_compress(bs, dest, dest_size, src, src_size,
4077 static ssize_t coroutine_fn
4078 qcow2_co_decompress(BlockDriverState *bs, void *dest, size_t dest_size,
4079 const void *src, size_t src_size)
4081 return qcow2_co_do_compress(bs, dest, dest_size, src, src_size,
4085 /* XXX: put compressed sectors first, then all the cluster aligned
4086 tables to avoid losing bytes in alignment */
4087 static coroutine_fn int
4088 qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
4089 uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
4091 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4092 QEMUIOVector hd_qiov;
4095 uint8_t *buf, *out_buf;
4096 uint64_t cluster_offset;
4098 if (has_data_file(bs)) {
4103 /* align end of file to a sector boundary to ease reading with
4104 sector based I/Os */
4105 int64_t len = bdrv_getlength(bs->file->bs);
4109 return bdrv_co_truncate(bs->file, len, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, NULL);
4112 if (offset_into_cluster(s, offset)) {
4116 buf = qemu_blockalign(bs, s->cluster_size);
4117 if (bytes != s->cluster_size) {
4118 if (bytes > s->cluster_size ||
4119 offset + bytes != bs->total_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)
4124 /* Zero-pad last write if image size is not cluster aligned */
4125 memset(buf + bytes, 0, s->cluster_size - bytes);
4127 qemu_iovec_to_buf(qiov, 0, buf, bytes);
4129 out_buf = g_malloc(s->cluster_size);
4131 out_len = qcow2_co_compress(bs, out_buf, s->cluster_size - 1,
4132 buf, s->cluster_size);
4133 if (out_len == -2) {
4136 } else if (out_len == -1) {
4137 /* could not compress: write normal cluster */
4138 ret = qcow2_co_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, 0);
4145 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
4146 ret = qcow2_alloc_compressed_cluster_offset(bs, offset, out_len,
4149 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
4153 ret = qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(bs, 0, cluster_offset, out_len, true);
4154 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
4159 qemu_iovec_init_buf(&hd_qiov, out_buf, out_len);
4161 BLKDBG_EVENT(s->data_file, BLKDBG_WRITE_COMPRESSED);
4162 ret = bdrv_co_pwritev(s->data_file, cluster_offset, out_len, &hd_qiov, 0);
4174 static int coroutine_fn
4175 qcow2_co_preadv_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs,
4176 uint64_t file_cluster_offset,
4181 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4182 int ret = 0, csize, nb_csectors;
4184 uint8_t *buf, *out_buf;
4185 QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
4186 int offset_in_cluster = offset_into_cluster(s, offset);
4188 coffset = file_cluster_offset & s->cluster_offset_mask;
4189 nb_csectors = ((file_cluster_offset >> s->csize_shift) & s->csize_mask) + 1;
4190 csize = nb_csectors * 512 - (coffset & 511);
4192 buf = g_try_malloc(csize);
4196 qemu_iovec_init_buf(&local_qiov, buf, csize);
4198 out_buf = qemu_blockalign(bs, s->cluster_size);
4200 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_COMPRESSED);
4201 ret = bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, coffset, csize, &local_qiov, 0);
4206 if (qcow2_co_decompress(bs, out_buf, s->cluster_size, buf, csize) < 0) {
4211 qemu_iovec_from_buf(qiov, 0, out_buf + offset_in_cluster, bytes);
4214 qemu_vfree(out_buf);
4220 static int make_completely_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
4222 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4223 Error *local_err = NULL;
4224 int ret, l1_clusters;
4226 uint64_t *new_reftable = NULL;
4227 uint64_t rt_entry, l1_size2;
4230 uint64_t reftable_offset;
4231 uint32_t reftable_clusters;
4232 } QEMU_PACKED l1_ofs_rt_ofs_cls;
4234 ret = qcow2_cache_empty(bs, s->l2_table_cache);
4239 ret = qcow2_cache_empty(bs, s->refcount_block_cache);
4244 /* Refcounts will be broken utterly */
4245 ret = qcow2_mark_dirty(bs);
4250 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_L1_UPDATE);
4252 l1_clusters = DIV_ROUND_UP(s->l1_size, s->cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
4253 l1_size2 = (uint64_t)s->l1_size * sizeof(uint64_t);
4255 /* After this call, neither the in-memory nor the on-disk refcount
4256 * information accurately describe the actual references */
4258 ret = bdrv_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, s->l1_table_offset,
4259 l1_clusters * s->cluster_size, 0);
4261 goto fail_broken_refcounts;
4263 memset(s->l1_table, 0, l1_size2);
4265 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_EMPTY_IMAGE_PREPARE);
4267 /* Overwrite enough clusters at the beginning of the sectors to place
4268 * the refcount table, a refcount block and the L1 table in; this may
4269 * overwrite parts of the existing refcount and L1 table, which is not
