2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
24 #include "qapi-visit.h"
25 #include "qapi/qmp-output-visitor.h"
26 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
27 #include "qemu-common.h"
28 #include "qemu/option.h"
29 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
30 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
31 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
32 #include "block/block_int.h"
33 #include "block/qapi.h"
36 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION \
37 ", Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Fabrice Bellard\n"
39 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
41 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
46 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
49 typedef enum OutputFormat {
54 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-tcg. */
55 #define BDRV_O_FLAGS BDRV_O_CACHE_WB
56 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
58 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
63 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
67 error_printf("qemu-img: ");
70 error_vprintf(fmt, ap);
73 error_printf("\nTry 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
77 /* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */
78 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
80 const char *help_msg =
82 "usage: qemu-img command [command options]\n"
83 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
86 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
88 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
92 "Command parameters:\n"
93 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
94 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
95 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
96 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
97 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
98 " 'src_cache' in contrast is the cache mode used to read input disk images\n"
99 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
100 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
101 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
102 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
103 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
104 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
105 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
106 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
108 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
109 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
111 " 'snapshot_id_or_name' is deprecated, use 'snapshot_param'\n"
113 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
114 " '-u' enables unsafe rebasing. It is assumed that old and new backing file\n"
115 " match exactly. The image doesn't need a working backing file before\n"
116 " rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the backing file)\n"
117 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
118 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
119 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
120 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
121 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
122 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
123 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
125 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
126 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
127 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
129 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
130 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
131 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
132 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
133 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
135 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
136 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
137 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
138 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
139 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
140 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
142 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
143 " '-f' first image format\n"
144 " '-F' second image format\n"
145 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n";
147 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
148 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);
153 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
159 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
166 /* XXX: put correct support for win32 */
167 static int read_password(char *buf, int buf_size)
171 printf("Password: ");
179 } else if (c == '\n') {
181 } else if (i < (buf_size - 1)) {
193 static struct termios oldtty;
195 static void term_exit(void)
197 tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &oldtty);
200 static void term_init(void)
207 tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
208 |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
209 tty.c_oflag |= OPOST;
210 tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|IEXTEN);
211 tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);
216 tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &tty);
221 static int read_password(char *buf, int buf_size)
226 printf("password: ");
231 ret = read(0, &ch, 1);
233 if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR) {
238 } else if (ret == 0) {
246 if (i < (buf_size - 1))
257 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
259 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
260 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
262 /* Find driver and parse its options */
263 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
265 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
269 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
271 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true);
273 error_report("Unknown protocol '%s'", filename);
274 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
277 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
280 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts);
281 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
285 static BlockDriverState *bdrv_new_open(const char *id,
286 const char *filename,
292 BlockDriverState *bs;
295 Error *local_err = NULL;
298 bs = bdrv_new(id, &error_abort);
301 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
303 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
310 ret = bdrv_open(&bs, filename, NULL, NULL, flags, drv, &local_err);
312 error_report("Could not open '%s': %s", filename,
313 error_get_pretty(local_err));
314 error_free(local_err);
318 if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs) && require_io) {
319 qprintf(quiet, "Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);
320 if (read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0) {
321 error_report("No password given");
324 if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0) {
325 error_report("invalid password");
335 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
336 const char *base_filename,
337 const char *base_fmt)
340 if (qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename)) {
341 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
347 if (qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt)) {
348 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
356 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
359 uint64_t img_size = -1;
360 const char *fmt = "raw";
361 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
362 const char *filename;
363 const char *base_filename = NULL;
364 char *options = NULL;
365 Error *local_err = NULL;
369 c = getopt(argc, argv, "F:b:f:he6o:q");
382 base_filename = optarg;
388 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
389 "encryption\' instead!");
392 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
393 "compat6\' instead!");
396 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
397 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
401 options = g_strdup(optarg);
403 char *old_options = options;
404 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
414 /* Get the filename */
415 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
416 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
418 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
421 if (optind >= argc) {
422 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
426 /* Get image size, if specified */
430 sval = strtosz_suffix(argv[optind++], &end, STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
431 if (sval < 0 || *end) {
432 if (sval == -ERANGE) {
433 error_report("Image size must be less than 8 EiB!");
435 error_report("Invalid image size specified! You may use k, M, "
436 "G, T, P or E suffixes for ");
437 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
438 "petabytes and exabytes.");
442 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
444 if (optind != argc) {
445 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
448 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
449 options, img_size, BDRV_O_FLAGS, &local_err, quiet);
451 error_report("%s: %s", filename, error_get_pretty(local_err));
