md/raid1: only allocate write behind bio for WriteMostly device

[linux.git] / mm / filemap.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *      linux/mm/filemap.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1994-1999  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * This file handles the generic file mmap semantics used by
 * most "normal" filesystems (but you don't /have/ to use this:
 * the NFS filesystem used to do this differently, for example)
 */
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/error-injection.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/cpuset.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/cleancache.h>
#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/psi.h>
#include <linux/ramfs.h>
#include <linux/page_idle.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include "internal.h"

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/filemap.h>

/*
 * FIXME: remove all knowledge of the buffer layer from the core VM
 */
#include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* for try_to_free_buffers */

#include <asm/mman.h>

/*
 * Shared mappings implemented 30.11.1994. It's not fully working yet,
 * though.
 *
 * Shared mappings now work. 15.8.1995  Bruno.
 *
 * finished 'unifying' the page and buffer cache and SMP-threaded the
 * page-cache, 21.05.1999, Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
 *
 * SMP-threaded pagemap-LRU 1999, Andrea Arcangeli <[email protected]>
 */

/*
 * Lock ordering:
 *
 *  ->i_mmap_rwsem              (truncate_pagecache)
 *    ->private_lock            (__free_pte->__set_page_dirty_buffers)
 *      ->swap_lock             (exclusive_swap_page, others)
 *        ->i_pages lock
 *
 *  ->i_rwsem
 *    ->invalidate_lock         (acquired by fs in truncate path)
 *      ->i_mmap_rwsem          (truncate->unmap_mapping_range)
 *
 *  ->mmap_lock
 *    ->i_mmap_rwsem
 *      ->page_table_lock or pte_lock   (various, mainly in memory.c)
 *        ->i_pages lock        (arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock)
 *
 *  ->mmap_lock
 *    ->invalidate_lock         (filemap_fault)
 *      ->lock_page             (filemap_fault, access_process_vm)
 *
 *  ->i_rwsem                   (generic_perform_write)
 *    ->mmap_lock               (fault_in_pages_readable->do_page_fault)
 *
 *  bdi->wb.list_lock
 *    sb_lock                   (fs/fs-writeback.c)
 *    ->i_pages lock            (__sync_single_inode)
 *
 *  ->i_mmap_rwsem
 *    ->anon_vma.lock           (vma_adjust)
 *
 *  ->anon_vma.lock
 *    ->page_table_lock or pte_lock     (anon_vma_prepare and various)
 *
 *  ->page_table_lock or pte_lock
 *    ->swap_lock               (try_to_unmap_one)
 *    ->private_lock            (try_to_unmap_one)
 *    ->i_pages lock            (try_to_unmap_one)
 *    ->lruvec->lru_lock        (follow_page->mark_page_accessed)
 *    ->lruvec->lru_lock        (check_pte_range->isolate_lru_page)
 *    ->private_lock            (page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->i_pages lock            (page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)
 *    bdi.wb->list_lock         (page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->inode->i_lock           (page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->memcg->move_lock        (page_remove_rmap->lock_page_memcg)
 *    bdi.wb->list_lock         (zap_pte_range->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->inode->i_lock           (zap_pte_range->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->private_lock            (zap_pte_range->__set_page_dirty_buffers)
 *
 * ->i_mmap_rwsem
 *   ->tasklist_lock            (memory_failure, collect_procs_ao)
 */

static void page_cache_delete(struct address_space *mapping,
                                   struct page *page, void *shadow)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, page->index);
        unsigned int nr = 1;

        mapping_set_update(&xas, mapping);

        /* hugetlb pages are represented by a single entry in the xarray */
        if (!PageHuge(page)) {
                xas_set_order(&xas, page->index, compound_order(page));
                nr = compound_nr(page);
        }

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageTail(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(nr != 1 && shadow, page);

        xas_store(&xas, shadow);
        xas_init_marks(&xas);

        page->mapping = NULL;
        /* Leave page->index set: truncation lookup relies upon it */
        mapping->nrpages -= nr;
}

static void unaccount_page_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                                      struct page *page)
{
        int nr;

        /*
         * if we're uptodate, flush out into the cleancache, otherwise
         * invalidate any existing cleancache entries.  We can't leave
         * stale data around in the cleancache once our page is gone
         */
        if (PageUptodate(page) && PageMappedToDisk(page))
                cleancache_put_page(page);
        else
                cleancache_invalidate_page(mapping, page);

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageTail(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_mapped(page), page);
        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_VM) && unlikely(page_mapped(page))) {
                int mapcount;

                pr_alert("BUG: Bad page cache in process %s  pfn:%05lx\n",
                         current->comm, page_to_pfn(page));
                dump_page(page, "still mapped when deleted");
                dump_stack();
                add_taint(TAINT_BAD_PAGE, LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE);

                mapcount = page_mapcount(page);
                if (mapping_exiting(mapping) &&
                    page_count(page) >= mapcount + 2) {
                        /*
                         * All vmas have already been torn down, so it's
                         * a good bet that actually the page is unmapped,
                         * and we'd prefer not to leak it: if we're wrong,
                         * some other bad page check should catch it later.
                         */
                        page_mapcount_reset(page);
                        page_ref_sub(page, mapcount);
                }
        }

        /* hugetlb pages do not participate in page cache accounting. */
        if (PageHuge(page))
                return;

        nr = thp_nr_pages(page);

        __mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PAGES, -nr);
        if (PageSwapBacked(page)) {
                __mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_SHMEM, -nr);
                if (PageTransHuge(page))
                        __mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_SHMEM_THPS, -nr);
        } else if (PageTransHuge(page)) {
                __mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_THPS, -nr);
                filemap_nr_thps_dec(mapping);
        }

        /*
         * At this point page must be either written or cleaned by
         * truncate.  Dirty page here signals a bug and loss of
         * unwritten data.
         *
         * This fixes dirty accounting after removing the page entirely
         * but leaves PageDirty set: it has no effect for truncated
         * page and anyway will be cleared before returning page into
         * buddy allocator.
         */
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(PageDirty(page)))
                account_page_cleaned(page, mapping, inode_to_wb(mapping->host));
}

/*
 * Delete a page from the page cache and free it. Caller has to make
 * sure the page is locked and that nobody else uses it - or that usage
 * is safe.  The caller must hold the i_pages lock.
 */
void __delete_from_page_cache(struct page *page, void *shadow)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;

        trace_mm_filemap_delete_from_page_cache(page);

        unaccount_page_cache_page(mapping, page);
        page_cache_delete(mapping, page, shadow);
}

static void page_cache_free_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                                struct page *page)
{
        void (*freepage)(struct page *);

        freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage;
        if (freepage)
                freepage(page);

        if (PageTransHuge(page) && !PageHuge(page)) {
                page_ref_sub(page, thp_nr_pages(page));
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_count(page) <= 0, page);
        } else {
                put_page(page);
        }
}

/**
 * delete_from_page_cache - delete page from page cache
 * @page: the page which the kernel is trying to remove from page cache
 *
 * This must be called only on pages that have been verified to be in the page
 * cache and locked.  It will never put the page into the free list, the caller
 * has a reference on the page.
 */
void delete_from_page_cache(struct page *page)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = page_mapping(page);

        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        xa_lock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
        __delete_from_page_cache(page, NULL);
        xa_unlock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);

        page_cache_free_page(mapping, page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(delete_from_page_cache);

/*
 * page_cache_delete_batch - delete several pages from page cache
 * @mapping: the mapping to which pages belong
 * @pvec: pagevec with pages to delete
 *
 * The function walks over mapping->i_pages and removes pages passed in @pvec
 * from the mapping. The function expects @pvec to be sorted by page index
 * and is optimised for it to be dense.
 * It tolerates holes in @pvec (mapping entries at those indices are not
 * modified). The function expects only THP head pages to be present in the
 * @pvec.
 *
 * The function expects the i_pages lock to be held.
 */
static void page_cache_delete_batch(struct address_space *mapping,
                             struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, pvec->pages[0]->index);
        int total_pages = 0;
        int i = 0;
        struct page *page;

        mapping_set_update(&xas, mapping);
        xas_for_each(&xas, page, ULONG_MAX) {
                if (i >= pagevec_count(pvec))
                        break;

                /* A swap/dax/shadow entry got inserted? Skip it. */
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * A page got inserted in our range? Skip it. We have our
                 * pages locked so they are protected from being removed.
                 * If we see a page whose index is higher than ours, it
                 * means our page has been removed, which shouldn't be
                 * possible because we're holding the PageLock.
                 */
                if (page != pvec->pages[i]) {
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page->index > pvec->pages[i]->index,
                                        page);
                        continue;
                }

                WARN_ON_ONCE(!PageLocked(page));

                if (page->index == xas.xa_index)
                        page->mapping = NULL;
                /* Leave page->index set: truncation lookup relies on it */

                /*
                 * Move to the next page in the vector if this is a regular
                 * page or the index is of the last sub-page of this compound
                 * page.
                 */
                if (page->index + compound_nr(page) - 1 == xas.xa_index)
                        i++;
                xas_store(&xas, NULL);
                total_pages++;
        }
        mapping->nrpages -= total_pages;
}

void delete_from_page_cache_batch(struct address_space *mapping,
                                  struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        int i;

        if (!pagevec_count(pvec))
                return;

        xa_lock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
        for (i = 0; i < pagevec_count(pvec); i++) {
                trace_mm_filemap_delete_from_page_cache(pvec->pages[i]);

                unaccount_page_cache_page(mapping, pvec->pages[i]);
        }
        page_cache_delete_batch(mapping, pvec);
        xa_unlock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);

        for (i = 0; i < pagevec_count(pvec); i++)
                page_cache_free_page(mapping, pvec->pages[i]);
}

int filemap_check_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        int ret = 0;
        /* Check for outstanding write errors */
        if (test_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags) &&
            test_and_clear_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags))
                ret = -ENOSPC;
        if (test_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags) &&
            test_and_clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags))
                ret = -EIO;
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_check_errors);

static int filemap_check_and_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        /* Check for outstanding write errors */
        if (test_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags))
                return -EIO;
        if (test_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags))
                return -ENOSPC;
        return 0;
}

/**
 * filemap_fdatawrite_wbc - start writeback on mapping dirty pages in range
 * @mapping:    address space structure to write
 * @wbc:        the writeback_control controlling the writeout
 *
 * Call writepages on the mapping using the provided wbc to control the
 * writeout.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int filemap_fdatawrite_wbc(struct address_space *mapping,
                           struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        int ret;

        if (!mapping_can_writeback(mapping) ||
            !mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY))
                return 0;

        wbc_attach_fdatawrite_inode(wbc, mapping->host);
        ret = do_writepages(mapping, wbc);
        wbc_detach_inode(wbc);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite_wbc);

/**
 * __filemap_fdatawrite_range - start writeback on mapping dirty pages in range
 * @mapping:    address space structure to write
 * @start:      offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end:        offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 * @sync_mode:  enable synchronous operation
 *
 * Start writeback against all of a mapping's dirty pages that lie
 * within the byte offsets <start, end> inclusive.
 *
 * If sync_mode is WB_SYNC_ALL then this is a "data integrity" operation, as
 * opposed to a regular memory cleansing writeback.  The difference between
 * these two operations is that if a dirty page/buffer is encountered, it must
 * be waited upon, and not just skipped over.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int __filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
                                loff_t end, int sync_mode)
{
        struct writeback_control wbc = {
                .sync_mode = sync_mode,
                .nr_to_write = LONG_MAX,
                .range_start = start,
                .range_end = end,
        };

        return filemap_fdatawrite_wbc(mapping, &wbc);
}

static inline int __filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *mapping,
        int sync_mode)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, 0, LLONG_MAX, sync_mode);
}

int filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite(mapping, WB_SYNC_ALL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite);

int filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
                                loff_t end)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, start, end, WB_SYNC_ALL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite_range);

/**
 * filemap_flush - mostly a non-blocking flush
 * @mapping:    target address_space
 *
 * This is a mostly non-blocking flush.  Not suitable for data-integrity
 * purposes - I/O may not be started against all dirty pages.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int filemap_flush(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite(mapping, WB_SYNC_NONE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_flush);