4270 * an issue because the dirty flag is set, complete data loss is in fact
4271 * desired and partial data loss is consequently fine as well */
4272 ret = bdrv_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, s->cluster_size,
4273 (2 + l1_clusters) * s->cluster_size, 0);
4274 /* This call (even if it failed overall) may have overwritten on-disk
4275 * refcount structures; in that case, the in-memory refcount information
4276 * will probably differ from the on-disk information which makes the BDS
4279 goto fail_broken_refcounts;
4282 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_L1_UPDATE);
4283 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_REFTABLE_UPDATE);
4285 /* "Create" an empty reftable (one cluster) directly after the image
4286 * header and an empty L1 table three clusters after the image header;
4287 * the cluster between those two will be used as the first refblock */
4288 l1_ofs_rt_ofs_cls.l1_offset = cpu_to_be64(3 * s->cluster_size);
4289 l1_ofs_rt_ofs_cls.reftable_offset = cpu_to_be64(s->cluster_size);
4290 l1_ofs_rt_ofs_cls.reftable_clusters = cpu_to_be32(1);
4291 ret = bdrv_pwrite_sync(bs->file, offsetof(QCowHeader, l1_table_offset),
4292 &l1_ofs_rt_ofs_cls, sizeof(l1_ofs_rt_ofs_cls));
4294 goto fail_broken_refcounts;
4297 s->l1_table_offset = 3 * s->cluster_size;
4299 new_reftable = g_try_new0(uint64_t, s->cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
4300 if (!new_reftable) {
4302 goto fail_broken_refcounts;
4305 s->refcount_table_offset = s->cluster_size;
4306 s->refcount_table_size = s->cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t);
4307 s->max_refcount_table_index = 0;
4309 g_free(s->refcount_table);
4310 s->refcount_table = new_reftable;
4311 new_reftable = NULL;
4313 /* Now the in-memory refcount information again corresponds to the on-disk
4314 * information (reftable is empty and no refblocks (the refblock cache is
4315 * empty)); however, this means some clusters (e.g. the image header) are
4316 * referenced, but not refcounted, but the normal qcow2 code assumes that
4317 * the in-memory information is always correct */
4319 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_REFBLOCK_ALLOC);
4321 /* Enter the first refblock into the reftable */
4322 rt_entry = cpu_to_be64(2 * s->cluster_size);
4323 ret = bdrv_pwrite_sync(bs->file, s->cluster_size,
4324 &rt_entry, sizeof(rt_entry));
4326 goto fail_broken_refcounts;
4328 s->refcount_table[0] = 2 * s->cluster_size;
4330 s->free_cluster_index = 0;
4331 assert(3 + l1_clusters <= s->refcount_block_size);
4332 offset = qcow2_alloc_clusters(bs, 3 * s->cluster_size + l1_size2);
4335 goto fail_broken_refcounts;
4336 } else if (offset > 0) {
4337 error_report("First cluster in emptied image is in use");
4341 /* Now finally the in-memory information corresponds to the on-disk
4342 * structures and is correct */
4343 ret = qcow2_mark_clean(bs);
4348 ret = bdrv_truncate(bs->file, (3 + l1_clusters) * s->cluster_size,
4349 PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, &local_err);
4351 error_report_err(local_err);
4357 fail_broken_refcounts:
4358 /* The BDS is unusable at this point. If we wanted to make it usable, we
4359 * would have to call qcow2_refcount_close(), qcow2_refcount_init(),
4360 * qcow2_check_refcounts(), qcow2_refcount_close() and qcow2_refcount_init()
4361 * again. However, because the functions which could have caused this error
4362 * path to be taken are used by those functions as well, it's very likely
4363 * that that sequence will fail as well. Therefore, just eject the BDS. */
4367 g_free(new_reftable);
4371 static int qcow2_make_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
4373 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4374 uint64_t offset, end_offset;
4375 int step = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(INT_MAX, s->cluster_size);
4376 int l1_clusters, ret = 0;
4378 l1_clusters = DIV_ROUND_UP(s->l1_size, s->cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
4380 if (s->qcow_version >= 3 && !s->snapshots && !s->nb_bitmaps &&
4381 3 + l1_clusters <= s->refcount_block_size &&
4382 s->crypt_method_header != QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS) {
4383 /* The following function only works for qcow2 v3 images (it
4384 * requires the dirty flag) and only as long as there are no
4385 * features that reserve extra clusters (such as snapshots,
4386 * LUKS header, or persistent bitmaps), because it completely
4387 * empties the image. Furthermore, the L1 table and three
4388 * additional clusters (image header, refcount table, one
4389 * refcount block) have to fit inside one refcount block. */
4390 return make_completely_empty(bs);
4393 /* This fallback code simply discards every active cluster; this is slow,