452 error_free(local_err);
464 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
466 Error *local_err = NULL;
468 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
470 visit_type_ImageCheck(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
471 &check, NULL, &local_err);
472 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
473 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
475 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
477 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
481 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
483 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
484 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
486 if (check->corruptions) {
487 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
488 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
495 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
496 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
500 if (check->check_errors) {
503 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
504 check->check_errors);
508 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
509 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
510 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
511 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
512 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
513 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
514 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
515 check->allocated_clusters);
518 if (check->image_end_offset) {
520 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
524 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
526 const char *filename,
531 BdrvCheckResult result;
533 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
538 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
539 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
540 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
541 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
542 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
543 check->leaks = result.leaks;
544 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
545 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
546 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions != 0;
547 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
548 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks != 0;
549 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
550 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
551 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
552 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
553 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
554 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
555 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
556 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
557 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
558 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
564 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
566 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
567 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
568 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
569 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
570 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
572 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
575 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
576 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
577 BlockDriverState *bs;
579 int flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_CHECK;
585 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
587 int option_index = 0;
588 static const struct option long_options[] = {
589 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
590 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
591 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
592 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
595 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:r:T:q",
596 long_options, &option_index);
609 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
611 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
612 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
613 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
614 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
616 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
617 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
631 if (optind != argc - 1) {
632 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
634 filename = argv[optind++];
636 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
637 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
638 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
639 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
641 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
645 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
647 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
651 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
656 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
657 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
659 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
660 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
665 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
666 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
668 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
669 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
671 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
673 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
674 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
675 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
676 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
678 check->corruptions_fixed);
681 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
683 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
684 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
687 switch (output_format) {
689 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
692 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
696 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
701 if (check->corruptions) {
703 } else if (check->leaks) {
710 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
716 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
719 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache;
720 BlockDriverState *bs;
724 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
726 c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:ht:q");
746 if (optind != argc - 1) {
747 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
749 filename = argv[optind++];
752 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
754 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
758 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
762 ret = bdrv_commit(bs);
765 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
768 error_report("No disk inserted");
771 error_report("Image is read-only");
774 error_report("Image is already committed");
777 error_report("Error while committing image");
789 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
792 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
793 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
795 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)
804 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
805 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
807 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
816 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
817 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
818 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
820 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
824 int num_checked, num_used;
830 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
836 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
838 num_checked = num_used;
841 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
843 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
845 num_checked += *pnum;
847 num_used = num_checked;
848 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
858 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first sector of both
859 * buffers matches, non-zero otherwise.
861 * pnum is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
862 * the first one) that are known to have the same comparison result
864 static int compare_sectors(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2, int n,
874 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512);
875 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
879 if (!!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512) != res) {
888 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
890 static int64_t sectors_to_bytes(int64_t sectors)
892 return sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
895 static int64_t sectors_to_process(int64_t total, int64_t from)
897 return MIN(total - from, IO_BUF_SIZE >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
901 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
903 * Returns 0 in case sectors are filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero
904 * data and negative value on error.
