2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
24 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
25 #include "qemu-version.h"
26 #include "qapi/error.h"
27 #include "qapi-visit.h"
28 #include "qapi/qobject-output-visitor.h"
29 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
30 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
31 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
32 #include "qemu/config-file.h"
33 #include "qemu/option.h"
34 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
36 #include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
37 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
38 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
39 #include "block/block_int.h"
40 #include "block/blockjob.h"
41 #include "block/qapi.h"
42 #include "crypto/init.h"
43 #include "trace/control.h"
46 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION QEMU_PKGVERSION \
47 "\n" QEMU_COPYRIGHT "\n"
49 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
51 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
56 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
58 OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS = 259,
60 OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL = 261,
61 OPTION_NO_DRAIN = 262,
64 typedef enum OutputFormat {
69 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-img */
70 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
72 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
77 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
81 error_printf("qemu-img: ");
84 error_vprintf(fmt, ap);
87 error_printf("\nTry 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
91 static void QEMU_NORETURN missing_argument(const char *option)
93 error_exit("missing argument for option '%s'", option);
96 static void QEMU_NORETURN unrecognized_option(const char *option)
98 error_exit("unrecognized option '%s'", option);
101 /* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */
102 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
104 const char *help_msg =
106 "usage: qemu-img [standard options] command [command options]\n"
107 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
109 " '-h', '--help' display this help and exit\n"
110 " '-V', '--version' output version information and exit\n"
111 " '-T', '--trace' [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
112 " specify tracing options\n"
115 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
117 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
121 "Command parameters:\n"
122 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
123 " 'objectdef' is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the qemu(1)\n"
124 " manual page for a description of the object properties. The most common\n"
125 " object type is a 'secret', which is used to supply passwords and/or\n"
126 " encryption keys.\n"
127 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
128 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
129 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
130 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
131 " 'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
132 " options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
133 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
134 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
135 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
136 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
137 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
138 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
139 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
140 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
142 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
143 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
145 " 'snapshot_id_or_name' is deprecated, use 'snapshot_param'\n"
147 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
148 " '-u' enables unsafe rebasing. It is assumed that old and new backing file\n"
149 " match exactly. The image doesn't need a working backing file before\n"
150 " rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the backing file)\n"
151 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
152 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
153 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
154 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
155 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
156 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
157 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
159 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
160 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
161 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
163 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
164 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
165 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
166 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
167 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
169 "Parameters to convert subcommand:\n"
170 " '-m' specifies how many coroutines work in parallel during the convert\n"
171 " process (defaults to 8)\n"
172 " '-W' allow to write to the target out of order rather than sequential\n"
174 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
175 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
176 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
177 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
178 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
179 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
181 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
182 " '-f' first image format\n"
183 " '-F' second image format\n"
184 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n"
186 "Parameters to dd subcommand:\n"
187 " 'bs=BYTES' read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time "
189 " 'count=N' copy only N input blocks\n"
190 " 'if=FILE' read from FILE\n"
191 " 'of=FILE' write to FILE\n"
192 " 'skip=N' skip N bs-sized blocks at the start of input\n";
194 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
195 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);
200 static QemuOptsList qemu_object_opts = {
202 .implied_opt_name = "qom-type",
203 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_object_opts.head),
209 static QemuOptsList qemu_source_opts = {
211 .implied_opt_name = "file",
212 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_source_opts.head),
218 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
224 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
231 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
233 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
234 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
235 Error *local_err = NULL;
237 /* Find driver and parse its options */
238 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
240 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
244 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
246 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
248 error_report_err(local_err);
249 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
252 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
255 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts);
256 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
261 static int img_open_password(BlockBackend *blk, const char *filename,
262 int flags, bool quiet)
264 BlockDriverState *bs;
268 if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs) && bdrv_key_required(bs) &&
269 !(flags & BDRV_O_NO_IO)) {
270 qprintf(quiet, "Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);
271 if (qemu_read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0) {
272 error_report("No password given");
275 if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0) {
276 error_report("invalid password");
284 static BlockBackend *img_open_opts(const char *optstr,
285 QemuOpts *opts, int flags, bool writethrough,
289 Error *local_err = NULL;
291 options = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
292 blk = blk_new_open(NULL, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
294 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", optstr);
297 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
299 if (img_open_password(blk, optstr, flags, quiet) < 0) {
306 static BlockBackend *img_open_file(const char *filename,
307 const char *fmt, int flags,
308 bool writethrough, bool quiet)
311 Error *local_err = NULL;
312 QDict *options = NULL;
315 options = qdict_new();
316 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(fmt));
319 blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
321 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", filename);
324 blk_set_enable_write_cache(blk, !writethrough);
326 if (img_open_password(blk, filename, flags, quiet) < 0) {
334 static BlockBackend *img_open(bool image_opts,
335 const char *filename,
336 const char *fmt, int flags, bool writethrough,
343 error_report("--image-opts and --format are mutually exclusive");
346 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("source"),
351 blk = img_open_opts(filename, opts, flags, writethrough, quiet);
353 blk = img_open_file(filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
359 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
360 const char *base_filename,
361 const char *base_fmt)
366 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &err);
368 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
375 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &err);
377 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
386 static int64_t cvtnum(const char *s)
391 err = qemu_strtosz(s, NULL, &value);
395 if (value > INT64_MAX) {
401 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
404 uint64_t img_size = -1;
405 const char *fmt = "raw";
406 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
407 const char *filename;
408 const char *base_filename = NULL;
409 char *options = NULL;
410 Error *local_err = NULL;
414 static const struct option long_options[] = {
415 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
416 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
419 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":F:b:f:he6o:q",
426 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
429 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
438 base_filename = optarg;
444 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
445 "encryption\' instead!");
448 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
449 "compat6\' instead!");
452 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
453 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
457 options = g_strdup(optarg);
459 char *old_options = options;
460 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
467 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
469 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
478 /* Get the filename */
479 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
480 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
482 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
485 if (optind >= argc) {
486 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
490 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
491 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
496 /* Get image size, if specified */
500 sval = cvtnum(argv[optind++]);
502 if (sval == -ERANGE) {
503 error_report("Image size must be less than 8 EiB!");
505 error_report("Invalid image size specified! You may use k, M, "
506 "G, T, P or E suffixes for ");
507 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
508 "petabytes and exabytes.");
512 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
514 if (optind != argc) {
515 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
518 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
519 options, img_size, 0, &local_err, quiet);
521 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: ", filename);
533 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
537 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
539 visit_type_ImageCheck(v, NULL, &check, &error_abort);
540 visit_complete(v, &obj);
541 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
543 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
549 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
551 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