4394 * but works in all cases */
4395 end_offset = bs->total_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
4396 for (offset = 0; offset < end_offset; offset += step) {
4397 /* As this function is generally used after committing an external
4398 * snapshot, QCOW2_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT seems appropriate. Also, the
4399 * default action for this kind of discard is to pass the discard,
4400 * which will ideally result in an actually smaller image file, as
4401 * is probably desired. */
4402 ret = qcow2_cluster_discard(bs, offset, MIN(step, end_offset - offset),
4403 QCOW2_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT, true);
4412 static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_flush_to_os(BlockDriverState *bs)
4414 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4417 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
4418 ret = qcow2_write_caches(bs);
4419 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
4424 static ssize_t qcow2_measure_crypto_hdr_init_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
4425 size_t headerlen, void *opaque, Error **errp)
4427 size_t *headerlenp = opaque;
4429 /* Stash away the payload size */
4430 *headerlenp = headerlen;
4434 static ssize_t qcow2_measure_crypto_hdr_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
4435 size_t offset, const uint8_t *buf, size_t buflen,
4436 void *opaque, Error **errp)
4438 /* Discard the bytes, we're not actually writing to an image */
4442 /* Determine the number of bytes for the LUKS payload */
4443 static bool qcow2_measure_luks_headerlen(QemuOpts *opts, size_t *len,
4447 QDict *cryptoopts_qdict;
4448 QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *cryptoopts;
4449 QCryptoBlock *crypto;
4451 /* Extract "encrypt." options into a qdict */
4452 opts_qdict = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
4453 qdict_extract_subqdict(opts_qdict, &cryptoopts_qdict, "encrypt.");
4454 qobject_unref(opts_qdict);
4456 /* Build QCryptoBlockCreateOptions object from qdict */
4457 qdict_put_str(cryptoopts_qdict, "format", "luks");
4458 cryptoopts = block_crypto_create_opts_init(cryptoopts_qdict, errp);
4459 qobject_unref(cryptoopts_qdict);
4464 /* Fake LUKS creation in order to determine the payload size */
4465 crypto = qcrypto_block_create(cryptoopts, "encrypt.",
4466 qcow2_measure_crypto_hdr_init_func,
4467 qcow2_measure_crypto_hdr_write_func,
4469 qapi_free_QCryptoBlockCreateOptions(cryptoopts);
4474 qcrypto_block_free(crypto);
4478 static BlockMeasureInfo *qcow2_measure(QemuOpts *opts, BlockDriverState *in_bs,
4481 Error *local_err = NULL;
4482 BlockMeasureInfo *info;
4483 uint64_t required = 0; /* bytes that contribute to required size */
4484 uint64_t virtual_size; /* disk size as seen by guest */
4485 uint64_t refcount_bits;
4487 uint64_t luks_payload_size = 0;
4488 size_t cluster_size;
4491 PreallocMode prealloc;
4492 bool has_backing_file;
4495 /* Parse image creation options */
4496 cluster_size = qcow2_opt_get_cluster_size_del(opts, &local_err);
4501 version = qcow2_opt_get_version_del(opts, &local_err);
4506 refcount_bits = qcow2_opt_get_refcount_bits_del(opts, version, &local_err);
4511 optstr = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
4512 prealloc = qapi_enum_parse(&PreallocMode_lookup, optstr,
4513 PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, &local_err);
4519 optstr = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
4520 has_backing_file = !!optstr;
4523 optstr = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT);
4524 has_luks = optstr && strcmp(optstr, "luks") == 0;
4530 if (!qcow2_measure_luks_headerlen(opts, &headerlen, &local_err)) {
4534 luks_payload_size = ROUND_UP(headerlen, cluster_size);
4537 virtual_size = qemu_opt_get_size_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
4538 virtual_size = ROUND_UP(virtual_size, cluster_size);
4540 /* Check that virtual disk size is valid */
4541 l2_tables = DIV_ROUND_UP(virtual_size / cluster_size,
4542 cluster_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
4543 if (l2_tables * sizeof(uint64_t) > QCOW_MAX_L1_SIZE) {
4544 error_setg(&local_err, "The image size is too large "
4545 "(try using a larger cluster size)");
4549 /* Account for input image */
4551 int64_t ssize = bdrv_getlength(in_bs);
4553 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ssize,
4554 "Unable to get image virtual_size");
4558 virtual_size = ROUND_UP(ssize, cluster_size);
4560 if (has_backing_file) {
4561 /* We don't how much of the backing chain is shared by the input
4562 * image and the new image file. In the worst case the new image's
4563 * backing file has nothing in common with the input image. Be
4564 * conservative and assume all clusters need to be written.