906 * @param bs: Driver used for accessing file
907 * @param sect_num: Number of first sector to check
908 * @param sect_count: Number of sectors to check
909 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
910 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
911 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
913 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sect_num,
914 int sect_count, const char *filename,
915 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
918 ret = bdrv_read(bs, sect_num, buffer, sect_count);
920 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
921 sectors_to_bytes(sect_num), filename, strerror(-ret));
924 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buffer, sect_count, &pnum);
925 if (ret || pnum != sect_count) {
926 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
927 sectors_to_bytes(ret ? sect_num : sect_num + pnum));
935 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
937 * 0 - Images are identical
939 * >1 - Error occurred
941 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
943 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
944 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
945 int64_t total_sectors1, total_sectors2;
946 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
948 int allocated1, allocated2;
949 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
950 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
952 int64_t total_sectors;
953 int64_t sector_num = 0;
956 uint64_t progress_base;
958 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
960 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:F:T:pqs");
990 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
996 if (optind != argc - 2) {
997 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
999 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1000 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1002 /* Initialize before goto out */
1003 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1005 flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
1006 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
1008 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1013 bs1 = bdrv_new_open("image 1", filename1, fmt1, flags, true, quiet);
1015 error_report("Can't open file %s", filename1);
1020 bs2 = bdrv_new_open("image 2", filename2, fmt2, flags, true, quiet);
1022 error_report("Can't open file %s", filename2);
1027 buf1 = qemu_blockalign(bs1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1028 buf2 = qemu_blockalign(bs2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1029 total_sectors1 = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs1);
1030 if (total_sectors1 < 0) {
1031 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1032 filename1, strerror(-total_sectors1));
1036 total_sectors2 = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs2);
1037 if (total_sectors2 < 0) {
1038 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1039 filename2, strerror(-total_sectors2));
1043 total_sectors = MIN(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1044 progress_base = MAX(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1046 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1048 if (strict && total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1050 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1055 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors, sector_num);
1056 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1059 allocated1 = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs1, NULL, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1061 if (allocated1 < 0) {
1063 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1067 allocated2 = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs2, NULL, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1069 if (allocated2 < 0) {
1071 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1074 nb_sectors = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1076 if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1078 ret = bdrv_read(bs1, sector_num, buf1, nb_sectors);
1080 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s:"
1081 " %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), filename1,
1086 ret = bdrv_read(bs2, sector_num, buf2, nb_sectors);
1088 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1089 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1090 filename2, strerror(-ret));
1094 ret = compare_sectors(buf1, buf2, nb_sectors, &pnum);
1095 if (ret || pnum != nb_sectors) {
1096 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1098 ret ? sector_num : sector_num + pnum));
1106 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1107 " allocation mismatch!\n",
1108 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num));
1113 ret = check_empty_sectors(bs1, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1114 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1116 ret = check_empty_sectors(bs2, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1117 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1121 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 ": %s",
1122 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), strerror(-ret));
1128 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1129 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1132 if (total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1133 BlockDriverState *bs_over;
1134 int64_t total_sectors_over;
1135 const char *filename_over;
1137 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1138 if (total_sectors1 > total_sectors2) {
1139 total_sectors_over = total_sectors1;
1141 filename_over = filename1;
1143 total_sectors_over = total_sectors2;
1145 filename_over = filename2;
1149 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors_over, sector_num);
1150 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1153 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs_over, NULL, sector_num,
1157 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1164 ret = check_empty_sectors(bs_over, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1165 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1168 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1169 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1170 filename_over, strerror(-ret));
1176 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1177 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1181 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1191 qemu_progress_end();
1195 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
1197 int c, n, n1, bs_n, bs_i, compress, cluster_sectors, skip_create;
1199 int progress = 0, flags, src_flags;
1200 const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;
1201 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
1202 BlockDriverState **bs = NULL, *out_bs = NULL;
1203 int64_t total_sectors, nb_sectors, sector_num, bs_offset;
1204 int64_t *bs_sectors = NULL;
1205 uint8_t * buf = NULL;
1206 size_t bufsectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1207 const uint8_t *buf1;
1208 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1209 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1210 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