/**
 * filemap_range_has_page - check if a page exists in range.
 * @mapping:           address space within which to check
 * @start_byte:        offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:          offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Find at least one page in the range supplied, usually used to check if
 * direct writing in this range will trigger a writeback.
 *
 * Return: %true if at least one page exists in the specified range,
 * %false otherwise.
 */
bool filemap_range_has_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                           loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        struct page *page;
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        pgoff_t max = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        if (end_byte < start_byte)
                return false;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for (;;) {
                page = xas_find(&xas, max);
                if (xas_retry(&xas, page))
                        continue;
                /* Shadow entries don't count */
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * We don't need to try to pin this page; we're about to
                 * release the RCU lock anyway.  It is enough to know that
                 * there was a page here recently.
                 */
                break;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return page != NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_range_has_page);

static void __filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
                                     loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        pgoff_t index = start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pgoff_t end = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        struct pagevec pvec;
        int nr_pages;

        if (end_byte < start_byte)
                return;

        pagevec_init(&pvec);
        while (index <= end) {
                unsigned i;

                nr_pages = pagevec_lookup_range_tag(&pvec, mapping, &index,
                                end, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK);
                if (!nr_pages)
                        break;

                for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
                        struct page *page = pvec.pages[i];

                        wait_on_page_writeback(page);
                        ClearPageError(page);
                }
                pagevec_release(&pvec);
                cond_resched();
        }
}

/**
 * filemap_fdatawait_range - wait for writeback to complete
 * @mapping:            address space structure to wait for
 * @start_byte:         offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:           offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space
 * in the given range and wait for all of them.  Check error status of
 * the address space and return it.
 *
 * Since the error status of the address space is cleared by this function,
 * callers are responsible for checking the return value and handling and/or
 * reporting the error.
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space.
 */
int filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start_byte,
                            loff_t end_byte)
{
        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
        return filemap_check_errors(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_range);

/**
 * filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors - wait for writeback to complete
 * @mapping:            address space structure to wait for
 * @start_byte:         offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:           offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space in the
 * given range and wait for all of them.  Unlike filemap_fdatawait_range(),
 * this function does not clear error status of the address space.
 *
 * Use this function if callers don't handle errors themselves.  Expected
 * call sites are system-wide / filesystem-wide data flushers: e.g. sync(2),
 * fsfreeze(8)
 */
int filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping,
                loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
        return filemap_check_and_keep_errors(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors);

/**
 * file_fdatawait_range - wait for writeback to complete
 * @file:               file pointing to address space structure to wait for
 * @start_byte:         offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:           offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the address space that file
 * refers to, in the given range and wait for all of them.  Check error
 * status of the address space vs. the file->f_wb_err cursor and return it.
 *
 * Since the error status of the file is advanced by this function,
 * callers are responsible for checking the return value and handling and/or
 * reporting the error.
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space vs. the file->f_wb_err cursor.
 */
int file_fdatawait_range(struct file *file, loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
        return file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_fdatawait_range);

/**
 * filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors - wait for writeback without clearing errors
 * @mapping: address space structure to wait for
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space
 * and wait for all of them.  Unlike filemap_fdatawait(), this function
 * does not clear error status of the address space.
 *
 * Use this function if callers don't handle errors themselves.  Expected
 * call sites are system-wide / filesystem-wide data flushers: e.g. sync(2),
 * fsfreeze(8)
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space.
 */
int filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, 0, LLONG_MAX);
        return filemap_check_and_keep_errors(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors);

/* Returns true if writeback might be needed or already in progress. */
static bool mapping_needs_writeback(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        return mapping->nrpages;
}

/**
 * filemap_range_needs_writeback - check if range potentially needs writeback
 * @mapping:           address space within which to check
 * @start_byte:        offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:          offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Find at least one page in the range supplied, usually used to check if
 * direct writing in this range will trigger a writeback. Used by O_DIRECT
 * read/write with IOCB_NOWAIT, to see if the caller needs to do
 * filemap_write_and_wait_range() before proceeding.
 *
 * Return: %true if the caller should do filemap_write_and_wait_range() before
 * doing O_DIRECT to a page in this range, %false otherwise.
 */
bool filemap_range_needs_writeback(struct address_space *mapping,
                                   loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        pgoff_t max = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        struct page *page;

        if (!mapping_needs_writeback(mapping))
                return false;
        if (!mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY) &&
            !mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK))
                return false;
        if (end_byte < start_byte)
                return false;

        rcu_read_lock();
        xas_for_each(&xas, page, max) {
                if (xas_retry(&xas, page))
                        continue;
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        continue;
                if (PageDirty(page) || PageLocked(page) || PageWriteback(page))
                        break;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return page != NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(filemap_range_needs_writeback);

/**
 * filemap_write_and_wait_range - write out & wait on a file range
 * @mapping:    the address_space for the pages
 * @lstart:     offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @lend:       offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Write out and wait upon file offsets lstart->lend, inclusive.
 *
 * Note that @lend is inclusive (describes the last byte to be written) so
 * that this function can be used to write to the very end-of-file (end = -1).
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space.
 */
int filemap_write_and_wait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
                                 loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
{
        int err = 0;

        if (mapping_needs_writeback(mapping)) {
                err = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, lstart, lend,
                                                 WB_SYNC_ALL);
                /*
                 * Even if the above returned error, the pages may be
                 * written partially (e.g. -ENOSPC), so we wait for it.
                 * But the -EIO is special case, it may indicate the worst
                 * thing (e.g. bug) happened, so we avoid waiting for it.
                 */
                if (err != -EIO) {
                        int err2 = filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping,
                                                lstart, lend);
                        if (!err)
                                err = err2;
                } else {
                        /* Clear any previously stored errors */
                        filemap_check_errors(mapping);
                }
        } else {
                err = filemap_check_errors(mapping);
        }
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_write_and_wait_range);

void __filemap_set_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping, int err)
{
        errseq_t eseq = errseq_set(&mapping->wb_err, err);

        trace_filemap_set_wb_err(mapping, eseq);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__filemap_set_wb_err);

/**
 * file_check_and_advance_wb_err - report wb error (if any) that was previously
 *                                 and advance wb_err to current one
 * @file: struct file on which the error is being reported
 *
 * When userland calls fsync (or something like nfsd does the equivalent), we
 * want to report any writeback errors that occurred since the last fsync (or
 * since the file was opened if there haven't been any).
 *
 * Grab the wb_err from the mapping. If it matches what we have in the file,
 * then just quickly return 0. The file is all caught up.
 *
 * If it doesn't match, then take the mapping value, set the "seen" flag in
 * it and try to swap it into place. If it works, or another task beat us
 * to it with the new value, then update the f_wb_err and return the error
 * portion. The error at this point must be reported via proper channels
 * (a'la fsync, or NFS COMMIT operation, etc.).
 *
 * While we handle mapping->wb_err with atomic operations, the f_wb_err
 * value is protected by the f_lock since we must ensure that it reflects
 * the latest value swapped in for this file descriptor.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int file_check_and_advance_wb_err(struct file *file)
{
        int err = 0;
        errseq_t old = READ_ONCE(file->f_wb_err);
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        /* Locklessly handle the common case where nothing has changed */
        if (errseq_check(&mapping->wb_err, old)) {
                /* Something changed, must use slow path */
                spin_lock(&file->f_lock);
                old = file->f_wb_err;
                err = errseq_check_and_advance(&mapping->wb_err,
                                                &file->f_wb_err);
                trace_file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file, old);
                spin_unlock(&file->f_lock);
        }

        /*
         * We're mostly using this function as a drop in replacement for
         * filemap_check_errors. Clear AS_EIO/AS_ENOSPC to emulate the effect
         * that the legacy code would have had on these flags.
         */
        clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags);
        clear_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags);
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_check_and_advance_wb_err);

/**
 * file_write_and_wait_range - write out & wait on a file range
 * @file:       file pointing to address_space with pages
 * @lstart:     offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @lend:       offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Write out and wait upon file offsets lstart->lend, inclusive.
 *
 * Note that @lend is inclusive (describes the last byte to be written) so
 * that this function can be used to write to the very end-of-file (end = -1).
 *
 * After writing out and waiting on the data, we check and advance the
 * f_wb_err cursor to the latest value, and return any errors detected there.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int file_write_and_wait_range(struct file *file, loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
{
        int err = 0, err2;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        if (mapping_needs_writeback(mapping)) {
                err = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, lstart, lend,
                                                 WB_SYNC_ALL);
                /* See comment of filemap_write_and_wait() */
                if (err != -EIO)
                        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, lstart, lend);
        }
        err2 = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
        if (!err)
                err = err2;
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_write_and_wait_range);

/**
 * replace_page_cache_page - replace a pagecache page with a new one
 * @old:        page to be replaced
 * @new:        page to replace with
 *
 * This function replaces a page in the pagecache with a new one.  On
 * success it acquires the pagecache reference for the new page and
 * drops it for the old page.  Both the old and new pages must be
 * locked.  This function does not add the new page to the LRU, the
 * caller must do that.
 *
 * The remove + add is atomic.  This function cannot fail.
 */
void replace_page_cache_page(struct page *old, struct page *new)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = old->mapping;
        void (*freepage)(struct page *) = mapping->a_ops->freepage;
        pgoff_t offset = old->index;
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, offset);

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(old), old);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(new), new);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(new->mapping, new);

        get_page(new);
        new->mapping = mapping;
        new->index = offset;

        mem_cgroup_migrate(old, new);

        xas_lock_irq(&xas);
        xas_store(&xas, new);

        old->mapping = NULL;
        /* hugetlb pages do not participate in page cache accounting. */
        if (!PageHuge(old))
                __dec_lruvec_page_state(old, NR_FILE_PAGES);
        if (!PageHuge(new))
                __inc_lruvec_page_state(new, NR_FILE_PAGES);
        if (PageSwapBacked(old))
                __dec_lruvec_page_state(old, NR_SHMEM);
        if (PageSwapBacked(new))
                __inc_lruvec_page_state(new, NR_SHMEM);
        xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
        if (freepage)
                freepage(old);
        put_page(old);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(replace_page_cache_page);

noinline int __add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page,
                                        struct address_space *mapping,
                                        pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp,
                                        void **shadowp)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, offset);
        int huge = PageHuge(page);
        int error;
        bool charged = false;

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageSwapBacked(page), page);
        mapping_set_update(&xas, mapping);

        get_page(page);
        page->mapping = mapping;
        page->index = offset;

        if (!huge) {
                error = mem_cgroup_charge(page, NULL, gfp);
                if (error)
                        goto error;
                charged = true;
        }

        gfp &= GFP_RECLAIM_MASK;

        do {
                unsigned int order = xa_get_order(xas.xa, xas.xa_index);
                void *entry, *old = NULL;

                if (order > thp_order(page))
                        xas_split_alloc(&xas, xa_load(xas.xa, xas.xa_index),
                                        order, gfp);
                xas_lock_irq(&xas);
                xas_for_each_conflict(&xas, entry) {
                        old = entry;
                        if (!xa_is_value(entry)) {
                                xas_set_err(&xas, -EEXIST);
                                goto unlock;
                        }
                }

                if (old) {
                        if (shadowp)
                                *shadowp = old;
                        /* entry may have been split before we acquired lock */
                        order = xa_get_order(xas.xa, xas.xa_index);
                        if (order > thp_order(page)) {
                                xas_split(&xas, old, order);
                                xas_reset(&xas);
                        }
                }

                xas_store(&xas, page);
                if (xas_error(&xas))
                        goto unlock;

                mapping->nrpages++;

                /* hugetlb pages do not participate in page cache accounting */
                if (!huge)
                        __inc_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PAGES);
unlock:
                xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
        } while (xas_nomem(&xas, gfp));

        if (xas_error(&xas)) {
                error = xas_error(&xas);
                if (charged)
                        mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
                goto error;
        }

        trace_mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache(page);
        return 0;
error:
        page->mapping = NULL;
        /* Leave page->index set: truncation relies upon it */
        put_page(page);
        return error;
}
ALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION(__add_to_page_cache_locked, ERRNO);

/**
 * add_to_page_cache_locked - add a locked page to the pagecache
 * @page:       page to add
 * @mapping:    the page's address_space
 * @offset:     page index
 * @gfp_mask:   page allocation mode
 *
 * This function is used to add a page to the pagecache. It must be locked.
 * This function does not add the page to the LRU.  The caller must do that.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
        return __add_to_page_cache_locked(page, mapping, offset,
                                          gfp_mask, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_to_page_cache_locked);

int add_to_page_cache_lru(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
        void *shadow = NULL;
        int ret;