4566 required = virtual_size;
4571 for (offset = 0; offset < ssize; offset += pnum) {
4574 ret = bdrv_block_status_above(in_bs, NULL, offset,
4575 ssize - offset, &pnum, NULL,
4578 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret,
4579 "Unable to get block status");
4583 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
4584 /* Skip zero regions (safe with no backing file) */
4585 } else if ((ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA | BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED)) ==
4586 (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA | BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED)) {
4587 /* Extend pnum to end of cluster for next iteration */
4588 pnum = ROUND_UP(offset + pnum, cluster_size) - offset;
4590 /* Count clusters we've seen */
4591 required += offset % cluster_size + pnum;
4597 /* Take into account preallocation. Nothing special is needed for
4598 * PREALLOC_MODE_METADATA since metadata is always counted.
4600 if (prealloc == PREALLOC_MODE_FULL || prealloc == PREALLOC_MODE_FALLOC) {
4601 required = virtual_size;
4604 info = g_new(BlockMeasureInfo, 1);
4605 info->fully_allocated =
4606 qcow2_calc_prealloc_size(virtual_size, cluster_size,
4607 ctz32(refcount_bits)) + luks_payload_size;
4609 /* Remove data clusters that are not required. This overestimates the
4610 * required size because metadata needed for the fully allocated file is
4613 info->required = info->fully_allocated - virtual_size + required;
4617 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
4621 static int qcow2_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
4623 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4624 bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = true;
4625 bdi->cluster_size = s->cluster_size;
4626 bdi->vm_state_offset = qcow2_vm_state_offset(s);
4630 static ImageInfoSpecific *qcow2_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
4633 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4634 ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info;
4635 QCryptoBlockInfo *encrypt_info = NULL;
4636 Error *local_err = NULL;
4638 if (s->crypto != NULL) {
4639 encrypt_info = qcrypto_block_get_info(s->crypto, &local_err);
4641 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
4646 spec_info = g_new(ImageInfoSpecific, 1);
4647 *spec_info = (ImageInfoSpecific){
4648 .type = IMAGE_INFO_SPECIFIC_KIND_QCOW2,
4649 .u.qcow2.data = g_new0(ImageInfoSpecificQCow2, 1),
4651 if (s->qcow_version == 2) {
4652 *spec_info->u.qcow2.data = (ImageInfoSpecificQCow2){
4653 .compat = g_strdup("0.10"),
4654 .refcount_bits = s->refcount_bits,
4656 } else if (s->qcow_version == 3) {
4657 Qcow2BitmapInfoList *bitmaps;
4658 bitmaps = qcow2_get_bitmap_info_list(bs, &local_err);
4660 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
4661 qapi_free_ImageInfoSpecific(spec_info);
4664 *spec_info->u.qcow2.data = (ImageInfoSpecificQCow2){
4665 .compat = g_strdup("1.1"),
4666 .lazy_refcounts = s->compatible_features &
4667 QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
4668 .has_lazy_refcounts = true,
4669 .corrupt = s->incompatible_features &
4670 QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT,
4671 .has_corrupt = true,
4672 .refcount_bits = s->refcount_bits,
4673 .has_bitmaps = !!bitmaps,
4675 .has_data_file = !!s->image_data_file,
4676 .data_file = g_strdup(s->image_data_file),
4677 .has_data_file_raw = has_data_file(bs),
4678 .data_file_raw = data_file_is_raw(bs),
4681 /* if this assertion fails, this probably means a new version was
4682 * added without having it covered here */
4687 ImageInfoSpecificQCow2Encryption *qencrypt =
4688 g_new(ImageInfoSpecificQCow2Encryption, 1);
4689 switch (encrypt_info->format) {
4690 case Q_CRYPTO_BLOCK_FORMAT_QCOW:
4691 qencrypt->format = BLOCKDEV_QCOW2_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_AES;
4693 case Q_CRYPTO_BLOCK_FORMAT_LUKS:
4694 qencrypt->format = BLOCKDEV_QCOW2_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS;
4695 qencrypt->u.luks = encrypt_info->u.luks;
4700 /* Since we did shallow copy above, erase any pointers
4701 * in the original info */
4702 memset(&encrypt_info->u, 0, sizeof(encrypt_info->u));
4703 qapi_free_QCryptoBlockInfo(encrypt_info);
4705 spec_info->u.qcow2.data->has_encrypt = true;
4706 spec_info->u.qcow2.data->encrypt = qencrypt;
4712 static int qcow2_save_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
4715 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4717 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_VMSTATE_SAVE);
4718 return bs->drv->bdrv_co_pwritev(bs, qcow2_vm_state_offset(s) + pos,
4719 qiov->size, qiov, 0);
4722 static int qcow2_load_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