552 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
554 if (check->corruptions) {
555 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
556 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
563 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
564 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
568 if (check->check_errors) {
571 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
572 check->check_errors);
576 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
577 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
578 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
579 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
580 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
581 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
582 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
583 check->allocated_clusters);
586 if (check->image_end_offset) {
588 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
592 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
594 const char *filename,
599 BdrvCheckResult result;
601 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
606 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
607 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
608 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
609 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
610 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
611 check->leaks = result.leaks;
612 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
613 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
614 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions != 0;
615 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
616 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks != 0;
617 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
618 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
619 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
620 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
621 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
622 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
623 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
624 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
625 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
626 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
632 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
634 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
635 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
636 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
637 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
638 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
640 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
643 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
644 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
646 BlockDriverState *bs;
648 int flags = BDRV_O_CHECK;
652 bool image_opts = false;
656 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
659 int option_index = 0;
660 static const struct option long_options[] = {
661 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
662 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
663 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
664 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
665 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
666 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
669 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:r:T:q",
670 long_options, &option_index);
676 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
679 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
688 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
690 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
691 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
692 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
693 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
695 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
696 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
708 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
710 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
716 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
721 if (optind != argc - 1) {
722 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
724 filename = argv[optind++];
726 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
727 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
728 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
729 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
731 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
735 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
736 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
741 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
743 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
747 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
753 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
754 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
756 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
757 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
762 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
763 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
765 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
766 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
768 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
770 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
771 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
772 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
773 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
775 check->corruptions_fixed);
778 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
780 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
781 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
785 switch (output_format) {
787 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
790 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
795 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
797 error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
799 error_report("Check failed");
805 if (check->corruptions) {
807 } else if (check->leaks) {
814 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
819 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
820 BlockDriverState *bs;
822 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
824 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
826 CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
829 error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
833 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
835 AioContext *aio_context = blk_get_aio_context(job->blk);
837 /* FIXME In error cases, the job simply goes away and we access a dangling
839 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
841 aio_poll(aio_context, true);
842 qemu_progress_print(job->len ?
843 ((float)job->offset / job->len * 100.f) : 0.0f, 0);
844 } while (!job->ready);
846 block_job_complete_sync(job, errp);
847 aio_context_release(aio_context);
849 /* A block job may finish instantaneously without publishing any progress,
850 * so just signal completion here */
851 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
854 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
857 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
859 BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
861 bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
863 Error *local_err = NULL;
864 CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
865 bool image_opts = false;
866 AioContext *aio_context;
869 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
872 static const struct option long_options[] = {
873 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
874 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
875 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
878 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:ht:b:dpq",
885 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
888 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
913 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
915 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
921 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
927 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
932 if (optind != argc - 1) {
933 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
935 filename = argv[optind++];
937 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
938 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
943 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
944 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
946 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
950 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
956 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
957 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
960 base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
962 error_setg(&local_err,
963 "Did not find '%s' in the backing chain of '%s'",
968 /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
969 * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
970 * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
971 base_bs = backing_bs(bs);
973 error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
978 cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
983 aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
984 aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
985 commit_active_start("commit", bs, base_bs, BLOCK_JOB_DEFAULT, 0,
986 BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT, NULL, common_block_job_cb,
987 &cbi, &local_err, false);
988 aio_context_release(aio_context);
993 /* When the block job completes, the BlockBackend reference will point to
994 * the old backing file. In order to avoid that the top image is already
995 * deleted, so we can still empty it afterwards, increment the reference
996 * counter here preemptively. */
1001 job = block_job_get("commit");
1002 run_block_job(job, &local_err);
1007 if (!drop && bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
1008 ret = bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty(bs);
1010 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "Could not empty %s",
1022 qemu_progress_end();
1027 error_report_err(local_err);
1031 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
1036 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
1039 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1040 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
1042 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)
1051 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
1052 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1054 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
1063 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
1064 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
1065 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
1067 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
1071 int num_checked, num_used;
1077 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
1083 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1085 num_checked = num_used;
1088 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
1090 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
1092 num_checked += *pnum;
1094 num_used = num_checked;
1095 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
1105 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first sector of both
1106 * buffers matches, non-zero otherwise.
1108 * pnum is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
1109 * the first one) that are known to have the same comparison result
1111 static int compare_sectors(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2, int n,
1122 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512);
1123 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
1127 if (!!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512) != res) {
1136 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
1138 static int64_t sectors_to_bytes(int64_t sectors)
1140 return sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1143 static int64_t sectors_to_process(int64_t total, int64_t from)
1145 return MIN(total - from, IO_BUF_SIZE >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1149 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
1151 * Returns 0 in case sectors are filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero
1152 * data and negative value on error.