        __SetPageLocked(page);
        ret = __add_to_page_cache_locked(page, mapping, offset,
                                         gfp_mask, &shadow);
        if (unlikely(ret))
                __ClearPageLocked(page);
        else {
                /*
                 * The page might have been evicted from cache only
                 * recently, in which case it should be activated like
                 * any other repeatedly accessed page.
                 * The exception is pages getting rewritten; evicting other
                 * data from the working set, only to cache data that will
                 * get overwritten with something else, is a waste of memory.
                 */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(PageActive(page));
                if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_WRITE) && shadow)
                        workingset_refault(page, shadow);
                lru_cache_add(page);
        }
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(add_to_page_cache_lru);

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct page *__page_cache_alloc(gfp_t gfp)
{
        int n;
        struct page *page;

        if (cpuset_do_page_mem_spread()) {
                unsigned int cpuset_mems_cookie;
                do {
                        cpuset_mems_cookie = read_mems_allowed_begin();
                        n = cpuset_mem_spread_node();
                        page = __alloc_pages_node(n, gfp, 0);
                } while (!page && read_mems_allowed_retry(cpuset_mems_cookie));

                return page;
        }
        return alloc_pages(gfp, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__page_cache_alloc);
#endif

/*
 * filemap_invalidate_lock_two - lock invalidate_lock for two mappings
 *
 * Lock exclusively invalidate_lock of any passed mapping that is not NULL.
 *
 * @mapping1: the first mapping to lock
 * @mapping2: the second mapping to lock
 */
void filemap_invalidate_lock_two(struct address_space *mapping1,
                                 struct address_space *mapping2)
{
        if (mapping1 > mapping2)
                swap(mapping1, mapping2);
        if (mapping1)
                down_write(&mapping1->invalidate_lock);
        if (mapping2 && mapping1 != mapping2)
                down_write_nested(&mapping2->invalidate_lock, 1);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_invalidate_lock_two);

/*
 * filemap_invalidate_unlock_two - unlock invalidate_lock for two mappings
 *
 * Unlock exclusive invalidate_lock of any passed mapping that is not NULL.
 *
 * @mapping1: the first mapping to unlock
 * @mapping2: the second mapping to unlock
 */
void filemap_invalidate_unlock_two(struct address_space *mapping1,
                                   struct address_space *mapping2)
{
        if (mapping1)
                up_write(&mapping1->invalidate_lock);
        if (mapping2 && mapping1 != mapping2)
                up_write(&mapping2->invalidate_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_invalidate_unlock_two);

/*
 * In order to wait for pages to become available there must be
 * waitqueues associated with pages. By using a hash table of
 * waitqueues where the bucket discipline is to maintain all
 * waiters on the same queue and wake all when any of the pages
 * become available, and for the woken contexts to check to be
 * sure the appropriate page became available, this saves space
 * at a cost of "thundering herd" phenomena during rare hash
 * collisions.
 */
#define PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_BITS 8
#define PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_SIZE (1 << PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_BITS)
static wait_queue_head_t page_wait_table[PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_SIZE] __cacheline_aligned;

static wait_queue_head_t *page_waitqueue(struct page *page)
{
        return &page_wait_table[hash_ptr(page, PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_BITS)];
}

void __init pagecache_init(void)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
                init_waitqueue_head(&page_wait_table[i]);

        page_writeback_init();
}

/*
 * The page wait code treats the "wait->flags" somewhat unusually, because
 * we have multiple different kinds of waits, not just the usual "exclusive"
 * one.
 *
 * We have:
 *
 *  (a) no special bits set:
 *
 *      We're just waiting for the bit to be released, and when a waker
 *      calls the wakeup function, we set WQ_FLAG_WOKEN and wake it up,
 *      and remove it from the wait queue.
 *
 *      Simple and straightforward.
 *
 *  (b) WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE:
 *
 *      The waiter is waiting to get the lock, and only one waiter should
 *      be woken up to avoid any thundering herd behavior. We'll set the
 *      WQ_FLAG_WOKEN bit, wake it up, and remove it from the wait queue.
 *
 *      This is the traditional exclusive wait.
 *
 *  (c) WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE | WQ_FLAG_CUSTOM:
 *
 *      The waiter is waiting to get the bit, and additionally wants the
 *      lock to be transferred to it for fair lock behavior. If the lock
 *      cannot be taken, we stop walking the wait queue without waking
 *      the waiter.
 *
 *      This is the "fair lock handoff" case, and in addition to setting
 *      WQ_FLAG_WOKEN, we set WQ_FLAG_DONE to let the waiter easily see
 *      that it now has the lock.
 */
static int wake_page_function(wait_queue_entry_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *arg)
{
        unsigned int flags;
        struct wait_page_key *key = arg;
        struct wait_page_queue *wait_page
                = container_of(wait, struct wait_page_queue, wait);

        if (!wake_page_match(wait_page, key))
                return 0;

        /*
         * If it's a lock handoff wait, we get the bit for it, and
         * stop walking (and do not wake it up) if we can't.
         */
        flags = wait->flags;
        if (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) {
                if (test_bit(key->bit_nr, &key->page->flags))
                        return -1;
                if (flags & WQ_FLAG_CUSTOM) {
                        if (test_and_set_bit(key->bit_nr, &key->page->flags))
                                return -1;
                        flags |= WQ_FLAG_DONE;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We are holding the wait-queue lock, but the waiter that
         * is waiting for this will be checking the flags without
         * any locking.
         *
         * So update the flags atomically, and wake up the waiter
         * afterwards to avoid any races. This store-release pairs
         * with the load-acquire in wait_on_page_bit_common().
         */
        smp_store_release(&wait->flags, flags | WQ_FLAG_WOKEN);
        wake_up_state(wait->private, mode);

        /*
         * Ok, we have successfully done what we're waiting for,
         * and we can unconditionally remove the wait entry.
         *
         * Note that this pairs with the "finish_wait()" in the
         * waiter, and has to be the absolute last thing we do.
         * After this list_del_init(&wait->entry) the wait entry
         * might be de-allocated and the process might even have
         * exited.
         */
        list_del_init_careful(&wait->entry);
        return (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) != 0;
}

static void wake_up_page_bit(struct page *page, int bit_nr)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        struct wait_page_key key;
        unsigned long flags;
        wait_queue_entry_t bookmark;

        key.page = page;
        key.bit_nr = bit_nr;
        key.page_match = 0;

        bookmark.flags = 0;
        bookmark.private = NULL;
        bookmark.func = NULL;
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&bookmark.entry);

        spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
        __wake_up_locked_key_bookmark(q, TASK_NORMAL, &key, &bookmark);

        while (bookmark.flags & WQ_FLAG_BOOKMARK) {
                /*
                 * Take a breather from holding the lock,
                 * allow pages that finish wake up asynchronously
                 * to acquire the lock and remove themselves
                 * from wait queue
                 */
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
                cpu_relax();
                spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
                __wake_up_locked_key_bookmark(q, TASK_NORMAL, &key, &bookmark);
        }

        /*
         * It is possible for other pages to have collided on the waitqueue
         * hash, so in that case check for a page match. That prevents a long-
         * term waiter
         *
         * It is still possible to miss a case here, when we woke page waiters
         * and removed them from the waitqueue, but there are still other
         * page waiters.
         */
        if (!waitqueue_active(q) || !key.page_match) {
                ClearPageWaiters(page);
                /*
                 * It's possible to miss clearing Waiters here, when we woke
                 * our page waiters, but the hashed waitqueue has waiters for
                 * other pages on it.
                 *
                 * That's okay, it's a rare case. The next waker will clear it.
                 */
        }
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}

static void wake_up_page(struct page *page, int bit)
{
        if (!PageWaiters(page))
                return;
        wake_up_page_bit(page, bit);
}

/*
 * A choice of three behaviors for wait_on_page_bit_common():
 */
enum behavior {
        EXCLUSIVE,      /* Hold ref to page and take the bit when woken, like
                         * __lock_page() waiting on then setting PG_locked.
                         */
        SHARED,         /* Hold ref to page and check the bit when woken, like
                         * wait_on_page_writeback() waiting on PG_writeback.
                         */
        DROP,           /* Drop ref to page before wait, no check when woken,
                         * like put_and_wait_on_page_locked() on PG_locked.
                         */
};

/*
 * Attempt to check (or get) the page bit, and mark us done
 * if successful.
 */
static inline bool trylock_page_bit_common(struct page *page, int bit_nr,
                                        struct wait_queue_entry *wait)
{
        if (wait->flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) {
                if (test_and_set_bit(bit_nr, &page->flags))
                        return false;
        } else if (test_bit(bit_nr, &page->flags))
                return false;

        wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_WOKEN | WQ_FLAG_DONE;
        return true;
}

/* How many times do we accept lock stealing from under a waiter? */
int sysctl_page_lock_unfairness = 5;

static inline int wait_on_page_bit_common(wait_queue_head_t *q,
        struct page *page, int bit_nr, int state, enum behavior behavior)
{
        int unfairness = sysctl_page_lock_unfairness;
        struct wait_page_queue wait_page;
        wait_queue_entry_t *wait = &wait_page.wait;
        bool thrashing = false;
        bool delayacct = false;
        unsigned long pflags;

        if (bit_nr == PG_locked &&
            !PageUptodate(page) && PageWorkingset(page)) {
                if (!PageSwapBacked(page)) {
                        delayacct_thrashing_start();
                        delayacct = true;
                }
                psi_memstall_enter(&pflags);
                thrashing = true;
        }

        init_wait(wait);
        wait->func = wake_page_function;
        wait_page.page = page;
        wait_page.bit_nr = bit_nr;

repeat:
        wait->flags = 0;
        if (behavior == EXCLUSIVE) {
                wait->flags = WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
                if (--unfairness < 0)
                        wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_CUSTOM;
        }

        /*
         * Do one last check whether we can get the
         * page bit synchronously.
         *
         * Do the SetPageWaiters() marking before that
         * to let any waker we _just_ missed know they
         * need to wake us up (otherwise they'll never
         * even go to the slow case that looks at the
         * page queue), and add ourselves to the wait
         * queue if we need to sleep.
         *
         * This part needs to be done under the queue
         * lock to avoid races.
         */
        spin_lock_irq(&q->lock);
        SetPageWaiters(page);
        if (!trylock_page_bit_common(page, bit_nr, wait))
                __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, wait);
        spin_unlock_irq(&q->lock);

        /*
         * From now on, all the logic will be based on
         * the WQ_FLAG_WOKEN and WQ_FLAG_DONE flag, to
         * see whether the page bit testing has already
         * been done by the wake function.
         *
         * We can drop our reference to the page.
         */
        if (behavior == DROP)
                put_page(page);

        /*
         * Note that until the "finish_wait()", or until
         * we see the WQ_FLAG_WOKEN flag, we need to
         * be very careful with the 'wait->flags', because
         * we may race with a waker that sets them.
         */
        for (;;) {
                unsigned int flags;

                set_current_state(state);

                /* Loop until we've been woken or interrupted */
                flags = smp_load_acquire(&wait->flags);
                if (!(flags & WQ_FLAG_WOKEN)) {
                        if (signal_pending_state(state, current))
                                break;

                        io_schedule();
                        continue;
                }

                /* If we were non-exclusive, we're done */
                if (behavior != EXCLUSIVE)
                        break;

                /* If the waker got the lock for us, we're done */
                if (flags & WQ_FLAG_DONE)
                        break;

                /*
                 * Otherwise, if we're getting the lock, we need to
                 * try to get it ourselves.
                 *
                 * And if that fails, we'll have to retry this all.
                 */
                if (unlikely(test_and_set_bit(bit_nr, &page->flags)))
                        goto repeat;

                wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_DONE;
                break;
        }

        /*
         * If a signal happened, this 'finish_wait()' may remove the last
         * waiter from the wait-queues, but the PageWaiters bit will remain
         * set. That's ok. The next wakeup will take care of it, and trying
         * to do it here would be difficult and prone to races.
         */
        finish_wait(q, wait);

        if (thrashing) {
                if (delayacct)
                        delayacct_thrashing_end();
                psi_memstall_leave(&pflags);
        }