4725 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4727 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_VMSTATE_LOAD);
4728 return bs->drv->bdrv_co_preadv(bs, qcow2_vm_state_offset(s) + pos,
4729 qiov->size, qiov, 0);
4733 * Downgrades an image's version. To achieve this, any incompatible features
4734 * have to be removed.
4736 static int qcow2_downgrade(BlockDriverState *bs, int target_version,
4737 BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
4740 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4741 int current_version = s->qcow_version;
4744 /* This is qcow2_downgrade(), not qcow2_upgrade() */
4745 assert(target_version < current_version);
4747 /* There are no other versions (now) that you can downgrade to */
4748 assert(target_version == 2);
4750 if (s->refcount_order != 4) {
4751 error_setg(errp, "compat=0.10 requires refcount_bits=16");
4755 if (has_data_file(bs)) {
4756 error_setg(errp, "Cannot downgrade an image with a data file");
4760 /* clear incompatible features */
4761 if (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_DIRTY) {
4762 ret = qcow2_mark_clean(bs);
4764 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to make the image clean");
4769 /* with QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT, it is pretty much impossible to get here in
4770 * the first place; if that happens nonetheless, returning -ENOTSUP is the
4771 * best thing to do anyway */
4773 if (s->incompatible_features) {
4774 error_setg(errp, "Cannot downgrade an image with incompatible features "
4775 "%#" PRIx64 " set", s->incompatible_features);
4779 /* since we can ignore compatible features, we can set them to 0 as well */
4780 s->compatible_features = 0;
4781 /* if lazy refcounts have been used, they have already been fixed through
4782 * clearing the dirty flag */
4784 /* clearing autoclear features is trivial */
4785 s->autoclear_features = 0;
4787 ret = qcow2_expand_zero_clusters(bs, status_cb, cb_opaque);
4789 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to turn zero into data clusters");
4793 s->qcow_version = target_version;
4794 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
4796 s->qcow_version = current_version;
4797 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update the image header");
4803 typedef enum Qcow2AmendOperation {
4804 /* This is the value Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo::last_operation will be
4805 * statically initialized to so that the helper CB can discern the first
4806 * invocation from an operation change */
4807 QCOW2_NO_OPERATION = 0,
4809 QCOW2_CHANGING_REFCOUNT_ORDER,
4811 } Qcow2AmendOperation;
4813 typedef struct Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo {
4814 /* The code coordinating the amend operations should only modify
4815 * these four fields; the rest will be managed by the CB */
4816 BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *original_status_cb;
4817 void *original_cb_opaque;
4819 Qcow2AmendOperation current_operation;
4821 /* Total number of operations to perform (only set once) */
4822 int total_operations;
4824 /* The following fields are managed by the CB */
4826 /* Number of operations completed */
4827 int operations_completed;
4829 /* Cumulative offset of all completed operations */
4830 int64_t offset_completed;
4832 Qcow2AmendOperation last_operation;
4833 int64_t last_work_size;
4834 } Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo;
4836 static void qcow2_amend_helper_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
4837 int64_t operation_offset,
4838 int64_t operation_work_size, void *opaque)
4840 Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo *info = opaque;
4841 int64_t current_work_size;
4842 int64_t projected_work_size;
4844 if (info->current_operation != info->last_operation) {
4845 if (info->last_operation != QCOW2_NO_OPERATION) {
4846 info->offset_completed += info->last_work_size;
4847 info->operations_completed++;
4850 info->last_operation = info->current_operation;
4853 assert(info->total_operations > 0);
4854 assert(info->operations_completed < info->total_operations);
4856 info->last_work_size = operation_work_size;
4858 current_work_size = info->offset_completed + operation_work_size;
4860 /* current_work_size is the total work size for (operations_completed + 1)
4861 * operations (which includes this one), so multiply it by the number of
4862 * operations not covered and divide it by the number of operations
4863 * covered to get a projection for the operations not covered */
4864 projected_work_size = current_work_size * (info->total_operations -
4865 info->operations_completed - 1)
4866 / (info->operations_completed + 1);
4868 info->original_status_cb(bs, info->offset_completed + operation_offset,
4869 current_work_size + projected_work_size,