1211 const char *out_baseimg_param;
1212 char *options = NULL;
1213 const char *snapshot_name = NULL;
1214 int min_sparse = 8; /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
1216 Error *local_err = NULL;
1217 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
1222 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1227 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:O:B:ce6o:s:l:S:pt:T:qn");
1243 out_baseimg = optarg;
1249 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1250 "encryption\' instead!");
1254 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1255 "compat6\' instead!");
1259 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
1260 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
1265 options = g_strdup(optarg);
1267 char *old_options = options;
1268 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
1269 g_free(old_options);
1273 snapshot_name = optarg;
1276 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
1277 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse(&internal_snapshot_opts, optarg, 0);
1279 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
1285 snapshot_name = optarg;
1292 sval = strtosz_suffix(optarg, &end, STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
1293 if (sval < 0 || *end) {
1294 error_report("Invalid minimum zero buffer size for sparse output specified");
1299 min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1320 /* Initialize before goto out */
1324 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
1327 bs_n = argc - optind - 1;
1328 out_filename = bs_n >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
1330 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
1331 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
1336 error_exit("Must specify image file name");
1340 if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg) {
1341 error_report("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input "
1347 src_flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
1348 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(src_cache, &src_flags);
1350 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
1354 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1356 bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState *, bs_n);
1357 bs_sectors = g_new(int64_t, bs_n);
1360 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1361 char *id = bs_n > 1 ? g_strdup_printf("source %d", bs_i)
1362 : g_strdup("source");
1363 bs[bs_i] = bdrv_new_open(id, argv[optind + bs_i], fmt, src_flags,
1367 error_report("Could not open '%s'", argv[optind + bs_i]);
1371 bs_sectors[bs_i] = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs[bs_i]);
1372 if (bs_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
1373 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
1374 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-bs_sectors[bs_i]));
1378 total_sectors += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1382 ret = bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(bs[0],
1383 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
1384 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
1386 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
1388 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
1393 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(bs[0], snapshot_name, &local_err);
1396 error_report("Failed to load snapshot: %s",
1397 error_get_pretty(local_err));
1398 error_free(local_err);
1403 /* Find driver and parse its options */
1404 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
1406 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
1411 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true);
1413 error_report("Unknown protocol '%s'", out_filename);
1418 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
1419 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
1421 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
1422 if (options && qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL)) {
1423 error_report("Invalid options for file format '%s'", out_fmt);
1428 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_sectors * 512);
1429 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
1434 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
1435 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
1436 if (out_baseimg_param) {
1437 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
1440 /* Check if compression is supported */
1443 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
1444 const char *preallocation =
1445 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
1447 if (!drv->bdrv_write_compressed) {
1448 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
1454 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
1461 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
1463 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
1471 /* Create the new image */
1472 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
1474 error_report("%s: error while converting %s: %s",
1475 out_filename, out_fmt, error_get_pretty(local_err));
1476 error_free(local_err);
1481 flags = min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
1482 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
1484 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
1488 out_bs = bdrv_new_open("target", out_filename, out_fmt, flags, true, quiet);
1497 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer_length
1498 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to 32768 (16MB)
1500 bufsectors = MIN(32768,
1501 MAX(bufsectors, MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer_length,
1502 out_bs->bl.discard_alignment))
1505 buf = qemu_blockalign(out_bs, bufsectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1508 int64_t output_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(out_bs);
1509 if (output_sectors < 0) {
1510 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s\n",
1511 strerror(-output_sectors));
1514 } else if (output_sectors < total_sectors) {
1515 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
1521 cluster_sectors = 0;
1522 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
1525 error_report("could not get block driver info");
1529 compress = compress || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
1530 cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1534 if (cluster_sectors <= 0 || cluster_sectors > bufsectors) {
1535 error_report("invalid cluster size");
1541 nb_sectors = total_sectors;
1548 nb_sectors = total_sectors - sector_num;
1549 if (nb_sectors <= 0)
1551 if (nb_sectors >= cluster_sectors)
1552 n = cluster_sectors;
1556 bs_num = sector_num - bs_offset;
1557 assert (bs_num >= 0);
1560 while (remainder > 0) {
1562 while (bs_num == bs_sectors[bs_i]) {
1563 bs_offset += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1565 assert (bs_i < bs_n);
1567 /* printf("changing part: sector_num=%" PRId64 ", "
1568 "bs_i=%d, bs_offset=%" PRId64 ", bs_sectors=%" PRId64
1569 "\n", sector_num, bs_i, bs_offset, bs_sectors[bs_i]); */
1571 assert (bs_num < bs_sectors[bs_i]);
1573 nlow = remainder > bs_sectors[bs_i] - bs_num
1574 ? bs_sectors[bs_i] - bs_num : remainder;
1576 ret = bdrv_read(bs[bs_i], bs_num, buf2, nlow);
1578 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64 ": %s",