        /*
         * NOTE! The wait->flags weren't stable until we've done the
         * 'finish_wait()', and we could have exited the loop above due
         * to a signal, and had a wakeup event happen after the signal
         * test but before the 'finish_wait()'.
         *
         * So only after the finish_wait() can we reliably determine
         * if we got woken up or not, so we can now figure out the final
         * return value based on that state without races.
         *
         * Also note that WQ_FLAG_WOKEN is sufficient for a non-exclusive
         * waiter, but an exclusive one requires WQ_FLAG_DONE.
         */
        if (behavior == EXCLUSIVE)
                return wait->flags & WQ_FLAG_DONE ? 0 : -EINTR;

        return wait->flags & WQ_FLAG_WOKEN ? 0 : -EINTR;
}

void wait_on_page_bit(struct page *page, int bit_nr)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        wait_on_page_bit_common(q, page, bit_nr, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, SHARED);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(wait_on_page_bit);

int wait_on_page_bit_killable(struct page *page, int bit_nr)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        return wait_on_page_bit_common(q, page, bit_nr, TASK_KILLABLE, SHARED);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(wait_on_page_bit_killable);

/**
 * put_and_wait_on_page_locked - Drop a reference and wait for it to be unlocked
 * @page: The page to wait for.
 * @state: The sleep state (TASK_KILLABLE, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, etc).
 *
 * The caller should hold a reference on @page.  They expect the page to
 * become unlocked relatively soon, but do not wish to hold up migration
 * (for example) by holding the reference while waiting for the page to
 * come unlocked.  After this function returns, the caller should not
 * dereference @page.
 *
 * Return: 0 if the page was unlocked or -EINTR if interrupted by a signal.
 */
int put_and_wait_on_page_locked(struct page *page, int state)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q;

        page = compound_head(page);
        q = page_waitqueue(page);
        return wait_on_page_bit_common(q, page, PG_locked, state, DROP);
}

/**
 * add_page_wait_queue - Add an arbitrary waiter to a page's wait queue
 * @page: Page defining the wait queue of interest
 * @waiter: Waiter to add to the queue
 *
 * Add an arbitrary @waiter to the wait queue for the nominated @page.
 */
void add_page_wait_queue(struct page *page, wait_queue_entry_t *waiter)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
        __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, waiter);
        SetPageWaiters(page);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(add_page_wait_queue);

#ifndef clear_bit_unlock_is_negative_byte

/*
 * PG_waiters is the high bit in the same byte as PG_lock.
 *
 * On x86 (and on many other architectures), we can clear PG_lock and
 * test the sign bit at the same time. But if the architecture does
 * not support that special operation, we just do this all by hand
 * instead.
 *
 * The read of PG_waiters has to be after (or concurrently with) PG_locked
 * being cleared, but a memory barrier should be unnecessary since it is
 * in the same byte as PG_locked.
 */
static inline bool clear_bit_unlock_is_negative_byte(long nr, volatile void *mem)
{
        clear_bit_unlock(nr, mem);
        /* smp_mb__after_atomic(); */
        return test_bit(PG_waiters, mem);
}

#endif

/**
 * unlock_page - unlock a locked page
 * @page: the page
 *
 * Unlocks the page and wakes up sleepers in wait_on_page_locked().
 * Also wakes sleepers in wait_on_page_writeback() because the wakeup
 * mechanism between PageLocked pages and PageWriteback pages is shared.
 * But that's OK - sleepers in wait_on_page_writeback() just go back to sleep.
 *
 * Note that this depends on PG_waiters being the sign bit in the byte
 * that contains PG_locked - thus the BUILD_BUG_ON(). That allows us to
 * clear the PG_locked bit and test PG_waiters at the same time fairly
 * portably (architectures that do LL/SC can test any bit, while x86 can
 * test the sign bit).
 */
void unlock_page(struct page *page)
{
        BUILD_BUG_ON(PG_waiters != 7);
        page = compound_head(page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(page), page);
        if (clear_bit_unlock_is_negative_byte(PG_locked, &page->flags))
                wake_up_page_bit(page, PG_locked);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unlock_page);

/**
 * end_page_private_2 - Clear PG_private_2 and release any waiters
 * @page: The page
 *
 * Clear the PG_private_2 bit on a page and wake up any sleepers waiting for
 * this.  The page ref held for PG_private_2 being set is released.
 *
 * This is, for example, used when a netfs page is being written to a local
 * disk cache, thereby allowing writes to the cache for the same page to be
 * serialised.
 */
void end_page_private_2(struct page *page)
{
        page = compound_head(page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PagePrivate2(page), page);
        clear_bit_unlock(PG_private_2, &page->flags);
        wake_up_page_bit(page, PG_private_2);
        put_page(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(end_page_private_2);

/**
 * wait_on_page_private_2 - Wait for PG_private_2 to be cleared on a page
 * @page: The page to wait on
 *
 * Wait for PG_private_2 (aka PG_fscache) to be cleared on a page.
 */
void wait_on_page_private_2(struct page *page)
{
        page = compound_head(page);
        while (PagePrivate2(page))
                wait_on_page_bit(page, PG_private_2);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(wait_on_page_private_2);

/**
 * wait_on_page_private_2_killable - Wait for PG_private_2 to be cleared on a page
 * @page: The page to wait on
 *
 * Wait for PG_private_2 (aka PG_fscache) to be cleared on a page or until a
 * fatal signal is received by the calling task.
 *
 * Return:
 * - 0 if successful.
 * - -EINTR if a fatal signal was encountered.
 */
int wait_on_page_private_2_killable(struct page *page)
{
        int ret = 0;

        page = compound_head(page);
        while (PagePrivate2(page)) {
                ret = wait_on_page_bit_killable(page, PG_private_2);
                if (ret < 0)
                        break;
        }

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(wait_on_page_private_2_killable);

/**
 * end_page_writeback - end writeback against a page
 * @page: the page
 */
void end_page_writeback(struct page *page)
{
        /*
         * TestClearPageReclaim could be used here but it is an atomic
         * operation and overkill in this particular case. Failing to
         * shuffle a page marked for immediate reclaim is too mild to
         * justify taking an atomic operation penalty at the end of
         * ever page writeback.
         */
        if (PageReclaim(page)) {
                ClearPageReclaim(page);
                rotate_reclaimable_page(page);
        }

        /*
         * Writeback does not hold a page reference of its own, relying
         * on truncation to wait for the clearing of PG_writeback.
         * But here we must make sure that the page is not freed and
         * reused before the wake_up_page().
         */
        get_page(page);
        if (!test_clear_page_writeback(page))
                BUG();

        smp_mb__after_atomic();
        wake_up_page(page, PG_writeback);
        put_page(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(end_page_writeback);

/*
 * After completing I/O on a page, call this routine to update the page
 * flags appropriately
 */
void page_endio(struct page *page, bool is_write, int err)
{
        if (!is_write) {
                if (!err) {
                        SetPageUptodate(page);
                } else {
                        ClearPageUptodate(page);
                        SetPageError(page);
                }
                unlock_page(page);
        } else {
                if (err) {
                        struct address_space *mapping;

                        SetPageError(page);
                        mapping = page_mapping(page);
                        if (mapping)
                                mapping_set_error(mapping, err);
                }
                end_page_writeback(page);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(page_endio);

/**
 * __lock_page - get a lock on the page, assuming we need to sleep to get it
 * @__page: the page to lock
 */
void __lock_page(struct page *__page)
{
        struct page *page = compound_head(__page);
        wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        wait_on_page_bit_common(q, page, PG_locked, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE,
                                EXCLUSIVE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__lock_page);

int __lock_page_killable(struct page *__page)
{
        struct page *page = compound_head(__page);
        wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        return wait_on_page_bit_common(q, page, PG_locked, TASK_KILLABLE,
                                        EXCLUSIVE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__lock_page_killable);

int __lock_page_async(struct page *page, struct wait_page_queue *wait)
{
        struct wait_queue_head *q = page_waitqueue(page);
        int ret = 0;

        wait->page = page;
        wait->bit_nr = PG_locked;

        spin_lock_irq(&q->lock);
        __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, &wait->wait);
        SetPageWaiters(page);
        ret = !trylock_page(page);
        /*
         * If we were successful now, we know we're still on the
         * waitqueue as we're still under the lock. This means it's
         * safe to remove and return success, we know the callback
         * isn't going to trigger.
         */
        if (!ret)
                __remove_wait_queue(q, &wait->wait);
        else
                ret = -EIOCBQUEUED;
        spin_unlock_irq(&q->lock);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Return values:
 * 1 - page is locked; mmap_lock is still held.
 * 0 - page is not locked.
 *     mmap_lock has been released (mmap_read_unlock(), unless flags had both
 *     FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY and FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT set, in
 *     which case mmap_lock is still held.
 *
 * If neither ALLOW_RETRY nor KILLABLE are set, will always return 1
 * with the page locked and the mmap_lock unperturbed.
 */
int __lock_page_or_retry(struct page *page, struct mm_struct *mm,
                         unsigned int flags)
{
        if (fault_flag_allow_retry_first(flags)) {
                /*
                 * CAUTION! In this case, mmap_lock is not released
                 * even though return 0.
                 */
                if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT)
                        return 0;

                mmap_read_unlock(mm);
                if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE)
                        wait_on_page_locked_killable(page);
                else
                        wait_on_page_locked(page);
                return 0;
        }
        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE) {
                int ret;

                ret = __lock_page_killable(page);
                if (ret) {
                        mmap_read_unlock(mm);
                        return 0;
                }
        } else {
                __lock_page(page);
        }
        return 1;

}

/**
 * page_cache_next_miss() - Find the next gap in the page cache.
 * @mapping: Mapping.
 * @index: Index.
 * @max_scan: Maximum range to search.
 *
 * Search the range [index, min(index + max_scan - 1, ULONG_MAX)] for the
 * gap with the lowest index.
 *
 * This function may be called under the rcu_read_lock.  However, this will
 * not atomically search a snapshot of the cache at a single point in time.
 * For example, if a gap is created at index 5, then subsequently a gap is
 * created at index 10, page_cache_next_miss covering both indices may
 * return 10 if called under the rcu_read_lock.
 *
 * Return: The index of the gap if found, otherwise an index outside the
 * range specified (in which case 'return - index >= max_scan' will be true).
 * In the rare case of index wrap-around, 0 will be returned.
 */
pgoff_t page_cache_next_miss(struct address_space *mapping,
                             pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);

        while (max_scan--) {
                void *entry = xas_next(&xas);
                if (!entry || xa_is_value(entry))
                        break;
                if (xas.xa_index == 0)
                        break;
        }

        return xas.xa_index;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_cache_next_miss);

/**
 * page_cache_prev_miss() - Find the previous gap in the page cache.
 * @mapping: Mapping.
 * @index: Index.
 * @max_scan: Maximum range to search.
 *
 * Search the range [max(index - max_scan + 1, 0), index] for the
 * gap with the highest index.
 *
 * This function may be called under the rcu_read_lock.  However, this will
 * not atomically search a snapshot of the cache at a single point in time.
 * For example, if a gap is created at index 10, then subsequently a gap is
 * created at index 5, page_cache_prev_miss() covering both indices may
 * return 5 if called under the rcu_read_lock.
 *
 * Return: The index of the gap if found, otherwise an index outside the
 * range specified (in which case 'index - return >= max_scan' will be true).
 * In the rare case of wrap-around, ULONG_MAX will be returned.
 */
pgoff_t page_cache_prev_miss(struct address_space *mapping,
                             pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);

        while (max_scan--) {
                void *entry = xas_prev(&xas);
                if (!entry || xa_is_value(entry))
                        break;
                if (xas.xa_index == ULONG_MAX)
                        break;
        }

        return xas.xa_index;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_cache_prev_miss);

/*
 * mapping_get_entry - Get a page cache entry.
 * @mapping: the address_space to search
 * @index: The page cache index.
 *
 * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @index.  If there is a
 * page cache page, the head page is returned with an increased refcount.
 *
 * If the slot holds a shadow entry of a previously evicted page, or a
 * swap entry from shmem/tmpfs, it is returned.
 *
 * Return: The head page or shadow entry, %NULL if nothing is found.
 */
static struct page *mapping_get_entry(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t index)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);
        struct page *page;

        rcu_read_lock();
repeat:
        xas_reset(&xas);
        page = xas_load(&xas);
        if (xas_retry(&xas, page))
                goto repeat;
        /*
         * A shadow entry of a recently evicted page, or a swap entry from
         * shmem/tmpfs.  Return it without attempting to raise page count.
         */
        if (!page || xa_is_value(page))
                goto out;

        if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
                goto repeat;