4870 info->original_cb_opaque);
4873 static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
4874 BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
4878 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
4879 int old_version = s->qcow_version, new_version = old_version;
4880 uint64_t new_size = 0;
4881 const char *backing_file = NULL, *backing_format = NULL, *data_file = NULL;
4882 bool lazy_refcounts = s->use_lazy_refcounts;
4883 bool data_file_raw = data_file_is_raw(bs);
4884 const char *compat = NULL;
4885 uint64_t cluster_size = s->cluster_size;
4888 int refcount_bits = s->refcount_bits;
4890 QemuOptDesc *desc = opts->list->desc;
4891 Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo helper_cb_info;
4893 while (desc && desc->name) {
4894 if (!qemu_opt_find(opts, desc->name)) {
4895 /* only change explicitly defined options */
4900 if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL)) {
4901 compat = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL);
4903 /* preserve default */
4904 } else if (!strcmp(compat, "0.10")) {
4906 } else if (!strcmp(compat, "1.1")) {
4909 error_setg(errp, "Unknown compatibility level %s", compat);
4912 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC)) {
4913 error_setg(errp, "Cannot change preallocation mode");
4915 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE)) {
4916 new_size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
4917 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE)) {
4918 backing_file = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
4919 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT)) {
4920 backing_format = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT);
4921 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT)) {
4922 encrypt = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT,
4925 if (encrypt != !!s->crypto) {
4927 "Changing the encryption flag is not supported");
4930 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT)) {
4931 encformat = qcow2_crypt_method_from_format(
4932 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT));
4934 if (encformat != s->crypt_method_header) {
4936 "Changing the encryption format is not supported");
4939 } else if (g_str_has_prefix(desc->name, "encrypt.")) {
4941 "Changing the encryption parameters is not supported");
4943 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE)) {
4944 cluster_size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE,
4946 if (cluster_size != s->cluster_size) {
4947 error_setg(errp, "Changing the cluster size is not supported");
4950 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS)) {
4951 lazy_refcounts = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
4953 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS)) {
4954 refcount_bits = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS,
4957 if (refcount_bits <= 0 || refcount_bits > 64 ||
4958 !is_power_of_2(refcount_bits))
4960 error_setg(errp, "Refcount width must be a power of two and "
4961 "may not exceed 64 bits");
4964 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE)) {
4965 data_file = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE);
4966 if (data_file && !has_data_file(bs)) {
4967 error_setg(errp, "data-file can only be set for images that "
4968 "use an external data file");
4971 } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE_RAW)) {
4972 data_file_raw = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE_RAW,
4974 if (data_file_raw && !data_file_is_raw(bs)) {
4975 error_setg(errp, "data-file-raw cannot be set on existing "
4980 /* if this point is reached, this probably means a new option was
4981 * added without having it covered here */
4988 helper_cb_info = (Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo){
4989 .original_status_cb = status_cb,
4990 .original_cb_opaque = cb_opaque,
4991 .total_operations = (new_version < old_version)
4992 + (s->refcount_bits != refcount_bits)
4995 /* Upgrade first (some features may require compat=1.1) */
4996 if (new_version > old_version) {
4997 s->qcow_version = new_version;
4998 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
5000 s->qcow_version = old_version;
5001 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update the image header");
5006 if (s->refcount_bits != refcount_bits) {
5007 int refcount_order = ctz32(refcount_bits);
5009 if (new_version < 3 && refcount_bits != 16) {
5010 error_setg(errp, "Refcount widths other than 16 bits require "
5011 "compatibility level 1.1 or above (use compat=1.1 or "
5016 helper_cb_info.current_operation = QCOW2_CHANGING_REFCOUNT_ORDER;
5017 ret = qcow2_change_refcount_order(bs, refcount_order,
5018 &qcow2_amend_helper_cb,
5019 &helper_cb_info, errp);
5025 /* data-file-raw blocks backing files, so clear it first if requested */