1579 bs_num, strerror(-ret));
1588 assert (remainder == 0);
1590 if (!buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
1591 ret = bdrv_write_compressed(out_bs, sector_num, buf, n);
1593 error_report("error while compressing sector %" PRId64
1594 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1599 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * sector_num / total_sectors, 0);
1601 /* signal EOF to align */
1602 bdrv_write_compressed(out_bs, 0, NULL, 0);
1604 int64_t sectors_to_read, sectors_read, sector_num_next_status;
1605 bool count_allocated_sectors;
1606 int has_zero_init = min_sparse ? bdrv_has_zero_init(out_bs) : 0;
1608 if (!has_zero_init && bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(out_bs)) {
1609 ret = bdrv_make_zero(out_bs, BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1616 sectors_to_read = total_sectors;
1617 count_allocated_sectors = progress && (out_baseimg || has_zero_init);
1619 sector_num = 0; // total number of sectors converted so far
1621 sector_num_next_status = 0;
1624 nb_sectors = total_sectors - sector_num;
1625 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1626 if (count_allocated_sectors) {
1627 sectors_to_read = sectors_read;
1628 count_allocated_sectors = false;
1635 while (sector_num - bs_offset >= bs_sectors[bs_i]) {
1636 bs_offset += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1638 assert (bs_i < bs_n);
1639 /* printf("changing part: sector_num=%" PRId64 ", bs_i=%d, "
1640 "bs_offset=%" PRId64 ", bs_sectors=%" PRId64 "\n",
1641 sector_num, bs_i, bs_offset, bs_sectors[bs_i]); */
1644 if ((out_baseimg || has_zero_init) &&
1645 sector_num >= sector_num_next_status) {
1646 n = nb_sectors > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : nb_sectors;
1647 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs[bs_i], sector_num - bs_offset,
1650 error_report("error while reading block status of sector %"
1651 PRId64 ": %s", sector_num - bs_offset,
1655 /* If the output image is zero initialized, we are not working
1656 * on a shared base and the input is zero we can skip the next
1658 if (has_zero_init && !out_baseimg && (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1662 /* If the output image is being created as a copy on write
1663 * image, assume that sectors which are unallocated in the
1664 * input image are present in both the output's and input's
1665 * base images (no need to copy them). */
1667 if (!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
1671 /* The next 'n1' sectors are allocated in the input image.
1672 * Copy only those as they may be followed by unallocated
1676 /* avoid redundant callouts to get_block_status */
1677 sector_num_next_status = sector_num + n1;
1680 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bufsectors);
1682 /* round down request length to an aligned sector, but
1683 * do not bother doing this on short requests. They happen
1684 * when we found an all-zero area, and the next sector to
1685 * write will not be sector_num + n. */
1686 if (cluster_sectors > 0 && n >= cluster_sectors) {
1687 int64_t next_aligned_sector = (sector_num + n);
1688 next_aligned_sector -= next_aligned_sector % cluster_sectors;
1689 if (sector_num + n > next_aligned_sector) {
1690 n = next_aligned_sector - sector_num;
1694 n = MIN(n, bs_sectors[bs_i] - (sector_num - bs_offset));
1697 if (count_allocated_sectors) {
1703 ret = bdrv_read(bs[bs_i], sector_num - bs_offset, buf, n);
1705 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64 ": %s",
1706 sector_num - bs_offset, strerror(-ret));
1709 /* NOTE: at the same time we convert, we do not write zero
1710 sectors to have a chance to compress the image. Ideally, we
1711 should add a specific call to have the info to go faster */
1714 if (!has_zero_init ||
1715 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf1, n, &n1, min_sparse)) {
1716 ret = bdrv_write(out_bs, sector_num, buf1, n1);
1718 error_report("error while writing sector %" PRId64
1719 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1727 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * sectors_read / sectors_to_read, 0);
1732 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
1734 qemu_progress_end();
1735 qemu_opts_del(opts);
1736 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
1739 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
1745 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1747 bdrv_unref(bs[bs_i]);
1763 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
1765 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
1768 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
1771 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
1772 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, NULL);
1774 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
1776 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, sn);
1782 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
1784 Error *local_err = NULL;
1786 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
1788 visit_type_ImageInfoList(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
1789 &list, NULL, &local_err);
1790 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
1791 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
1792 assert(str != NULL);
1793 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
1794 qobject_decref(obj);
1795 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
1799 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
1801 Error *local_err = NULL;
1803 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
1805 visit_type_ImageInfo(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
1806 &info, NULL, &local_err);
1807 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
1808 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
1809 assert(str != NULL);
1810 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
1811 qobject_decref(obj);
1812 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
1816 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
1818 ImageInfoList *elem;
1821 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
1827 bdrv_image_info_dump(fprintf, stdout, elem->value);
1831 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
1833 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
1837 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
1839 * @filename: topmost image filename
1840 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
1841 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
1842 * false - only topmost image file
1844 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
1845 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
1848 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(const char *filename,
1852 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
1853 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
1854 GHashTable *filenames;
1857 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
1860 BlockDriverState *bs;
1862 ImageInfoList *elem;
1864 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
1865 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
1869 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
1871 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt,
1872 BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, false, false);