        /*
         * Has the page moved or been split?
         * This is part of the lockless pagecache protocol. See
         * include/linux/pagemap.h for details.
         */
        if (unlikely(page != xas_reload(&xas))) {
                put_page(page);
                goto repeat;
        }
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return page;
}

/**
 * pagecache_get_page - Find and get a reference to a page.
 * @mapping: The address_space to search.
 * @index: The page index.
 * @fgp_flags: %FGP flags modify how the page is returned.
 * @gfp_mask: Memory allocation flags to use if %FGP_CREAT is specified.
 *
 * Looks up the page cache entry at @mapping & @index.
 *
 * @fgp_flags can be zero or more of these flags:
 *
 * * %FGP_ACCESSED - The page will be marked accessed.
 * * %FGP_LOCK - The page is returned locked.
 * * %FGP_HEAD - If the page is present and a THP, return the head page
 *   rather than the exact page specified by the index.
 * * %FGP_ENTRY - If there is a shadow / swap / DAX entry, return it
 *   instead of allocating a new page to replace it.
 * * %FGP_CREAT - If no page is present then a new page is allocated using
 *   @gfp_mask and added to the page cache and the VM's LRU list.
 *   The page is returned locked and with an increased refcount.
 * * %FGP_FOR_MMAP - The caller wants to do its own locking dance if the
 *   page is already in cache.  If the page was allocated, unlock it before
 *   returning so the caller can do the same dance.
 * * %FGP_WRITE - The page will be written
 * * %FGP_NOFS - __GFP_FS will get cleared in gfp mask
 * * %FGP_NOWAIT - Don't get blocked by page lock
 *
 * If %FGP_LOCK or %FGP_CREAT are specified then the function may sleep even
 * if the %GFP flags specified for %FGP_CREAT are atomic.
 *
 * If there is a page cache page, it is returned with an increased refcount.
 *
 * Return: The found page or %NULL otherwise.
 */
struct page *pagecache_get_page(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
                int fgp_flags, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
        struct page *page;

repeat:
        page = mapping_get_entry(mapping, index);
        if (xa_is_value(page)) {
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_ENTRY)
                        return page;
                page = NULL;
        }
        if (!page)
                goto no_page;

        if (fgp_flags & FGP_LOCK) {
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOWAIT) {
                        if (!trylock_page(page)) {
                                put_page(page);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                } else {
                        lock_page(page);
                }

                /* Has the page been truncated? */
                if (unlikely(page->mapping != mapping)) {
                        unlock_page(page);
                        put_page(page);
                        goto repeat;
                }
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!thp_contains(page, index), page);
        }

        if (fgp_flags & FGP_ACCESSED)
                mark_page_accessed(page);
        else if (fgp_flags & FGP_WRITE) {
                /* Clear idle flag for buffer write */
                if (page_is_idle(page))
                        clear_page_idle(page);
        }
        if (!(fgp_flags & FGP_HEAD))
                page = find_subpage(page, index);

no_page:
        if (!page && (fgp_flags & FGP_CREAT)) {
                int err;
                if ((fgp_flags & FGP_WRITE) && mapping_can_writeback(mapping))
                        gfp_mask |= __GFP_WRITE;
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOFS)
                        gfp_mask &= ~__GFP_FS;

                page = __page_cache_alloc(gfp_mask);
                if (!page)
                        return NULL;

                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!(fgp_flags & (FGP_LOCK | FGP_FOR_MMAP))))
                        fgp_flags |= FGP_LOCK;

                /* Init accessed so avoid atomic mark_page_accessed later */
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_ACCESSED)
                        __SetPageReferenced(page);

                err = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping, index, gfp_mask);
                if (unlikely(err)) {
                        put_page(page);
                        page = NULL;
                        if (err == -EEXIST)
                                goto repeat;
                }

                /*
                 * add_to_page_cache_lru locks the page, and for mmap we expect
                 * an unlocked page.
                 */
                if (page && (fgp_flags & FGP_FOR_MMAP))
                        unlock_page(page);
        }

        return page;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagecache_get_page);

static inline struct page *find_get_entry(struct xa_state *xas, pgoff_t max,
                xa_mark_t mark)
{
        struct page *page;

retry:
        if (mark == XA_PRESENT)
                page = xas_find(xas, max);
        else
                page = xas_find_marked(xas, max, mark);

        if (xas_retry(xas, page))
                goto retry;
        /*
         * A shadow entry of a recently evicted page, a swap
         * entry from shmem/tmpfs or a DAX entry.  Return it
         * without attempting to raise page count.
         */
        if (!page || xa_is_value(page))
                return page;

        if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
                goto reset;

        /* Has the page moved or been split? */
        if (unlikely(page != xas_reload(xas))) {
                put_page(page);
                goto reset;
        }

        return page;
reset:
        xas_reset(xas);
        goto retry;
}

/**
 * find_get_entries - gang pagecache lookup
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page cache index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive).
 * @pvec:       Where the resulting entries are placed.
 * @indices:    The cache indices corresponding to the entries in @entries
 *
 * find_get_entries() will search for and return a batch of entries in
 * the mapping.  The entries are placed in @pvec.  find_get_entries()
 * takes a reference on any actual pages it returns.
 *
 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous page cache entries
 * with ascending indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to
 * not-present pages.
 *
 * Any shadow entries of evicted pages, or swap entries from
 * shmem/tmpfs, are included in the returned array.
 *
 * If it finds a Transparent Huge Page, head or tail, find_get_entries()
 * stops at that page: the caller is likely to have a better way to handle
 * the compound page as a whole, and then skip its extent, than repeatedly
 * calling find_get_entries() to return all its tails.
 *
 * Return: the number of pages and shadow entries which were found.
 */
unsigned find_get_entries(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t start,
                pgoff_t end, struct pagevec *pvec, pgoff_t *indices)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start);
        struct page *page;
        unsigned int ret = 0;
        unsigned nr_entries = PAGEVEC_SIZE;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((page = find_get_entry(&xas, end, XA_PRESENT))) {
                /*
                 * Terminate early on finding a THP, to allow the caller to
                 * handle it all at once; but continue if this is hugetlbfs.
                 */
                if (!xa_is_value(page) && PageTransHuge(page) &&
                                !PageHuge(page)) {
                        page = find_subpage(page, xas.xa_index);
                        nr_entries = ret + 1;
                }

                indices[ret] = xas.xa_index;
                pvec->pages[ret] = page;
                if (++ret == nr_entries)
                        break;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        pvec->nr = ret;
        return ret;
}

/**
 * find_lock_entries - Find a batch of pagecache entries.
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search.
 * @start:      The starting page cache index.
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive).
 * @pvec:       Where the resulting entries are placed.
 * @indices:    The cache indices of the entries in @pvec.
 *
 * find_lock_entries() will return a batch of entries from @mapping.
 * Swap, shadow and DAX entries are included.  Pages are returned
 * locked and with an incremented refcount.  Pages which are locked by
 * somebody else or under writeback are skipped.  Only the head page of
 * a THP is returned.  Pages which are partially outside the range are
 * not returned.
 *
 * The entries have ascending indexes.  The indices may not be consecutive
 * due to not-present entries, THP pages, pages which could not be locked
 * or pages under writeback.
 *
 * Return: The number of entries which were found.
 */
unsigned find_lock_entries(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t start,
                pgoff_t end, struct pagevec *pvec, pgoff_t *indices)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start);
        struct page *page;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((page = find_get_entry(&xas, end, XA_PRESENT))) {
                if (!xa_is_value(page)) {
                        if (page->index < start)
                                goto put;
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page->index != xas.xa_index, page);
                        if (page->index + thp_nr_pages(page) - 1 > end)
                                goto put;
                        if (!trylock_page(page))
                                goto put;
                        if (page->mapping != mapping || PageWriteback(page))
                                goto unlock;
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!thp_contains(page, xas.xa_index),
                                        page);
                }
                indices[pvec->nr] = xas.xa_index;
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page))
                        break;
                goto next;
unlock:
                unlock_page(page);
put:
                put_page(page);
next:
                if (!xa_is_value(page) && PageTransHuge(page)) {
                        unsigned int nr_pages = thp_nr_pages(page);

                        /* Final THP may cross MAX_LFS_FILESIZE on 32-bit */
                        xas_set(&xas, page->index + nr_pages);
                        if (xas.xa_index < nr_pages)
                                break;
                }
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}

/**
 * find_get_pages_range - gang pagecache lookup
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive)
 * @nr_pages:   The maximum number of pages
 * @pages:      Where the resulting pages are placed
 *
 * find_get_pages_range() will search for and return a group of up to @nr_pages
 * pages in the mapping starting at index @start and up to index @end
 * (inclusive).  The pages are placed at @pages.  find_get_pages_range() takes
 * a reference against the returned pages.
 *
 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous pages with ascending
 * indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to not-present pages.
 * We also update @start to index the next page for the traversal.
 *
 * Return: the number of pages which were found. If this number is
 * smaller than @nr_pages, the end of specified range has been
 * reached.
 */
unsigned find_get_pages_range(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *start,
                              pgoff_t end, unsigned int nr_pages,
                              struct page **pages)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, *start);
        struct page *page;
        unsigned ret = 0;

        if (unlikely(!nr_pages))
                return 0;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((page = find_get_entry(&xas, end, XA_PRESENT))) {
                /* Skip over shadow, swap and DAX entries */
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        continue;

                pages[ret] = find_subpage(page, xas.xa_index);
                if (++ret == nr_pages) {
                        *start = xas.xa_index + 1;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We come here when there is no page beyond @end. We take care to not
         * overflow the index @start as it confuses some of the callers. This
         * breaks the iteration when there is a page at index -1 but that is
         * already broken anyway.
         */
        if (end == (pgoff_t)-1)
                *start = (pgoff_t)-1;
        else
                *start = end + 1;
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return ret;
}

/**
 * find_get_pages_contig - gang contiguous pagecache lookup
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @index:      The starting page index
 * @nr_pages:   The maximum number of pages
 * @pages:      Where the resulting pages are placed
 *
 * find_get_pages_contig() works exactly like find_get_pages(), except
 * that the returned number of pages are guaranteed to be contiguous.
 *
 * Return: the number of pages which were found.
 */
unsigned find_get_pages_contig(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
                               unsigned int nr_pages, struct page **pages)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);
        struct page *page;
        unsigned int ret = 0;

        if (unlikely(!nr_pages))
                return 0;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for (page = xas_load(&xas); page; page = xas_next(&xas)) {
                if (xas_retry(&xas, page))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * If the entry has been swapped out, we can stop looking.
                 * No current caller is looking for DAX entries.
                 */
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        break;

                if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
                        goto retry;

                /* Has the page moved or been split? */
                if (unlikely(page != xas_reload(&xas)))
                        goto put_page;

                pages[ret] = find_subpage(page, xas.xa_index);
                if (++ret == nr_pages)
                        break;
                continue;
put_page:
                put_page(page);
retry:
                xas_reset(&xas);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_get_pages_contig);

/**
 * find_get_pages_range_tag - Find and return head pages matching @tag.
 * @mapping:    the address_space to search
 * @index:      the starting page index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive)
 * @tag:        the tag index
 * @nr_pages:   the maximum number of pages
 * @pages:      where the resulting pages are placed
 *
 * Like find_get_pages(), except we only return head pages which are tagged
 * with @tag.  @index is updated to the index immediately after the last
 * page we return, ready for the next iteration.
 *
 * Return: the number of pages which were found.
 */
unsigned find_get_pages_range_tag(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *index,
                        pgoff_t end, xa_mark_t tag, unsigned int nr_pages,
                        struct page **pages)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, *index);
        struct page *page;
        unsigned ret = 0;

        if (unlikely(!nr_pages))
                return 0;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((page = find_get_entry(&xas, end, tag))) {
                /*
                 * Shadow entries should never be tagged, but this iteration
                 * is lockless so there is a window for page reclaim to evict
                 * a page we saw tagged.  Skip over it.
                 */
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        continue;

                pages[ret] = page;
                if (++ret == nr_pages) {
                        *index = page->index + thp_nr_pages(page);
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We come here when we got to @end. We take care to not overflow the
         * index @index as it confuses some of the callers. This breaks the
         * iteration when there is a page at index -1 but that is already
         * broken anyway.
         */
        if (end == (pgoff_t)-1)
                *index = (pgoff_t)-1;
        else
                *index = end + 1;
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_get_pages_range_tag);