5026 if (data_file_raw) {
5027 s->autoclear_features |= QCOW2_AUTOCLEAR_DATA_FILE_RAW;
5029 s->autoclear_features &= ~QCOW2_AUTOCLEAR_DATA_FILE_RAW;
5033 g_free(s->image_data_file);
5034 s->image_data_file = *data_file ? g_strdup(data_file) : NULL;
5037 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
5039 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update the image header");
5043 if (backing_file || backing_format) {
5044 ret = qcow2_change_backing_file(bs,
5045 backing_file ?: s->image_backing_file,
5046 backing_format ?: s->image_backing_format);
5048 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to change the backing file");
5053 if (s->use_lazy_refcounts != lazy_refcounts) {
5054 if (lazy_refcounts) {
5055 if (new_version < 3) {
5056 error_setg(errp, "Lazy refcounts only supported with "
5057 "compatibility level 1.1 and above (use compat=1.1 "
5061 s->compatible_features |= QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS;
5062 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
5064 s->compatible_features &= ~QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS;
5065 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update the image header");
5068 s->use_lazy_refcounts = true;
5070 /* make image clean first */
5071 ret = qcow2_mark_clean(bs);
5073 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to make the image clean");
5076 /* now disallow lazy refcounts */
5077 s->compatible_features &= ~QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS;
5078 ret = qcow2_update_header(bs);
5080 s->compatible_features |= QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS;
5081 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to update the image header");
5084 s->use_lazy_refcounts = false;
5089 BlockBackend *blk = blk_new(BLK_PERM_RESIZE, BLK_PERM_ALL);
5090 ret = blk_insert_bs(blk, bs, errp);
5096 ret = blk_truncate(blk, new_size, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, errp);
5103 /* Downgrade last (so unsupported features can be removed before) */
5104 if (new_version < old_version) {
5105 helper_cb_info.current_operation = QCOW2_DOWNGRADING;
5106 ret = qcow2_downgrade(bs, new_version, &qcow2_amend_helper_cb,
5107 &helper_cb_info, errp);
5117 * If offset or size are negative, respectively, they will not be included in
5118 * the BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED event emitted.
5119 * fatal will be ignored for read-only BDS; corruptions found there will always
5120 * be considered non-fatal.
5122 void qcow2_signal_corruption(BlockDriverState *bs, bool fatal, int64_t offset,
5123 int64_t size, const char *message_format, ...)
5125 BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
5126 const char *node_name;
5130 fatal = fatal && bdrv_is_writable(bs);
5132 if (s->signaled_corruption &&
5133 (!fatal || (s->incompatible_features & QCOW2_INCOMPAT_CORRUPT)))
5138 va_start(ap, message_format);
5139 message = g_strdup_vprintf(message_format, ap);
5143 fprintf(stderr, "qcow2: Marking image as corrupt: %s; further "
5144 "corruption events will be suppressed\n", message);
5146 fprintf(stderr, "qcow2: Image is corrupt: %s; further non-fatal "
5147 "corruption events will be suppressed\n", message);
5150 node_name = bdrv_get_node_name(bs);
5151 qapi_event_send_block_image_corrupted(bdrv_get_device_name(bs),
5152 *node_name != '\0', node_name,
5153 message, offset >= 0, offset,
5159 qcow2_mark_corrupt(bs);
5160 bs->drv = NULL; /* make BDS unusable */
5163 s->signaled_corruption = true;
5166 static QemuOptsList qcow2_create_opts = {
5167 .name = "qcow2-create-opts",
5168 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qcow2_create_opts.head),
5171 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
5172 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
5173 .help = "Virtual disk size"
5176 .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL,
5177 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
5178 .help = "Compatibility level (0.10 or 1.1)"
5181 .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE,
5182 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
5183 .help = "File name of a base image"
5186 .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT,
5187 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
5188 .help = "Image format of the base image"
5191 .name = BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE,
5192 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
5193 .help = "File name of an external data file"
5196 .name = BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE_RAW,
5197 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
5198 .help = "The external data file must stay valid as a raw image"
5201 .name = BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT,