1877 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
1879 error_report("%s", error_get_pretty(err));
1885 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
1892 filename = fmt = NULL;
1894 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
1895 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
1896 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
1897 filename = info->backing_filename;
1899 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
1900 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
1904 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
1908 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
1909 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
1913 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
1916 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
1918 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
1919 ImageInfoList *list;
1924 int option_index = 0;
1925 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1926 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1927 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
1928 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
1929 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
1932 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
1933 long_options, &option_index);
1948 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
1953 if (optind != argc - 1) {
1954 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
1956 filename = argv[optind++];
1958 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
1959 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
1960 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
1961 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
1962 } else if (output) {
1963 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
1967 list = collect_image_info_list(filename, fmt, chain);
1972 switch (output_format) {
1974 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
1978 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
1980 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
1985 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
1990 typedef struct MapEntry {
1996 BlockDriverState *bs;
1999 static void dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2002 switch (output_format) {
2004 if ((e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) &&
2005 !(e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID)) {
2006 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2009 if ((e->flags & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA|BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) == BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
2010 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2011 e->start, e->length, e->offset, e->bs->filename);
2013 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2014 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2017 (next->flags & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA|BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) != BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
2018 next->flags &= ~BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
2019 next->flags |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
2023 printf("%s{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64", \"depth\": %d,"
2024 " \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2025 (e->start == 0 ? "[" : ",\n"),
2026 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2027 (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) ? "true" : "false",
2028 (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) ? "true" : "false");
2029 if (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID) {
2030 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2041 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2042 int nb_sectors, MapEntry *e)
2047 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2048 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2054 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &nb_sectors);
2059 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2062 bs = bs->backing_hd;
2071 e->start = sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2072 e->length = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2073 e->flags = ret & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
2074 e->offset = ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
2080 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
2083 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2084 BlockDriverState *bs;
2085 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2087 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
2093 int option_index = 0;
2094 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2095 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2096 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2097 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2100 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2101 long_options, &option_index);
2118 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2119 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2121 filename = argv[optind];
2123 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2124 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2125 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2126 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2127 } else if (output) {
2128 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2132 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt, BDRV_O_FLAGS, true, false);
2137 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
2138 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
2141 length = bdrv_getlength(bs);
2142 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
2143 int64_t nsectors_left;
2147 sector_num = (curr.start + curr.length) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2149 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
2150 nsectors_left = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) - sector_num;
2151 n = MIN(1 << (30 - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS), nsectors_left);
2152 ret = get_block_status(bs, sector_num, n, &next);
2155 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
2159 if (curr.length != 0 && curr.flags == next.flags &&
2160 curr.depth == next.depth &&
2161 ((curr.flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID) == 0 ||
2162 curr.offset + curr.length == next.offset)) {
2163 curr.length += next.length;
2167 if (curr.length > 0) {
2168 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
2173 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
2180 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
2181 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
2182 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
2183 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
2185 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
2187 BlockDriverState *bs;
2188 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
2189 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2190 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
2196 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR;
2197 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2199 c = getopt(argc, argv, "la:c:d:hq");