/*
 * CD/DVDs are error prone. When a medium error occurs, the driver may fail
 * a _large_ part of the i/o request. Imagine the worst scenario:
 *
 *      ---R__________________________________________B__________
 *         ^ reading here                             ^ bad block(assume 4k)
 *
 * read(R) => miss => readahead(R...B) => media error => frustrating retries
 * => failing the whole request => read(R) => read(R+1) =>
 * readahead(R+1...B+1) => bang => read(R+2) => read(R+3) =>
 * readahead(R+3...B+2) => bang => read(R+3) => read(R+4) =>
 * readahead(R+4...B+3) => bang => read(R+4) => read(R+5) => ......
 *
 * It is going insane. Fix it by quickly scaling down the readahead size.
 */
static void shrink_readahead_size_eio(struct file_ra_state *ra)
{
        ra->ra_pages /= 4;
}

/*
 * filemap_get_read_batch - Get a batch of pages for read
 *
 * Get a batch of pages which represent a contiguous range of bytes
 * in the file.  No tail pages will be returned.  If @index is in the
 * middle of a THP, the entire THP will be returned.  The last page in
 * the batch may have Readahead set or be not Uptodate so that the
 * caller can take the appropriate action.
 */
static void filemap_get_read_batch(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t index, pgoff_t max, struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);
        struct page *head;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for (head = xas_load(&xas); head; head = xas_next(&xas)) {
                if (xas_retry(&xas, head))
                        continue;
                if (xas.xa_index > max || xa_is_value(head))
                        break;
                if (!page_cache_get_speculative(head))
                        goto retry;

                /* Has the page moved or been split? */
                if (unlikely(head != xas_reload(&xas)))
                        goto put_page;

                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, head))
                        break;
                if (!PageUptodate(head))
                        break;
                if (PageReadahead(head))
                        break;
                xas.xa_index = head->index + thp_nr_pages(head) - 1;
                xas.xa_offset = (xas.xa_index >> xas.xa_shift) & XA_CHUNK_MASK;
                continue;
put_page:
                put_page(head);
retry:
                xas_reset(&xas);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

static int filemap_read_page(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                struct page *page)
{
        int error;

        /*
         * A previous I/O error may have been due to temporary failures,
         * eg. multipath errors.  PG_error will be set again if readpage
         * fails.
         */
        ClearPageError(page);
        /* Start the actual read. The read will unlock the page. */
        error = mapping->a_ops->readpage(file, page);
        if (error)
                return error;

        error = wait_on_page_locked_killable(page);
        if (error)
                return error;
        if (PageUptodate(page))
                return 0;
        shrink_readahead_size_eio(&file->f_ra);
        return -EIO;
}

static bool filemap_range_uptodate(struct address_space *mapping,
                loff_t pos, struct iov_iter *iter, struct page *page)
{
        int count;

        if (PageUptodate(page))
                return true;
        /* pipes can't handle partially uptodate pages */
        if (iov_iter_is_pipe(iter))
                return false;
        if (!mapping->a_ops->is_partially_uptodate)
                return false;
        if (mapping->host->i_blkbits >= (PAGE_SHIFT + thp_order(page)))
                return false;

        count = iter->count;
        if (page_offset(page) > pos) {
                count -= page_offset(page) - pos;
                pos = 0;
        } else {
                pos -= page_offset(page);
        }

        return mapping->a_ops->is_partially_uptodate(page, pos, count);
}

static int filemap_update_page(struct kiocb *iocb,
                struct address_space *mapping, struct iov_iter *iter,
                struct page *page)
{
        int error;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                if (!filemap_invalidate_trylock_shared(mapping))
                        return -EAGAIN;
        } else {
                filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
        }

        if (!trylock_page(page)) {
                error = -EAGAIN;
                if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_NOIO))
                        goto unlock_mapping;
                if (!(iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ)) {
                        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
                        put_and_wait_on_page_locked(page, TASK_KILLABLE);
                        return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
                }
                error = __lock_page_async(page, iocb->ki_waitq);
                if (error)
                        goto unlock_mapping;
        }

        error = AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
        if (!page->mapping)
                goto unlock;

        error = 0;
        if (filemap_range_uptodate(mapping, iocb->ki_pos, iter, page))
                goto unlock;

        error = -EAGAIN;
        if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOIO | IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_WAITQ))
                goto unlock;

        error = filemap_read_page(iocb->ki_filp, mapping, page);
        goto unlock_mapping;
unlock:
        unlock_page(page);
unlock_mapping:
        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        if (error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                put_page(page);
        return error;
}

static int filemap_create_page(struct file *file,
                struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
                struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        struct page *page;
        int error;

        page = page_cache_alloc(mapping);
        if (!page)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /*
         * Protect against truncate / hole punch. Grabbing invalidate_lock here
         * assures we cannot instantiate and bring uptodate new pagecache pages
         * after evicting page cache during truncate and before actually
         * freeing blocks.  Note that we could release invalidate_lock after
         * inserting the page into page cache as the locked page would then be
         * enough to synchronize with hole punching. But there are code paths
         * such as filemap_update_page() filling in partially uptodate pages or
         * ->readpages() that need to hold invalidate_lock while mapping blocks
         * for IO so let's hold the lock here as well to keep locking rules
         * simple.
         */
        filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
        error = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping, index,
                        mapping_gfp_constraint(mapping, GFP_KERNEL));
        if (error == -EEXIST)
                error = AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
        if (error)
                goto error;

        error = filemap_read_page(file, mapping, page);
        if (error)
                goto error;

        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        pagevec_add(pvec, page);
        return 0;
error:
        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        put_page(page);
        return error;
}

static int filemap_readahead(struct kiocb *iocb, struct file *file,
                struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page,
                pgoff_t last_index)
{
        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOIO)
                return -EAGAIN;
        page_cache_async_readahead(mapping, &file->f_ra, file, page,
                        page->index, last_index - page->index);
        return 0;
}

static int filemap_get_pages(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
                struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &filp->f_ra;
        pgoff_t index = iocb->ki_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pgoff_t last_index;
        struct page *page;
        int err = 0;

        last_index = DIV_ROUND_UP(iocb->ki_pos + iter->count, PAGE_SIZE);
retry:
        if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                return -EINTR;

        filemap_get_read_batch(mapping, index, last_index, pvec);
        if (!pagevec_count(pvec)) {
                if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOIO)
                        return -EAGAIN;
                page_cache_sync_readahead(mapping, ra, filp, index,
                                last_index - index);
                filemap_get_read_batch(mapping, index, last_index, pvec);
        }
        if (!pagevec_count(pvec)) {
                if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_WAITQ))
                        return -EAGAIN;
                err = filemap_create_page(filp, mapping,
                                iocb->ki_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, pvec);
                if (err == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                        goto retry;
                return err;
        }

        page = pvec->pages[pagevec_count(pvec) - 1];
        if (PageReadahead(page)) {
                err = filemap_readahead(iocb, filp, mapping, page, last_index);
                if (err)
                        goto err;
        }
        if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
                if ((iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ) && pagevec_count(pvec) > 1)
                        iocb->ki_flags |= IOCB_NOWAIT;
                err = filemap_update_page(iocb, mapping, iter, page);
                if (err)
                        goto err;
        }

        return 0;
err:
        if (err < 0)
                put_page(page);
        if (likely(--pvec->nr))
                return 0;
        if (err == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                goto retry;
        return err;
}

/**
 * filemap_read - Read data from the page cache.
 * @iocb: The iocb to read.
 * @iter: Destination for the data.
 * @already_read: Number of bytes already read by the caller.
 *
 * Copies data from the page cache.  If the data is not currently present,
 * uses the readahead and readpage address_space operations to fetch it.
 *
 * Return: Total number of bytes copied, including those already read by
 * the caller.  If an error happens before any bytes are copied, returns
 * a negative error number.
 */
ssize_t filemap_read(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
                ssize_t already_read)
{
        struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &filp->f_ra;
        struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
        struct pagevec pvec;
        int i, error = 0;
        bool writably_mapped;
        loff_t isize, end_offset;

        if (unlikely(iocb->ki_pos >= inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes))
                return 0;
        if (unlikely(!iov_iter_count(iter)))
                return 0;

        iov_iter_truncate(iter, inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes);
        pagevec_init(&pvec);

        do {
                cond_resched();

                /*
                 * If we've already successfully copied some data, then we
                 * can no longer safely return -EIOCBQUEUED. Hence mark
                 * an async read NOWAIT at that point.
                 */
                if ((iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ) && already_read)
                        iocb->ki_flags |= IOCB_NOWAIT;

                error = filemap_get_pages(iocb, iter, &pvec);
                if (error < 0)
                        break;

                /*
                 * i_size must be checked after we know the pages are Uptodate.
                 *
                 * Checking i_size after the check allows us to calculate
                 * the correct value for "nr", which means the zero-filled
                 * part of the page is not copied back to userspace (unless
                 * another truncate extends the file - this is desired though).
                 */
                isize = i_size_read(inode);
                if (unlikely(iocb->ki_pos >= isize))
                        goto put_pages;
                end_offset = min_t(loff_t, isize, iocb->ki_pos + iter->count);

                /*
                 * Once we start copying data, we don't want to be touching any
                 * cachelines that might be contended:
                 */
                writably_mapped = mapping_writably_mapped(mapping);

                /*
                 * When a sequential read accesses a page several times, only
                 * mark it as accessed the first time.
                 */
                if (iocb->ki_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT !=
                    ra->prev_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT)
                        mark_page_accessed(pvec.pages[0]);

                for (i = 0; i < pagevec_count(&pvec); i++) {
                        struct page *page = pvec.pages[i];
                        size_t page_size = thp_size(page);
                        size_t offset = iocb->ki_pos & (page_size - 1);
                        size_t bytes = min_t(loff_t, end_offset - iocb->ki_pos,
                                             page_size - offset);
                        size_t copied;

                        if (end_offset < page_offset(page))
                                break;
                        if (i > 0)
                                mark_page_accessed(page);
                        /*
                         * If users can be writing to this page using arbitrary
                         * virtual addresses, take care about potential aliasing
                         * before reading the page on the kernel side.
                         */
                        if (writably_mapped) {
                                int j;

                                for (j = 0; j < thp_nr_pages(page); j++)
                                        flush_dcache_page(page + j);
                        }

                        copied = copy_page_to_iter(page, offset, bytes, iter);

                        already_read += copied;
                        iocb->ki_pos += copied;
                        ra->prev_pos = iocb->ki_pos;

                        if (copied < bytes) {
                                error = -EFAULT;
                                break;
                        }
                }
put_pages:
                for (i = 0; i < pagevec_count(&pvec); i++)
                        put_page(pvec.pages[i]);
                pagevec_reinit(&pvec);
        } while (iov_iter_count(iter) && iocb->ki_pos < isize && !error);

        file_accessed(filp);

        return already_read ? already_read : error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(filemap_read);

/**
 * generic_file_read_iter - generic filesystem read routine
 * @iocb:       kernel I/O control block
 * @iter:       destination for the data read
 *
 * This is the "read_iter()" routine for all filesystems
 * that can use the page cache directly.
 *
 * The IOCB_NOWAIT flag in iocb->ki_flags indicates that -EAGAIN shall
 * be returned when no data can be read without waiting for I/O requests
 * to complete; it doesn't prevent readahead.
 *
 * The IOCB_NOIO flag in iocb->ki_flags indicates that no new I/O
 * requests shall be made for the read or for readahead.  When no data
 * can be read, -EAGAIN shall be returned.  When readahead would be
 * triggered, a partial, possibly empty read shall be returned.
 *
 * Return:
 * * number of bytes copied, even for partial reads
 * * negative error code (or 0 if IOCB_NOIO) if nothing was read
 */
ssize_t
generic_file_read_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter)
{
        size_t count = iov_iter_count(iter);
        ssize_t retval = 0;

        if (!count)
                return 0; /* skip atime */

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DIRECT) {
                struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
                struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                loff_t size;

                size = i_size_read(inode);
                if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                        if (filemap_range_needs_writeback(mapping, iocb->ki_pos,
                                                iocb->ki_pos + count - 1))
                                return -EAGAIN;
                } else {
                        retval = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping,
                                                iocb->ki_pos,
                                                iocb->ki_pos + count - 1);
                        if (retval < 0)
                                return retval;
                }

                file_accessed(file);

                retval = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(iocb, iter);
                if (retval >= 0) {
                        iocb->ki_pos += retval;
                        count -= retval;
                }
                if (retval != -EIOCBQUEUED)
                        iov_iter_revert(iter, count - iov_iter_count(iter));