1154 * @param blk: BlockBackend for the image
1155 * @param sect_num: Number of first sector to check
1156 * @param sect_count: Number of sectors to check
1157 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
1158 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
1159 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
1161 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t sect_num,
1162 int sect_count, const char *filename,
1163 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
1166 ret = blk_pread(blk, sect_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buffer,
1167 sect_count << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1169 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
1170 sectors_to_bytes(sect_num), filename, strerror(-ret));
1173 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buffer, sect_count, &pnum);
1174 if (ret || pnum != sect_count) {
1175 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1176 sectors_to_bytes(ret ? sect_num : sect_num + pnum));
1184 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
1186 * 0 - Images are identical
1188 * >1 - Error occurred
1190 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
1192 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
1193 BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
1194 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
1195 int64_t total_sectors1, total_sectors2;
1196 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
1198 int allocated1, allocated2;
1199 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
1200 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
1203 int64_t total_sectors;
1204 int64_t sector_num = 0;
1207 uint64_t progress_base;
1208 bool image_opts = false;
1210 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1212 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1213 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1214 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1215 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1218 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:T:pqs",
1219 long_options, NULL);
1225 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
1228 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
1251 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
1253 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
1260 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
1266 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1272 if (optind != argc - 2) {
1273 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1275 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1276 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1278 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
1279 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
1285 /* Initialize before goto out */
1286 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1289 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
1291 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1296 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, filename1, fmt1, flags, writethrough, quiet);
1302 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, filename2, fmt2, flags, writethrough, quiet);
1310 buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1311 buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1312 total_sectors1 = blk_nb_sectors(blk1);
1313 if (total_sectors1 < 0) {
1314 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1315 filename1, strerror(-total_sectors1));
1319 total_sectors2 = blk_nb_sectors(blk2);
1320 if (total_sectors2 < 0) {
1321 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1322 filename2, strerror(-total_sectors2));
1326 total_sectors = MIN(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1327 progress_base = MAX(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1329 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1331 if (strict && total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1333 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1338 int64_t status1, status2;
1339 BlockDriverState *file;
1341 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors, sector_num);
1342 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1345 status1 = bdrv_get_block_status_above(bs1, NULL, sector_num,
1346 total_sectors1 - sector_num,
1350 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1353 allocated1 = status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1355 status2 = bdrv_get_block_status_above(bs2, NULL, sector_num,
1356 total_sectors2 - sector_num,
1360 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1363 allocated2 = status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
1365 nb_sectors = MIN(nb_sectors, pnum1);
1368 nb_sectors = MIN(nb_sectors, pnum2);
1372 if ((status1 & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK) !=
1373 (status2 & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK)) {
1375 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1376 " block status mismatch!\n",
1377 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num));
1381 if ((status1 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && (status2 & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
1382 nb_sectors = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1383 } else if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1385 ret = blk_pread(blk1, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf1,
1386 nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1388 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s:"
1389 " %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), filename1,
1394 ret = blk_pread(blk2, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, buf2,
1395 nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
1397 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1398 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1399 filename2, strerror(-ret));
1403 ret = compare_sectors(buf1, buf2, nb_sectors, &pnum);
1404 if (ret || pnum != nb_sectors) {
1405 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1407 ret ? sector_num : sector_num + pnum));
1415 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1416 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1418 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1419 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1423 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 ": %s",
1424 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), strerror(-ret));
1430 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1431 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1434 if (total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1435 BlockBackend *blk_over;
1436 int64_t total_sectors_over;
1437 const char *filename_over;
1439 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1440 if (total_sectors1 > total_sectors2) {
1441 total_sectors_over = total_sectors1;
1443 filename_over = filename1;
1445 total_sectors_over = total_sectors2;
1447 filename_over = filename2;
1451 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors_over, sector_num);
1452 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1455 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, sector_num,
1459 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1466 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1467 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1470 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1471 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1472 filename_over, strerror(-ret));
1478 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1479 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1483 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1493 qemu_progress_end();
1498 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1504 #define MAX_COROUTINES 16
1506 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1508 int64_t *src_sectors;
1510 int64_t total_sectors;
1511 int64_t allocated_sectors;
1512 int64_t allocated_done;
1515 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1516 int64_t sector_next_status;
1517 BlockBackend *target;
1520 bool target_has_backing;
1523 size_t cluster_sectors;
1526 int running_coroutines;
1527 Coroutine *co[MAX_COROUTINES];
1528 int64_t wait_sector_num[MAX_COROUTINES];
1533 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1534 int *src_cur, int64_t *src_cur_offset)
1537 *src_cur_offset = 0;
1538 while (sector_num - *src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[*src_cur]) {
1539 *src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[*src_cur];
1541 assert(*src_cur < s->src_num);
1545 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1547 int64_t ret, src_cur_offset;
1550 convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1552 assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1553 n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1555 if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1556 BlockDriverState *file;
1557 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(blk_bs(s->src[src_cur]),
1558 sector_num - src_cur_offset,
1564 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1565 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1566 } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1567 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1568 } else if (!s->target_has_backing) {
1569 /* Without a target backing file we must copy over the contents of
1570 * the backing file as well. */
1571 /* Check block status of the backing file chain to avoid
1572 * needlessly reading zeroes and limiting the iteration to the
1574 ret = bdrv_get_block_status_above(blk_bs(s->src[src_cur]), NULL,
1575 sector_num - src_cur_offset,
1581 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1582 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1584 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1587 s->status = BLK_BACKING_FILE;
1590 s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1593 n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1594 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1595 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1598 /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1599 * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1600 * cluster allocated. */
1601 if (s->compressed) {
1602 if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1603 n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1604 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1606 n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1613 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1614 int nb_sectors, uint8_t *buf)
1620 assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1621 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1624 int64_t bs_sectors, src_cur_offset;
1626 /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1627 * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1628 * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1629 convert_select_part(s, sector_num, &src_cur, &src_cur_offset);
1630 blk = s->src[src_cur];
1631 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[src_cur];
1633 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - src_cur_offset));
1635 iov.iov_len = n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1636 qemu_iovec_init_external(&qiov, &iov, 1);
1638 ret = blk_co_preadv(
1639 blk, (sector_num - src_cur_offset) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1640 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, &qiov, 0);
1647 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1654 static int coroutine_fn convert_co_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num,
1655 int nb_sectors, uint8_t *buf,
1656 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status)
1662 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1665 case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1666 /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1667 * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1668 * visible at the respective offset. */
1669 assert(s->target_has_backing);
1673 /* We must always write compressed clusters as a whole, so don't
1674 * try to find zeroed parts in the buffer. We can only save the
1675 * write if the buffer is completely zeroed and we're allowed to
1676 * keep the target sparse. */
1677 if (s->compressed) {
1678 if (s->has_zero_init && s->min_sparse &&
1679 buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE))