2210 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2213 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
2214 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
2218 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2221 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
2222 snapshot_name = optarg;
2226 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2229 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
2230 snapshot_name = optarg;
2234 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2237 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
2238 snapshot_name = optarg;
2246 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2247 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2249 filename = argv[optind++];
2251 /* Open the image */
2252 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, true, quiet);
2257 /* Perform the requested action */
2263 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
2264 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
2265 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
2267 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
2268 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
2269 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
2271 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
2273 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2274 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2278 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
2279 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);
2281 error_report("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2282 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2286 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
2287 bdrv_snapshot_delete_by_id_or_name(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
2289 error_report("Could not delete snapshot '%s': (%s)",
2290 snapshot_name, error_get_pretty(err));
2305 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
2307 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL, *bs_old_backing = NULL, *bs_new_backing = NULL;
2308 BlockDriver *old_backing_drv, *new_backing_drv;
2310 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
2311 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
2315 Error *local_err = NULL;
2317 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2319 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2320 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2324 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:F:b:upt:T:q");
2337 out_basefmt = optarg;
2340 out_baseimg = optarg;
2364 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2365 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2367 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
2368 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
2370 filename = argv[optind++];
2372 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
2373 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2375 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
2376 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
2378 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2382 src_flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
2383 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(src_cache, &src_flags);
2385 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2392 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
2393 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
2395 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
2401 /* Find the right drivers for the backing files */
2402 old_backing_drv = NULL;
2403 new_backing_drv = NULL;
2405 if (!unsafe && bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {
2406 old_backing_drv = bdrv_find_format(bs->backing_format);
2407 if (old_backing_drv == NULL) {
2408 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", bs->backing_format);
2414 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
2415 new_backing_drv = bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt);
2416 if (new_backing_drv == NULL) {
2417 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
2423 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
2425 char backing_name[1024];
2427 bs_old_backing = bdrv_new("old_backing", &error_abort);
2428 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2429 ret = bdrv_open(&bs_old_backing, backing_name, NULL, NULL, src_flags,
2430 old_backing_drv, &local_err);
2432 error_report("Could not open old backing file '%s': %s",
2433 backing_name, error_get_pretty(local_err));
2434 error_free(local_err);
2437 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
2438 bs_new_backing = bdrv_new("new_backing", &error_abort);
2439 ret = bdrv_open(&bs_new_backing, out_baseimg, NULL, NULL, src_flags,
2440 new_backing_drv, &local_err);
2442 error_report("Could not open new backing file '%s': %s",
2443 out_baseimg, error_get_pretty(local_err));
2444 error_free(local_err);
2451 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
2452 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
2453 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
2454 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
2456 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
2457 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
2460 int64_t num_sectors;
2461 int64_t old_backing_num_sectors;
2462 int64_t new_backing_num_sectors = 0;
2467 float local_progress = 0;
2469 buf_old = qemu_blockalign(bs, IO_BUF_SIZE);
2470 buf_new = qemu_blockalign(bs, IO_BUF_SIZE);
2472 num_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
2473 if (num_sectors < 0) {
2474 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2475 filename, strerror(-num_sectors));
2479 old_backing_num_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs_old_backing);
2480 if (old_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
2481 char backing_name[1024];
2483 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2484 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2485 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_num_sectors));
2489 if (bs_new_backing) {
2490 new_backing_num_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs_new_backing);
2491 if (new_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
2492 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2493 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_num_sectors));
2499 if (num_sectors != 0) {
2500 local_progress = (float)100 /
2501 (num_sectors / MIN(num_sectors, IO_BUF_SIZE / 512));
2504 for (sector = 0; sector < num_sectors; sector += n) {
2506 /* How many sectors can we handle with the next read? */
2507 if (sector + (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512) <= num_sectors) {
2508 n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);
2510 n = num_sectors - sector;
2513 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
2514 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, n, &n);
2516 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
2525 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
2526 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
2528 if (sector >= old_backing_num_sectors) {
2529 memset(buf_old, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2531 if (sector + n > old_backing_num_sectors) {