5202 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
5203 .help = "Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated "
5204 "in favor of " BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT "=aes)",
5207 .name = BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT,
5208 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
5209 .help = "Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'",
5211 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_KEY_SECRET("encrypt.",
5212 "ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase"),
5213 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_CIPHER_ALG("encrypt."),
5214 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE("encrypt."),
5215 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_IVGEN_ALG("encrypt."),
5216 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_IVGEN_HASH_ALG("encrypt."),
5217 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_HASH_ALG("encrypt."),
5218 BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_ITER_TIME("encrypt."),
5220 .name = BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE,
5221 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
5222 .help = "qcow2 cluster size",
5223 .def_value_str = stringify(DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE)
5226 .name = BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC,
5227 .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
5228 .help = "Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, "
5232 .name = BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
5233 .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
5234 .help = "Postpone refcount updates",
5235 .def_value_str = "off"
5238 .name = BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS,
5239 .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
5240 .help = "Width of a reference count entry in bits",
5241 .def_value_str = "16"
5243 { /* end of list */ }
5247 static const char *const qcow2_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
5248 "encrypt." BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_QCOW_KEY_SECRET,
5253 BlockDriver bdrv_qcow2 = {
5254 .format_name = "qcow2",
5255 .instance_size = sizeof(BDRVQcow2State),
5256 .bdrv_probe = qcow2_probe,
5257 .bdrv_open = qcow2_open,
5258 .bdrv_close = qcow2_close,
5259 .bdrv_reopen_prepare = qcow2_reopen_prepare,
5260 .bdrv_reopen_commit = qcow2_reopen_commit,
5261 .bdrv_reopen_abort = qcow2_reopen_abort,
5262 .bdrv_join_options = qcow2_join_options,
5263 .bdrv_child_perm = bdrv_format_default_perms,
5264 .bdrv_co_create_opts = qcow2_co_create_opts,
5265 .bdrv_co_create = qcow2_co_create,
5266 .bdrv_has_zero_init = bdrv_has_zero_init_1,
5267 .bdrv_co_block_status = qcow2_co_block_status,
5269 .bdrv_co_preadv = qcow2_co_preadv,
5270 .bdrv_co_pwritev = qcow2_co_pwritev,
5271 .bdrv_co_flush_to_os = qcow2_co_flush_to_os,
5273 .bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes = qcow2_co_pwrite_zeroes,
5274 .bdrv_co_pdiscard = qcow2_co_pdiscard,
5275 .bdrv_co_copy_range_from = qcow2_co_copy_range_from,
5276 .bdrv_co_copy_range_to = qcow2_co_copy_range_to,
5277 .bdrv_co_truncate = qcow2_co_truncate,
5278 .bdrv_co_pwritev_compressed = qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed,
5279 .bdrv_make_empty = qcow2_make_empty,
5281 .bdrv_snapshot_create = qcow2_snapshot_create,
5282 .bdrv_snapshot_goto = qcow2_snapshot_goto,
5283 .bdrv_snapshot_delete = qcow2_snapshot_delete,
5284 .bdrv_snapshot_list = qcow2_snapshot_list,
5285 .bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp = qcow2_snapshot_load_tmp,
5286 .bdrv_measure = qcow2_measure,
5287 .bdrv_get_info = qcow2_get_info,
5288 .bdrv_get_specific_info = qcow2_get_specific_info,
5290 .bdrv_save_vmstate = qcow2_save_vmstate,
5291 .bdrv_load_vmstate = qcow2_load_vmstate,
5293 .supports_backing = true,
5294 .bdrv_change_backing_file = qcow2_change_backing_file,
5296 .bdrv_refresh_limits = qcow2_refresh_limits,
5297 .bdrv_co_invalidate_cache = qcow2_co_invalidate_cache,
5298 .bdrv_inactivate = qcow2_inactivate,
5300 .create_opts = &qcow2_create_opts,
5301 .strong_runtime_opts = qcow2_strong_runtime_opts,
5302 .mutable_opts = mutable_opts,
5303 .bdrv_co_check = qcow2_co_check,
5304 .bdrv_amend_options = qcow2_amend_options,
5306 .bdrv_detach_aio_context = qcow2_detach_aio_context,
5307 .bdrv_attach_aio_context = qcow2_attach_aio_context,
5309 .bdrv_reopen_bitmaps_rw = qcow2_reopen_bitmaps_rw,
5310 .bdrv_can_store_new_dirty_bitmap = qcow2_can_store_new_dirty_bitmap,
5311 .bdrv_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap = qcow2_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap,
5314 static void bdrv_qcow2_init(void)
5316 bdrv_register(&bdrv_qcow2);
5319 block_init(bdrv_qcow2_init);