1681 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1686 iov.iov_len = n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1687 qemu_iovec_init_external(&qiov, &iov, 1);
1689 ret = blk_co_pwritev(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1690 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, &qiov,
1691 BDRV_REQ_WRITE_COMPRESSED);
1698 /* If there is real non-zero data or we're told to keep the target
1699 * fully allocated (-S 0), we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1700 * it as zero sectors. */
1701 if (!s->min_sparse ||
1702 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse))
1705 iov.iov_len = n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
1706 qemu_iovec_init_external(&qiov, &iov, 1);
1708 ret = blk_co_pwritev(s->target, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1709 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, &qiov, 0);
1718 if (s->has_zero_init) {
1721 ret = blk_co_pwrite_zeroes(s->target,
1722 sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
1723 n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
1732 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1738 static void coroutine_fn convert_co_do_copy(void *opaque)
1740 ImgConvertState *s = opaque;
1741 uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1745 for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
1746 if (s->co[i] == qemu_coroutine_self()) {
1753 s->running_coroutines++;
1754 buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1759 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1761 qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
1762 if (s->ret != -EINPROGRESS || s->sector_num >= s->total_sectors) {
1763 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1766 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, s->sector_num);
1768 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1772 /* save current sector and allocation status to local variables */
1773 sector_num = s->sector_num;
1775 if (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO) {
1776 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1778 /* increment global sector counter so that other coroutines can
1779 * already continue reading beyond this request */
1781 qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
1783 if (status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && status == BLK_ZERO)) {
1784 s->allocated_done += n;
1785 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * s->allocated_done /
1786 s->allocated_sectors, 0);
1789 if (status == BLK_DATA) {
1790 ret = convert_co_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1792 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64
1793 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1797 } else if (!s->min_sparse && status == BLK_ZERO) {
1799 memset(buf, 0x00, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1802 if (s->wr_in_order) {
1803 /* keep writes in order */
1804 while (s->wr_offs != sector_num) {
1805 if (s->ret != -EINPROGRESS) {
1808 s->wait_sector_num[index] = sector_num;
1809 qemu_coroutine_yield();
1811 s->wait_sector_num[index] = -1;
1814 ret = convert_co_write(s, sector_num, n, buf, status);
1816 error_report("error while writing sector %" PRId64
1817 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1822 if (s->wr_in_order) {
1823 /* reenter the coroutine that might have waited
1824 * for this write to complete */
1825 s->wr_offs = sector_num + n;
1826 for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
1827 if (s->co[i] && s->wait_sector_num[i] == s->wr_offs) {
1829 * A -> B -> A cannot occur because A has
1830 * s->wait_sector_num[i] == -1 during A -> B. Therefore
1831 * B will never enter A during this time window.
1833 qemu_coroutine_enter(s->co[i]);
1842 s->co[index] = NULL;
1843 s->running_coroutines--;
1844 if (!s->running_coroutines && s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
1845 /* the convert job finished successfully */
1850 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
1853 int64_t sector_num = 0;
1855 /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
1856 s->has_zero_init = s->min_sparse && !s->target_has_backing
1857 ? bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target))
1860 if (!s->has_zero_init && !s->target_has_backing &&
1861 bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(blk_bs(s->target)))
1863 ret = blk_make_zero(s->target, BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1865 s->has_zero_init = true;
1869 /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
1870 * can be copied at a time. */
1871 if (s->compressed) {
1872 if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
1873 error_report("invalid cluster size");
1876 s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
1879 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1880 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1884 if (s->status == BLK_DATA || (!s->min_sparse && s->status == BLK_ZERO))
1886 s->allocated_sectors += n;
1892 s->sector_next_status = 0;
1893 s->ret = -EINPROGRESS;
1895 qemu_co_mutex_init(&s->lock);
1896 for (i = 0; i < s->num_coroutines; i++) {
1897 s->co[i] = qemu_coroutine_create(convert_co_do_copy, s);
1898 s->wait_sector_num[i] = -1;
1899 qemu_coroutine_enter(s->co[i]);
1902 while (s->ret == -EINPROGRESS) {
1903 main_loop_wait(false);
1906 if (s->compressed && !s->ret) {
1907 /* signal EOF to align */
1908 ret = blk_pwrite_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
1917 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
1919 int c, bs_n, bs_i, compress, cluster_sectors, skip_create;
1921 int progress = 0, flags, src_flags;
1922 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
1923 const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;
1924 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
1925 BlockBackend **blk = NULL, *out_blk = NULL;
1926 BlockDriverState **bs = NULL, *out_bs = NULL;
1927 int64_t total_sectors;
1928 int64_t *bs_sectors = NULL;
1929 size_t bufsectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1930 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1931 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1932 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
1933 const char *out_baseimg_param;
1934 char *options = NULL;
1935 const char *snapshot_name = NULL;
1936 int min_sparse = 8; /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
1938 Error *local_err = NULL;
1939 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
1940 ImgConvertState state;
1941 bool image_opts = false;
1942 bool wr_in_order = true;
1943 long num_coroutines = 8;
1948 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1953 static const struct option long_options[] = {
1954 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
1955 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
1956 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
1959 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:B:ce6o:s:l:S:pt:T:qnm:W",
1960 long_options, NULL);
1966 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
1969 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
1981 out_baseimg = optarg;
1987 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1988 "encryption\' instead!");
1992 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1993 "compat6\' instead!");
1997 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
1998 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
2003 options = g_strdup(optarg);
2005 char *old_options = options;
2006 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
2007 g_free(old_options);
2011 snapshot_name = optarg;
2014 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
2015 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
2018 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
2024 snapshot_name = optarg;
2031 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
2033 error_report("Invalid minimum zero buffer size for sparse output specified");
2038 min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2057 if (qemu_strtol(optarg, NULL, 0, &num_coroutines) ||
2058 num_coroutines < 1 || num_coroutines > MAX_COROUTINES) {
2059 error_report("Invalid number of coroutines. Allowed number of"
2060 " coroutines is between 1 and %d", MAX_COROUTINES);
2066 wr_in_order = false;
2069 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2075 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2081 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2082 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2087 if (!wr_in_order && compress) {
2088 error_report("Out of order write and compress are mutually exclusive");
2093 /* Initialize before goto out */
2097 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
2099 bs_n = argc - optind - 1;
2100 out_filename = bs_n >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
2102 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
2103 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
2108 error_exit("Must specify image file name");
2112 if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg) {
2113 error_report("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input "
2120 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
2122 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2126 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2128 blk = g_new0(BlockBackend *, bs_n);
2129 bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState *, bs_n);
2130 bs_sectors = g_new(int64_t, bs_n);
2133 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
2134 blk[bs_i] = img_open(image_opts, argv[optind + bs_i],
2135 fmt, src_flags, src_writethrough, quiet);
2140 bs[bs_i] = blk_bs(blk[bs_i]);
2141 bs_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(blk[bs_i]);
2142 if (bs_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
2143 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
2144 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-bs_sectors[bs_i]));
2148 total_sectors += bs_sectors[bs_i];
2152 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(bs[0],
2153 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
2154 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
2156 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
2158 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
2163 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(bs[0], snapshot_name, &local_err);
2166 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
2171 /* Find driver and parse its options */
2172 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
2174 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
2179 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
2181 error_report_err(local_err);
2187 if (!drv->create_opts) {
2188 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2194 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
2195 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
2196 proto_drv->format_name);
2201 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
2202 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
2204 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2206 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
2208 error_report_err(local_err);
2214 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_sectors * 512,
2216 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
2222 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
2223 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
2224 if (out_baseimg_param) {
2225 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
2228 /* Check if compression is supported */
2231 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
2232 const char *preallocation =
2233 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
2235 if (!drv->bdrv_co_pwritev_compressed) {
2236 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
2242 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
2249 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
2251 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
2259 /* Create the new image */
2260 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
2262 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: error while converting %s: ",
2263 out_filename, out_fmt);
2268 flags = min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
2269 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
2271 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2275 /* XXX we should allow --image-opts to trigger use of
2276 * img_open() here, but then we have trouble with
2277 * the bdrv_create() call which takes different params.