                /*
                 * Btrfs can have a short DIO read if we encounter
                 * compressed extents, so if there was an error, or if
                 * we've already read everything we wanted to, or if
                 * there was a short read because we hit EOF, go ahead
                 * and return.  Otherwise fallthrough to buffered io for
                 * the rest of the read.  Buffered reads will not work for
                 * DAX files, so don't bother trying.
                 */
                if (retval < 0 || !count || iocb->ki_pos >= size ||
                    IS_DAX(inode))
                        return retval;
        }

        return filemap_read(iocb, iter, retval);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_read_iter);

static inline loff_t page_seek_hole_data(struct xa_state *xas,
                struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page,
                loff_t start, loff_t end, bool seek_data)
{
        const struct address_space_operations *ops = mapping->a_ops;
        size_t offset, bsz = i_blocksize(mapping->host);

        if (xa_is_value(page) || PageUptodate(page))
                return seek_data ? start : end;
        if (!ops->is_partially_uptodate)
                return seek_data ? end : start;

        xas_pause(xas);
        rcu_read_unlock();
        lock_page(page);
        if (unlikely(page->mapping != mapping))
                goto unlock;

        offset = offset_in_thp(page, start) & ~(bsz - 1);

        do {
                if (ops->is_partially_uptodate(page, offset, bsz) == seek_data)
                        break;
                start = (start + bsz) & ~(bsz - 1);
                offset += bsz;
        } while (offset < thp_size(page));
unlock:
        unlock_page(page);
        rcu_read_lock();
        return start;
}

static inline
unsigned int seek_page_size(struct xa_state *xas, struct page *page)
{
        if (xa_is_value(page))
                return PAGE_SIZE << xa_get_order(xas->xa, xas->xa_index);
        return thp_size(page);
}

/**
 * mapping_seek_hole_data - Seek for SEEK_DATA / SEEK_HOLE in the page cache.
 * @mapping: Address space to search.
 * @start: First byte to consider.
 * @end: Limit of search (exclusive).
 * @whence: Either SEEK_HOLE or SEEK_DATA.
 *
 * If the page cache knows which blocks contain holes and which blocks
 * contain data, your filesystem can use this function to implement
 * SEEK_HOLE and SEEK_DATA.  This is useful for filesystems which are
 * entirely memory-based such as tmpfs, and filesystems which support
 * unwritten extents.
 *
 * Return: The requested offset on success, or -ENXIO if @whence specifies
 * SEEK_DATA and there is no data after @start.  There is an implicit hole
 * after @end - 1, so SEEK_HOLE returns @end if all the bytes between @start
 * and @end contain data.
 */
loff_t mapping_seek_hole_data(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
                loff_t end, int whence)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        pgoff_t max = (end - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        bool seek_data = (whence == SEEK_DATA);
        struct page *page;

        if (end <= start)
                return -ENXIO;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((page = find_get_entry(&xas, max, XA_PRESENT))) {
                loff_t pos = (u64)xas.xa_index << PAGE_SHIFT;
                unsigned int seek_size;

                if (start < pos) {
                        if (!seek_data)
                                goto unlock;
                        start = pos;
                }

                seek_size = seek_page_size(&xas, page);
                pos = round_up(pos + 1, seek_size);
                start = page_seek_hole_data(&xas, mapping, page, start, pos,
                                seek_data);
                if (start < pos)
                        goto unlock;
                if (start >= end)
                        break;
                if (seek_size > PAGE_SIZE)
                        xas_set(&xas, pos >> PAGE_SHIFT);
                if (!xa_is_value(page))
                        put_page(page);
        }
        if (seek_data)
                start = -ENXIO;
unlock:
        rcu_read_unlock();
        if (page && !xa_is_value(page))
                put_page(page);
        if (start > end)
                return end;
        return start;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
#define MMAP_LOTSAMISS  (100)
/*
 * lock_page_maybe_drop_mmap - lock the page, possibly dropping the mmap_lock
 * @vmf - the vm_fault for this fault.
 * @page - the page to lock.
 * @fpin - the pointer to the file we may pin (or is already pinned).
 *
 * This works similar to lock_page_or_retry in that it can drop the mmap_lock.
 * It differs in that it actually returns the page locked if it returns 1 and 0
 * if it couldn't lock the page.  If we did have to drop the mmap_lock then fpin
 * will point to the pinned file and needs to be fput()'ed at a later point.
 */
static int lock_page_maybe_drop_mmap(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct page *page,
                                     struct file **fpin)
{
        if (trylock_page(page))
                return 1;

        /*
         * NOTE! This will make us return with VM_FAULT_RETRY, but with
         * the mmap_lock still held. That's how FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT
         * is supposed to work. We have way too many special cases..
         */
        if (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT)
                return 0;

        *fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, *fpin);
        if (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE) {
                if (__lock_page_killable(page)) {
                        /*
                         * We didn't have the right flags to drop the mmap_lock,
                         * but all fault_handlers only check for fatal signals
                         * if we return VM_FAULT_RETRY, so we need to drop the
                         * mmap_lock here and return 0 if we don't have a fpin.
                         */
                        if (*fpin == NULL)
                                mmap_read_unlock(vmf->vma->vm_mm);
                        return 0;
                }
        } else
                __lock_page(page);
        return 1;
}


/*
 * Synchronous readahead happens when we don't even find a page in the page
 * cache at all.  We don't want to perform IO under the mmap sem, so if we have
 * to drop the mmap sem we return the file that was pinned in order for us to do
 * that.  If we didn't pin a file then we return NULL.  The file that is
 * returned needs to be fput()'ed when we're done with it.
 */
static struct file *do_sync_mmap_readahead(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        struct file *file = vmf->vma->vm_file;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &file->f_ra;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        DEFINE_READAHEAD(ractl, file, ra, mapping, vmf->pgoff);
        struct file *fpin = NULL;
        unsigned int mmap_miss;

        /* If we don't want any read-ahead, don't bother */
        if (vmf->vma->vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ)
                return fpin;
        if (!ra->ra_pages)
                return fpin;

        if (vmf->vma->vm_flags & VM_SEQ_READ) {
                fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
                page_cache_sync_ra(&ractl, ra->ra_pages);
                return fpin;
        }

        /* Avoid banging the cache line if not needed */
        mmap_miss = READ_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss);
        if (mmap_miss < MMAP_LOTSAMISS * 10)
                WRITE_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss, ++mmap_miss);

        /*
         * Do we miss much more than hit in this file? If so,
         * stop bothering with read-ahead. It will only hurt.
         */
        if (mmap_miss > MMAP_LOTSAMISS)
                return fpin;

        /*
         * mmap read-around
         */
        fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
        ra->start = max_t(long, 0, vmf->pgoff - ra->ra_pages / 2);
        ra->size = ra->ra_pages;
        ra->async_size = ra->ra_pages / 4;
        ractl._index = ra->start;
        do_page_cache_ra(&ractl, ra->size, ra->async_size);
        return fpin;
}

/*
 * Asynchronous readahead happens when we find the page and PG_readahead,
 * so we want to possibly extend the readahead further.  We return the file that
 * was pinned if we have to drop the mmap_lock in order to do IO.
 */
static struct file *do_async_mmap_readahead(struct vm_fault *vmf,
                                            struct page *page)
{
        struct file *file = vmf->vma->vm_file;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &file->f_ra;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        struct file *fpin = NULL;
        unsigned int mmap_miss;
        pgoff_t offset = vmf->pgoff;

        /* If we don't want any read-ahead, don't bother */
        if (vmf->vma->vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ || !ra->ra_pages)
                return fpin;
        mmap_miss = READ_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss);
        if (mmap_miss)
                WRITE_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss, --mmap_miss);
        if (PageReadahead(page)) {
                fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
                page_cache_async_readahead(mapping, ra, file,
                                           page, offset, ra->ra_pages);
        }
        return fpin;
}

/**
 * filemap_fault - read in file data for page fault handling
 * @vmf:        struct vm_fault containing details of the fault
 *
 * filemap_fault() is invoked via the vma operations vector for a
 * mapped memory region to read in file data during a page fault.
 *
 * The goto's are kind of ugly, but this streamlines the normal case of having
 * it in the page cache, and handles the special cases reasonably without
 * having a lot of duplicated code.
 *
 * vma->vm_mm->mmap_lock must be held on entry.
 *
 * If our return value has VM_FAULT_RETRY set, it's because the mmap_lock
 * may be dropped before doing I/O or by lock_page_maybe_drop_mmap().
 *
 * If our return value does not have VM_FAULT_RETRY set, the mmap_lock
 * has not been released.
 *
 * We never return with VM_FAULT_RETRY and a bit from VM_FAULT_ERROR set.
 *
 * Return: bitwise-OR of %VM_FAULT_ codes.
 */
vm_fault_t filemap_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        int error;
        struct file *file = vmf->vma->vm_file;
        struct file *fpin = NULL;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
        pgoff_t offset = vmf->pgoff;
        pgoff_t max_off;
        struct page *page;
        vm_fault_t ret = 0;
        bool mapping_locked = false;

        max_off = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(inode), PAGE_SIZE);
        if (unlikely(offset >= max_off))
                return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

        /*
         * Do we have something in the page cache already?
         */
        page = find_get_page(mapping, offset);
        if (likely(page)) {
                /*
                 * We found the page, so try async readahead before waiting for
                 * the lock.
                 */
                if (!(vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_TRIED))
                        fpin = do_async_mmap_readahead(vmf, page);
                if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page))) {
                        filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
                        mapping_locked = true;
                }
        } else {
                /* No page in the page cache at all */
                count_vm_event(PGMAJFAULT);
                count_memcg_event_mm(vmf->vma->vm_mm, PGMAJFAULT);
                ret = VM_FAULT_MAJOR;
                fpin = do_sync_mmap_readahead(vmf);
retry_find:
                /*
                 * See comment in filemap_create_page() why we need
                 * invalidate_lock
                 */
                if (!mapping_locked) {
                        filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
                        mapping_locked = true;
                }
                page = pagecache_get_page(mapping, offset,
                                          FGP_CREAT|FGP_FOR_MMAP,
                                          vmf->gfp_mask);
                if (!page) {
                        if (fpin)
                                goto out_retry;
                        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
                        return VM_FAULT_OOM;
                }
        }

        if (!lock_page_maybe_drop_mmap(vmf, page, &fpin))
                goto out_retry;

        /* Did it get truncated? */
        if (unlikely(compound_head(page)->mapping != mapping)) {
                unlock_page(page);
                put_page(page);
                goto retry_find;
        }
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_to_pgoff(page) != offset, page);

        /*
         * We have a locked page in the page cache, now we need to check
         * that it's up-to-date. If not, it is going to be due to an error.
         */
        if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page))) {
                /*
                 * The page was in cache and uptodate and now it is not.
                 * Strange but possible since we didn't hold the page lock all
                 * the time. Let's drop everything get the invalidate lock and
                 * try again.
                 */
                if (!mapping_locked) {
                        unlock_page(page);
                        put_page(page);
                        goto retry_find;
                }
                goto page_not_uptodate;
        }

        /*
         * We've made it this far and we had to drop our mmap_lock, now is the
         * time to return to the upper layer and have it re-find the vma and
         * redo the fault.
         */
        if (fpin) {
                unlock_page(page);
                goto out_retry;
        }
        if (mapping_locked)
                filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);