2532 n = old_backing_num_sectors - sector;
2535 ret = bdrv_read(bs_old_backing, sector, buf_old, n);
2537 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
2542 if (sector >= new_backing_num_sectors || !bs_new_backing) {
2543 memset(buf_new, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2545 if (sector + n > new_backing_num_sectors) {
2546 n = new_backing_num_sectors - sector;
2549 ret = bdrv_read(bs_new_backing, sector, buf_new, n);
2551 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
2556 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
2557 uint64_t written = 0;
2559 while (written < n) {
2562 if (compare_sectors(buf_old + written * 512,
2563 buf_new + written * 512, n - written, &pnum))
2565 ret = bdrv_write(bs, sector + written,
2566 buf_old + written * 512, pnum);
2568 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
2576 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
2579 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
2580 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
2584 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
2585 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
2586 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
2588 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
2589 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
2591 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
2594 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
2595 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
2596 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
2597 } else if (ret < 0) {
2598 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
2599 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
2602 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2604 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
2605 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
2606 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
2607 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
2610 qemu_progress_end();
2613 if (bs_old_backing != NULL) {
2614 bdrv_unref(bs_old_backing);
2616 if (bs_new_backing != NULL) {
2617 bdrv_unref(bs_new_backing);
2628 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
2630 int c, ret, relative;
2631 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
2632 int64_t n, total_size;
2634 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2636 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
2637 .name = "resize_options",
2638 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
2641 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
2642 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
2643 .help = "Virtual disk size"
2650 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
2651 * as options by getopt. */
2653 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
2657 size = argv[--argc];
2659 /* Parse getopt arguments */
2662 c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:hq");
2679 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2680 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2682 filename = argv[optind++];
2684 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
2700 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2701 if (qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size)) {
2702 /* Error message already printed when size parsing fails */
2704 qemu_opts_del(param);
2707 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
2708 qemu_opts_del(param);
2710 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt, BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR,
2718 total_size = bdrv_getlength(bs) + n * relative;
2722 if (total_size <= 0) {
2723 error_report("New image size must be positive");
2728 ret = bdrv_truncate(bs, total_size);
2731 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
2734 error_report("This image does not support resize");
2737 error_report("Image is read-only");
2740 error_report("Error resizing image (%d)", -ret);
2753 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
2756 char *options = NULL;
2757 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
2758 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
2759 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
2762 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2764 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2766 c = getopt(argc, argv, "ho:f:t:q");
2777 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
2778 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
2783 options = g_strdup(optarg);
2785 char *old_options = options;
2786 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
2787 g_free(old_options);
2803 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
2806 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
2807 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
2808 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
2809 * given), print option help here */
2810 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
2814 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2815 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2818 flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR;
2819 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
2821 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2825 bs = bdrv_new_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
2827 error_report("Could not open image '%s'", filename);
2832 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
2834 if (has_help_option(options)) {
2835 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
2836 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
2840 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
2841 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2842 if (options && qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL)) {
2843 error_report("Invalid options for file format '%s'", fmt);
2848 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts);
2850 error_report("Error while amending options: %s", strerror(-ret));
2858 qemu_opts_del(opts);
2859 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
2868 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
2869 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
2870 { option, callback },
2871 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
2877 int main(int argc, char **argv)
2879 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
2880 const char *cmdname;
2882 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2883 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2884 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
2889 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
2892 error_set_progname(argv[0]);
2893 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
2895 qemu_init_main_loop();
2898 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
2902 /* find the command */
2903 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
2904 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
2905 return cmd->handler(argc - 1, argv + 1);
2909 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", long_options, NULL);
2915 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
2920 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);