2278 * Not critical right now, so fix can wait...
2280 out_blk = img_open_file(out_filename, out_fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
2285 out_bs = blk_bs(out_blk);
2287 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer
2288 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to 32768 (16MB)
2290 bufsectors = MIN(32768,
2292 MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
2293 out_bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment >>
2294 BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)));
2297 int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(out_blk);
2298 if (output_sectors < 0) {
2299 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
2300 strerror(-output_sectors));
2303 } else if (output_sectors < total_sectors) {
2304 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
2310 cluster_sectors = 0;
2311 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
2314 error_report("could not get block driver info");
2318 compress = compress || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
2319 cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2322 state = (ImgConvertState) {
2324 .src_sectors = bs_sectors,
2326 .total_sectors = total_sectors,
2328 .compressed = compress,
2329 .target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg,
2330 .min_sparse = min_sparse,
2331 .cluster_sectors = cluster_sectors,
2332 .buf_sectors = bufsectors,
2333 .wr_in_order = wr_in_order,
2334 .num_coroutines = num_coroutines,
2336 ret = convert_do_copy(&state);
2340 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2342 qemu_progress_end();
2343 qemu_opts_del(opts);
2344 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
2345 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
2349 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
2350 blk_unref(blk[bs_i]);
2365 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
2367 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
2370 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
2373 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
2374 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, NULL);
2376 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
2378 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, sn);
2384 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2388 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2390 visit_type_ImageInfoList(v, NULL, &list, &error_abort);
2391 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2392 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2393 assert(str != NULL);
2394 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2395 qobject_decref(obj);
2400 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
2404 Visitor *v = qobject_output_visitor_new(&obj);
2406 visit_type_ImageInfo(v, NULL, &info, &error_abort);
2407 visit_complete(v, &obj);
2408 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
2409 assert(str != NULL);
2410 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
2411 qobject_decref(obj);
2416 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
2418 ImageInfoList *elem;
2421 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
2427 bdrv_image_info_dump(fprintf, stdout, elem->value);
2431 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
2433 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
2437 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
2439 * @filename: topmost image filename
2440 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
2441 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
2442 * false - only topmost image file
2444 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
2445 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
2448 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(bool image_opts,
2449 const char *filename,
2453 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
2454 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
2455 GHashTable *filenames;
2458 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2462 BlockDriverState *bs;
2464 ImageInfoList *elem;
2466 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2467 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2471 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2473 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
2474 BDRV_O_NO_BACKING | BDRV_O_NO_IO, false, false);
2480 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2482 error_report_err(err);
2487 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2494 filename = fmt = NULL;
2496 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2497 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2498 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2499 error_report("Could not determine absolute backing filename,"
2500 " but backing filename '%s' present",
2501 info->backing_filename);
2504 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2505 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2509 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2513 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2514 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2518 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2521 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2523 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2524 ImageInfoList *list;
2525 bool image_opts = false;
2530 int option_index = 0;
2531 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2532 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2533 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2534 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2535 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2536 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2537 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2540 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:h",
2541 long_options, &option_index);
2547 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2550 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2561 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2564 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2566 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2572 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2577 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2578 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2580 filename = argv[optind++];
2582 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2583 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2584 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2585 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2586 } else if (output) {
2587 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2591 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2592 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2597 list = collect_image_info_list(image_opts, filename, fmt, chain);
2602 switch (output_format) {
2604 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2608 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2610 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2615 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2619 static void dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2622 switch (output_format) {
2624 if (e->data && !e->has_offset) {
2625 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2628 if (e->data && !e->zero) {
2629 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2630 e->start, e->length,
2631 e->has_offset ? e->offset : 0,
2632 e->has_filename ? e->filename : "");
2634 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2635 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2637 if (next && (!next->data || next->zero)) {
2643 printf("%s{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64","
2644 " \"depth\": %"PRId64", \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2645 (e->start == 0 ? "[" : ",\n"),
2646 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2647 e->zero ? "true" : "false",
2648 e->data ? "true" : "false");
2649 if (e->has_offset) {
2650 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2661 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2662 int nb_sectors, MapEntry *e)
2666 BlockDriverState *file;
2669 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2670 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2676 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &nb_sectors,
2682 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2685 bs = backing_bs(bs);
2694 has_offset = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID);
2697 .start = sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2698 .length = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
2699 .data = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA),
2700 .zero = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO),
2701 .offset = ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK,
2702 .has_offset = has_offset,
2704 .has_filename = file && has_offset,
2705 .filename = file && has_offset ? file->filename : NULL,
2711 static inline bool entry_mergeable(const MapEntry *curr, const MapEntry *next)
2713 if (curr->length == 0) {
2716 if (curr->zero != next->zero ||
2717 curr->data != next->data ||
2718 curr->depth != next->depth ||
2719 curr->has_filename != next->has_filename ||
2720 curr->has_offset != next->has_offset) {
2723 if (curr->has_filename && strcmp(curr->filename, next->filename)) {
2726 if (curr->has_offset && curr->offset + curr->length != next->offset) {
2732 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
2735 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2737 BlockDriverState *bs;
2738 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2740 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
2742 bool image_opts = false;
2747 int option_index = 0;
2748 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2749 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2750 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2751 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2752 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2753 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2756 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:h",
2757 long_options, &option_index);
2763 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2766 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2777 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2779 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2785 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2790 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2791 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2793 filename = argv[optind];
2795 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2796 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2797 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2798 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2799 } else if (output) {
2800 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2804 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2805 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2810 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0, false, false);
2816 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
2817 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
2820 length = blk_getlength(blk);
2821 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
2822 int64_t nsectors_left;
2826 sector_num = (curr.start + curr.length) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2828 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
2829 nsectors_left = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) - sector_num;
2830 n = MIN(1 << (30 - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS), nsectors_left);
2831 ret = get_block_status(bs, sector_num, n, &next);
2834 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
2838 if (entry_mergeable(&curr, &next)) {
2839 curr.length += next.length;
2843 if (curr.length > 0) {
2844 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
2849 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
2856 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
2857 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
2858 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
2859 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
2861 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
2864 BlockDriverState *bs;
2865 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
2866 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2867 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
2872 bool image_opts = false;
2874 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
2875 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2877 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2878 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2879 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
2880 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
2883 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":la:c:d:hq",
2884 long_options, NULL);
2890 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
2893 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
2900 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2903 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
2904 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
2908 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2911 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
2912 snapshot_name = optarg;
2916 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2919 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
2920 snapshot_name = optarg;
2924 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2927 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
2928 snapshot_name = optarg;
2933 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
2935 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
2941 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
2947 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2948 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2950 filename = argv[optind++];
2952 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
2953 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
2958 /* Open the image */
2959 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, false, quiet);
2965 /* Perform the requested action */
2971 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
2972 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
2973 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
2975 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
2976 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
2977 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
2979 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
2981 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2982 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2986 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
2987 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);
2989 error_report("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2990 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2994 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
2995 bdrv_snapshot_delete_by_id_or_name(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
2997 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not delete snapshot '%s': ",
3012 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
3014 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
3015 uint8_t *buf_old = NULL;
3016 uint8_t *buf_new = NULL;
3017 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3019 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
3020 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
3021 bool writethrough, src_writethrough;
3025 Error *local_err = NULL;
3026 bool image_opts = false;
3028 /* Parse commandline parameters */
3030 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3031 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3035 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3036 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3037 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3038 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3041 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:b:upt:T:q",
3042 long_options, NULL);
3048 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3051 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3060 out_basefmt = optarg;
3063 out_baseimg = optarg;
3080 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3082 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3088 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3098 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3099 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3101 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
3102 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
3104 filename = argv[optind++];
3106 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3107 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3112 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
3113 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
3115 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
3116 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
3118 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
3123 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(src_cache, &src_flags, &src_writethrough);
3125 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
3129 /* The source files are opened read-only, don't care about WCE */
3130 assert((src_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) == 0);
3131 (void) src_writethrough;
3136 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
3137 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
3139 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3146 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
3147 if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
3148 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
3154 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
3156 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
3157 QDict *options = NULL;
3159 if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {
3160 options = qdict_new();
3161 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(bs->backing_format));
3164 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
3165 blk_old_backing = blk_new_open(backing_name, NULL,
3166 options, src_flags, &local_err);
3167 if (!blk_old_backing) {
3168 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3169 "Could not open old backing file '%s': ",
3175 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
3177 options = qdict_new();
3178 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(out_basefmt));
3183 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open(out_baseimg, NULL,
3184 options, src_flags, &local_err);
3185 if (!blk_new_backing) {
3186 error_reportf_err(local_err,
3187 "Could not open new backing file '%s': ",
3196 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
3197 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
3198 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
3199 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
3201 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
3202 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
3205 int64_t num_sectors;
3206 int64_t old_backing_num_sectors;
3207 int64_t new_backing_num_sectors = 0;
3210 float local_progress = 0;
3212 buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3213 buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
3215 num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
3216 if (num_sectors < 0) {
3217 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3218 filename, strerror(-num_sectors));
3222 old_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_old_backing);
3223 if (old_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
3224 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
3226 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
3227 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3228 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_num_sectors));
3232 if (blk_new_backing) {
3233 new_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_new_backing);
3234 if (new_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
3235 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
3236 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_num_sectors));
3242 if (num_sectors != 0) {
3243 local_progress = (float)100 /
3244 (num_sectors / MIN(num_sectors, IO_BUF_SIZE / 512));
3247 for (sector = 0; sector < num_sectors; sector += n) {
3249 /* How many sectors can we handle with the next read? */
3250 if (sector + (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512) <= num_sectors) {
3251 n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);
3253 n = num_sectors - sector;
3256 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
3257 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, n, &n);
3259 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
3268 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
3269 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
3271 if (sector >= old_backing_num_sectors) {
3272 memset(buf_old, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3274 if (sector + n > old_backing_num_sectors) {
3275 n = old_backing_num_sectors - sector;
3278 ret = blk_pread(blk_old_backing, sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3279 buf_old, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3281 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
3286 if (sector >= new_backing_num_sectors || !blk_new_backing) {
3287 memset(buf_new, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
3289 if (sector + n > new_backing_num_sectors) {
3290 n = new_backing_num_sectors - sector;
3293 ret = blk_pread(blk_new_backing, sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3294 buf_new, n << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
3296 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
3301 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
3302 uint64_t written = 0;
3304 while (written < n) {
3307 if (compare_sectors(buf_old + written * 512,
3308 buf_new + written * 512, n - written, &pnum))
3310 ret = blk_pwrite(blk,
3311 (sector + written) << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
3312 buf_old + written * 512,
3313 pnum << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, 0);
3315 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
3323 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
3328 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
3329 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
3330 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
3332 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
3333 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
3335 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
3338 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
3339 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
3340 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
3341 } else if (ret < 0) {
3342 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
3343 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
3346 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
3348 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
3349 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
3350 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
3351 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
3354 qemu_progress_end();
3357 blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
3358 blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
3360 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
3361 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
3370 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
3373 int c, ret, relative;
3374 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
3375 int64_t n, total_size;
3377 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3380 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
3381 .name = "resize_options",
3382 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
3385 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
3386 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
3387 .help = "Virtual disk size"
3393 bool image_opts = false;
3395 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
3396 * as options by getopt. */
3398 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3402 size = argv[--argc];
3404 /* Parse getopt arguments */
3407 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3408 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3409 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3410 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3413 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hq",
3414 long_options, NULL);
3420 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3423 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3434 case OPTION_OBJECT: {
3436 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3442 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3447 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3448 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3450 filename = argv[optind++];
3452 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3453 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3458 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
3474 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3475 qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err);
3477 error_report_err(err);
3479 qemu_opts_del(param);
3482 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
3483 qemu_opts_del(param);
3485 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
3486 BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE, false, quiet);
3493 total_size = blk_getlength(blk) + n * relative;
3497 if (total_size <= 0) {
3498 error_report("New image size must be positive");
3503 ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size);
3506 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
3509 error_report("This image does not support resize");
3512 error_report("Image is read-only");
3515 error_report("Error resizing image: %s", strerror(-ret));
3526 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
3527 int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size,
3530 qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
3533 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
3537 char *options = NULL;
3538 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
3539 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
3540 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
3543 bool quiet = false, progress = false;
3544 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3545 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
3546 bool image_opts = false;
3548 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
3550 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3551 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3552 {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
3553 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3556 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":ho:f:t:pq",
3557 long_options, NULL);
3564 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3567 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3573 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
3574 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
3576 goto out_no_progress;
3579 options = g_strdup(optarg);
3581 char *old_options = options;
3582 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
3583 g_free(old_options);
3599 opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&qemu_object_opts,
3603 goto out_no_progress;
3606 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3613 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
3616 if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_object_opts,
3617 user_creatable_add_opts_foreach,
3620 goto out_no_progress;
3626 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
3628 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
3629 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
3630 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
3631 * given), print option help here */
3632 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3636 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3637 error_report("Expecting one image file name");
3642 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
3643 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
3645 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
3649 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3656 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
3658 if (has_help_option(options)) {
3659 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
3660 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3664 if (!bs->drv->create_opts) {
3665 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support any options to amend",
3671 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
3672 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3673 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
3675 error_report_err(err);
3680 /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
3681 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
3682 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL);
3683 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
3685 error_report("Error while amending options: %s", strerror(-ret));
3690 qemu_progress_end();
3694 qemu_opts_del(opts);
3695 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
3704 typedef struct BenchData {
3706 uint64_t image_size;
3713 bool drain_on_flush;
3722 static void bench_undrained_flush_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
3725 error_report("Failed flush request: %s", strerror(-ret));
3730 static void bench_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
3732 BenchData *b = opaque;
3736 error_report("Failed request: %s", strerror(-ret));
3741 /* Just finished a flush with drained queue: Start next requests */
3742 assert(b->in_flight == 0);
3743 b->in_flush = false;
3744 } else if (b->in_flight > 0) {
3745 int remaining = b->n - b->in_flight;
3750 /* Time for flush? Drain queue if requested, then flush */
3751 if (b->flush_interval && remaining % b->flush_interval == 0) {
3752 if (!b->in_flight || !b->drain_on_flush) {
3753 BlockCompletionFunc *cb;
3755 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
3759 cb = bench_undrained_flush_cb;
3762 acb = blk_aio_flush(b->blk, cb, b);
3764 error_report("Failed to issue flush request");
3768 if (b->drain_on_flush) {
3774 while (b->n > b->in_flight && b->in_flight < b->nrreq) {
3775 int64_t offset = b->offset;
3776 /* blk_aio_* might look for completed I/Os and kick bench_cb
3777 * again, so make sure this operation is counted by in_flight
3778 * and b->offset is ready for the next submission.
3781 b->offset += b->step;
3782 b->offset %= b->image_size;
3784 acb = blk_aio_pwritev(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
3786 acb = blk_aio_preadv(b->blk, offset, b->qiov, 0, bench_cb, b);
3789 error_report("Failed to issue request");
3795 static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
3798 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename;
3800 bool image_opts = false;
3801 bool is_write = false;
3805 size_t bufsize = 4096;
3808 int flush_interval = 0;
3809 bool drain_on_flush = true;
3811 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
3812 BenchData data = {};
3814 bool writethrough = false;
3815 struct timeval t1, t2;
3819 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3820 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3821 {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
3822 {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
3823 {"pattern", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PATTERN},
3824 {"no-drain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_NO_DRAIN},
3827 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hc:d:f:no:qs:S:t:w", long_options, NULL);
3834 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
3837 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
3846 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3847 error_report("Invalid request count specified");
3857 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3858 error_report("Invalid queue depth specified");
3868 flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
3872 offset = cvtnum(optarg);
3874 error_report("Invalid offset specified");
3887 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
3888 if (sval < 0 || sval > INT_MAX) {
3889 error_report("Invalid buffer size specified");
3900 sval = cvtnum(optarg);
3901 if (sval < 0 || sval > INT_MAX) {
3902 error_report("Invalid step size specified");
3910 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough);
3912 error_report("Invalid cache mode");
3918 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
3921 case OPTION_PATTERN:
3925 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > 0xff) {
3926 error_report("Invalid pattern byte specified");
3932 case OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL:
3936 if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
3937 error_report("Invalid flush interval specified");
3940 flush_interval = res;
3943 case OPTION_NO_DRAIN:
3944 drain_on_flush = false;
3946 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
3952 if (optind != argc - 1) {
3953 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
3955 filename = argv[argc - 1];
3957 if (!is_write && flush_interval) {
3958 error_report("--flush-interval is only available in write tests");
3962 if (flush_interval && flush_interval < depth) {
3963 error_report("Flush interval can't be smaller than depth");
3968 blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, flags, writethrough, quiet);
3974 image_size = blk_getlength(blk);
3975 if (image_size < 0) {
3980 data = (BenchData) {
3982 .image_size = image_size,
3984 .step = step ?: bufsize,
3989 .flush_interval = flush_interval,
3990 .drain_on_flush = drain_on_flush,
3992 printf("Sending %d %s requests, %d bytes each, %d in parallel "
3993 "(starting at offset %" PRId64 ", step size %d)\n",
3994 data.n, data.write ? "write" : "read", data.bufsize, data.nrreq,
3995 data.offset, data.step);
3996 if (flush_interval) {
3997 printf("Sending flush every %d requests\n", flush_interval);
4000 data.buf = blk_blockalign(blk, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
4001 memset(data.buf, pattern, data.nrreq * data.bufsize);
4003 data.qiov = g_new(QEMUIOVector, data.nrreq);
4004 for (i = 0; i < data.nrreq; i++) {
4005 qemu_iovec_init(&data.qiov[i], 1);
4006 qemu_iovec_add(&data.qiov[i],
4007 data.buf + i * data.bufsize, data.bufsize);
4010 gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
4013 while (data.n > 0) {
4014 main_loop_wait(false);
4016 gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
4018 printf("Run completed in %3.3f seconds.\n",
4019 (t2.tv_sec - t1.tv_sec)
4020 + ((double)(t2.tv_usec - t1.tv_usec) / 1000000));
4023 qemu_vfree(data.buf);
4044 int bsz; /* Block size */
4052 int (*f)(const char *, struct DdIo *, struct DdIo *, struct DdInfo *);
4056 static int img_dd_bs(const char *arg,
4057 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4064 if (res <= 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
4065 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
4068 in->bsz = out->bsz = res;
4073 static int img_dd_count(const char *arg,
4074 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4077 dd->count = cvtnum(arg);
4079 if (dd->count < 0) {
4080 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
4087 static int img_dd_if(const char *arg,
4088 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4091 in->filename = g_strdup(arg);
4096 static int img_dd_of(const char *arg,
4097 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4100 out->filename = g_strdup(arg);
4105 static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
4106 struct DdIo *in, struct DdIo *out,
4109 in->offset = cvtnum(arg);
4111 if (in->offset < 0) {
4112 error_report("invalid number: '%s'", arg);
4119 static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
4124 BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *proto_drv = NULL;
4125 BlockBackend *blk1 = NULL, *blk2 = NULL;
4126 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
4127 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
4128 Error *local_err = NULL;
4129 bool image_opts = false;
4131 const char *out_fmt = "raw";
4132 const char *fmt = NULL;
4134 int64_t block_count = 0, out_pos, in_pos;
4135 struct DdInfo dd = {
4140 .bsz = 512, /* Block size is by default 512 bytes */
4152 const struct DdOpts options[] = {
4153 { "bs", img_dd_bs, C_BS },
4154 { "count", img_dd_count, C_COUNT },
4155 { "if", img_dd_if, C_IF },
4156 { "of", img_dd_of, C_OF },
4157 { "skip", img_dd_skip, C_SKIP },
4160 const struct option long_options[] = {
4161 { "help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4162 { "image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
4166 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:", long_options, NULL))) {
4178 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4181 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4186 case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
4192 for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
4194 arg = g_strdup(argv[i]);
4196 tmp = strchr(arg, '=');
4198 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4205 for (j = 0; options[j].name != NULL; j++) {
4206 if (!strcmp(arg, options[j].name)) {
4210 if (options[j].name == NULL) {
4211 error_report("unrecognized operand %s", arg);
4216 if (options[j].f(tmp, &in, &out, &dd) != 0) {
4220 dd.flags |= options[j].flag;
4225 if (!(dd.flags & C_IF && dd.flags & C_OF)) {
4226 error_report("Must specify both input and output files");
4230 blk1 = img_open(image_opts, in.filename, fmt, 0, false, false);
4237 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
4239 error_report("Unknown file format");
4243 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out.filename, true, &local_err);
4246 error_report_err(local_err);
4250 if (!drv->create_opts) {
4251 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4256 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
4257 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
4258 proto_drv->format_name);
4262 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
4263 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
4265 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
4267 size = blk_getlength(blk1);
4269 error_report("Failed to get size for '%s'", in.filename);
4274 if (dd.flags & C_COUNT && dd.count <= INT64_MAX / in.bsz &&
4275 dd.count * in.bsz < size) {
4276 size = dd.count * in.bsz;
4279 /* Overflow means the specified offset is beyond input image's size */
4280 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4281 size < in.bsz * in.offset)) {
4282 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0, &error_abort);
4284 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
4285 size - in.bsz * in.offset, &error_abort);
4288 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out.filename, opts, &local_err);
4290 error_reportf_err(local_err,
4291 "%s: error while creating output image: ",
4297 blk2 = img_open(image_opts, out.filename, out_fmt, BDRV_O_RDWR,
4305 if (dd.flags & C_SKIP && (in.offset > INT64_MAX / in.bsz ||
4306 size < in.offset * in.bsz)) {
4307 /* We give a warning if the skip option is bigger than the input
4308 * size and create an empty output disk image (i.e. like dd(1)).
4310 error_report("%s: cannot skip to specified offset", in.filename);
4313 in_pos = in.offset * in.bsz;
4316 in.buf = g_new(uint8_t, in.bsz);
4318 for (out_pos = 0; in_pos < size; block_count++) {
4319 int in_ret, out_ret;
4321 if (in_pos + in.bsz > size) {
4322 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, size - in_pos);
4324 in_ret = blk_pread(blk1, in_pos, in.buf, in.bsz);
4327 error_report("error while reading from input image file: %s",
4334 out_ret = blk_pwrite(blk2, out_pos, in.buf, in_ret, 0);
4337 error_report("error while writing to output image file: %s",
4338 strerror(-out_ret));
4347 qemu_opts_del(opts);
4348 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
4351 g_free(in.filename);
4352 g_free(out.filename);
4363 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
4364 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
4365 { option, callback },
4366 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
4372 int main(int argc, char **argv)
4374 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
4375 const char *cmdname;
4376 Error *local_error = NULL;
4377 char *trace_file = NULL;
4379 static const struct option long_options[] = {
4380 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
4381 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
4382 {"trace", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
4387 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
4390 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_TRACE);
4391 error_set_progname(argv[0]);
4392 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
4394 if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
4395 error_report_err(local_error);
4399 qcrypto_init(&error_fatal);
4401 module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_QOM);
4404 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
4407 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_object_opts);
4408 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_source_opts);
4409 qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
4411 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+:hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
4414 missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
4417 unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
4423 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
4427 trace_file = trace_opt_parse(optarg);
4432 cmdname = argv[optind];
4434 /* reset getopt_long scanning */
4442 if (!trace_init_backends()) {
4445 trace_init_file(trace_file);
4446 qemu_set_log(LOG_TRACE);
4448 /* find the command */
4449 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
4450 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
4451 return cmd->handler(argc, argv);
4456 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);