        /*
         * Found the page and have a reference on it.
         * We must recheck i_size under page lock.
         */
        max_off = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(inode), PAGE_SIZE);
        if (unlikely(offset >= max_off)) {
                unlock_page(page);
                put_page(page);
                return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
        }

        vmf->page = page;
        return ret | VM_FAULT_LOCKED;

page_not_uptodate:
        /*
         * Umm, take care of errors if the page isn't up-to-date.
         * Try to re-read it _once_. We do this synchronously,
         * because there really aren't any performance issues here
         * and we need to check for errors.
         */
        fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
        error = filemap_read_page(file, mapping, page);
        if (fpin)
                goto out_retry;
        put_page(page);

        if (!error || error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                goto retry_find;
        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);

        return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

out_retry:
        /*
         * We dropped the mmap_lock, we need to return to the fault handler to
         * re-find the vma and come back and find our hopefully still populated
         * page.
         */
        if (page)
                put_page(page);
        if (mapping_locked)
                filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        if (fpin)
                fput(fpin);
        return ret | VM_FAULT_RETRY;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fault);

static bool filemap_map_pmd(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct page *page)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vmf->vma->vm_mm;

        /* Huge page is mapped? No need to proceed. */
        if (pmd_trans_huge(*vmf->pmd)) {
                unlock_page(page);
                put_page(page);
                return true;
        }

        if (pmd_none(*vmf->pmd) && PageTransHuge(page)) {
            vm_fault_t ret = do_set_pmd(vmf, page);
            if (!ret) {
                    /* The page is mapped successfully, reference consumed. */
                    unlock_page(page);
                    return true;
            }
        }

        if (pmd_none(*vmf->pmd)) {
                vmf->ptl = pmd_lock(mm, vmf->pmd);
                if (likely(pmd_none(*vmf->pmd))) {
                        mm_inc_nr_ptes(mm);
                        pmd_populate(mm, vmf->pmd, vmf->prealloc_pte);
                        vmf->prealloc_pte = NULL;
                }
                spin_unlock(vmf->ptl);
        }

        /* See comment in handle_pte_fault() */
        if (pmd_devmap_trans_unstable(vmf->pmd)) {
                unlock_page(page);
                put_page(page);
                return true;
        }

        return false;
}

static struct page *next_uptodate_page(struct page *page,
                                       struct address_space *mapping,
                                       struct xa_state *xas, pgoff_t end_pgoff)
{
        unsigned long max_idx;

        do {
                if (!page)
                        return NULL;
                if (xas_retry(xas, page))
                        continue;
                if (xa_is_value(page))
                        continue;
                if (PageLocked(page))
                        continue;
                if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
                        continue;
                /* Has the page moved or been split? */
                if (unlikely(page != xas_reload(xas)))
                        goto skip;
                if (!PageUptodate(page) || PageReadahead(page))
                        goto skip;
                if (PageHWPoison(page))
                        goto skip;
                if (!trylock_page(page))
                        goto skip;
                if (page->mapping != mapping)
                        goto unlock;
                if (!PageUptodate(page))
                        goto unlock;
                max_idx = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(mapping->host), PAGE_SIZE);
                if (xas->xa_index >= max_idx)
                        goto unlock;
                return page;
unlock:
                unlock_page(page);
skip:
                put_page(page);
        } while ((page = xas_next_entry(xas, end_pgoff)) != NULL);

        return NULL;
}

static inline struct page *first_map_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                                          struct xa_state *xas,
                                          pgoff_t end_pgoff)
{
        return next_uptodate_page(xas_find(xas, end_pgoff),
                                  mapping, xas, end_pgoff);
}

static inline struct page *next_map_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                                         struct xa_state *xas,
                                         pgoff_t end_pgoff)
{
        return next_uptodate_page(xas_next_entry(xas, end_pgoff),
                                  mapping, xas, end_pgoff);
}

vm_fault_t filemap_map_pages(struct vm_fault *vmf,
                             pgoff_t start_pgoff, pgoff_t end_pgoff)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
        struct file *file = vma->vm_file;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        pgoff_t last_pgoff = start_pgoff;
        unsigned long addr;
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start_pgoff);
        struct page *head, *page;
        unsigned int mmap_miss = READ_ONCE(file->f_ra.mmap_miss);
        vm_fault_t ret = 0;

        rcu_read_lock();
        head = first_map_page(mapping, &xas, end_pgoff);
        if (!head)
                goto out;

        if (filemap_map_pmd(vmf, head)) {
                ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
                goto out;
        }

        addr = vma->vm_start + ((start_pgoff - vma->vm_pgoff) << PAGE_SHIFT);
        vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd, addr, &vmf->ptl);
        do {
                page = find_subpage(head, xas.xa_index);
                if (PageHWPoison(page))
                        goto unlock;

                if (mmap_miss > 0)
                        mmap_miss--;

                addr += (xas.xa_index - last_pgoff) << PAGE_SHIFT;
                vmf->pte += xas.xa_index - last_pgoff;
                last_pgoff = xas.xa_index;

                if (!pte_none(*vmf->pte))
                        goto unlock;

                /* We're about to handle the fault */
                if (vmf->address == addr)
                        ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;

                do_set_pte(vmf, page, addr);
                /* no need to invalidate: a not-present page won't be cached */
                update_mmu_cache(vma, addr, vmf->pte);
                unlock_page(head);
                continue;
unlock:
                unlock_page(head);
                put_page(head);
        } while ((head = next_map_page(mapping, &xas, end_pgoff)) != NULL);
        pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();
        WRITE_ONCE(file->f_ra.mmap_miss, mmap_miss);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_map_pages);

vm_fault_t filemap_page_mkwrite(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = vmf->vma->vm_file->f_mapping;
        struct page *page = vmf->page;
        vm_fault_t ret = VM_FAULT_LOCKED;

        sb_start_pagefault(mapping->host->i_sb);
        file_update_time(vmf->vma->vm_file);
        lock_page(page);
        if (page->mapping != mapping) {
                unlock_page(page);
                ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
                goto out;
        }
        /*
         * We mark the page dirty already here so that when freeze is in
         * progress, we are guaranteed that writeback during freezing will
         * see the dirty page and writeprotect it again.
         */
        set_page_dirty(page);
        wait_for_stable_page(page);
out:
        sb_end_pagefault(mapping->host->i_sb);
        return ret;
}

const struct vm_operations_struct generic_file_vm_ops = {
        .fault          = filemap_fault,
        .map_pages      = filemap_map_pages,
        .page_mkwrite   = filemap_page_mkwrite,
};

/* This is used for a general mmap of a disk file */

int generic_file_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        if (!mapping->a_ops->readpage)
                return -ENOEXEC;
        file_accessed(file);
        vma->vm_ops = &generic_file_vm_ops;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This is for filesystems which do not implement ->writepage.
 */
int generic_file_readonly_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED) && (vma->vm_flags & VM_MAYWRITE))
                return -EINVAL;
        return generic_file_mmap(file, vma);
}
#else
vm_fault_t filemap_page_mkwrite(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
}
int generic_file_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        return -ENOSYS;
}
int generic_file_readonly_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        return -ENOSYS;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MMU */

EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_page_mkwrite);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_mmap);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_readonly_mmap);

static struct page *wait_on_page_read(struct page *page)
{
        if (!IS_ERR(page)) {
                wait_on_page_locked(page);
                if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
                        put_page(page);
                        page = ERR_PTR(-EIO);
                }
        }
        return page;
}

static struct page *do_read_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t index,
                                int (*filler)(void *, struct page *),
                                void *data,
                                gfp_t gfp)
{
        struct page *page;
        int err;
repeat:
        page = find_get_page(mapping, index);
        if (!page) {
                page = __page_cache_alloc(gfp);
                if (!page)
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                err = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping, index, gfp);
                if (unlikely(err)) {
                        put_page(page);
                        if (err == -EEXIST)
                                goto repeat;
                        /* Presumably ENOMEM for xarray node */
                        return ERR_PTR(err);
                }

filler:
                if (filler)
                        err = filler(data, page);
                else
                        err = mapping->a_ops->readpage(data, page);

                if (err < 0) {
                        put_page(page);
                        return ERR_PTR(err);
                }

                page = wait_on_page_read(page);
                if (IS_ERR(page))
                        return page;
                goto out;
        }
        if (PageUptodate(page))
                goto out;

        /*
         * Page is not up to date and may be locked due to one of the following
         * case a: Page is being filled and the page lock is held
         * case b: Read/write error clearing the page uptodate status
         * case c: Truncation in progress (page locked)
         * case d: Reclaim in progress
         *
         * Case a, the page will be up to date when the page is unlocked.
         *    There is no need to serialise on the page lock here as the page
         *    is pinned so the lock gives no additional protection. Even if the
         *    page is truncated, the data is still valid if PageUptodate as
         *    it's a race vs truncate race.
         * Case b, the page will not be up to date
         * Case c, the page may be truncated but in itself, the data may still
         *    be valid after IO completes as it's a read vs truncate race. The
         *    operation must restart if the page is not uptodate on unlock but
         *    otherwise serialising on page lock to stabilise the mapping gives
         *    no additional guarantees to the caller as the page lock is
         *    released before return.
         * Case d, similar to truncation. If reclaim holds the page lock, it
         *    will be a race with remove_mapping that determines if the mapping
         *    is valid on unlock but otherwise the data is valid and there is
         *    no need to serialise with page lock.
         *
         * As the page lock gives no additional guarantee, we optimistically
         * wait on the page to be unlocked and check if it's up to date and
         * use the page if it is. Otherwise, the page lock is required to
         * distinguish between the different cases. The motivation is that we
         * avoid spurious serialisations and wakeups when multiple processes
         * wait on the same page for IO to complete.
         */
        wait_on_page_locked(page);
        if (PageUptodate(page))
                goto out;

        /* Distinguish between all the cases under the safety of the lock */
        lock_page(page);

        /* Case c or d, restart the operation */
        if (!page->mapping) {
                unlock_page(page);
                put_page(page);
                goto repeat;
        }

        /* Someone else locked and filled the page in a very small window */
        if (PageUptodate(page)) {
                unlock_page(page);
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * A previous I/O error may have been due to temporary
         * failures.
         * Clear page error before actual read, PG_error will be
         * set again if read page fails.
         */
        ClearPageError(page);
        goto filler;

out:
        mark_page_accessed(page);
        return page;
}

/**
 * read_cache_page - read into page cache, fill it if needed
 * @mapping:    the page's address_space
 * @index:      the page index
 * @filler:     function to perform the read
 * @data:       first arg to filler(data, page) function, often left as NULL
 *
 * Read into the page cache. If a page already exists, and PageUptodate() is
 * not set, try to fill the page and wait for it to become unlocked.
 *
 * If the page does not get brought uptodate, return -EIO.
 *
 * The function expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be already held.
 *
 * Return: up to date page on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
 */
struct page *read_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t index,
                                int (*filler)(void *, struct page *),
                                void *data)
{
        return do_read_cache_page(mapping, index, filler, data,
                        mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_cache_page);

/**
 * read_cache_page_gfp - read into page cache, using specified page allocation flags.
 * @mapping:    the page's address_space
 * @index:      the page index
 * @gfp:        the page allocator flags to use if allocating
 *
 * This is the same as "read_mapping_page(mapping, index, NULL)", but with
 * any new page allocations done using the specified allocation flags.
 *
 * If the page does not get brought uptodate, return -EIO.
 *
 * The function expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be already held.
 *
 * Return: up to date page on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
 */
struct page *read_cache_page_gfp(struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t index,
                                gfp_t gfp)
{
        return do_read_cache_page(mapping, index, NULL, NULL, gfp);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_cache_page_gfp);

int pagecache_write_begin(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                                loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
                                struct page **pagep, void **fsdata)
{
        const struct address_space_operations *aops = mapping->a_ops;

        return aops->write_begin(file, mapping, pos, len, flags,
                                                        pagep, fsdata);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagecache_write_begin);

int pagecache_write_end(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                                loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
                                struct page *page, void *fsdata)
{
        const struct address_space_operations *aops = mapping->a_ops;

        return aops->write_end(file, mapping, pos, len, copied, page, fsdata);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagecache_write_end);

/*
 * Warn about a page cache invalidation failure during a direct I/O write.
 */
void dio_warn_stale_pagecache(struct file *filp)
{
        static DEFINE_RATELIMIT_STATE(_rs, 86400 * HZ, DEFAULT_RATELIMIT_BURST);
        char pathname[128];
        char *path;

        errseq_set(&filp->f_mapping->wb_err, -EIO);
        if (__ratelimit(&_rs)) {
                path = file_path(filp, pathname, sizeof(pathname));
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        path = "(unknown)";
                pr_crit("Page cache invalidation failure on direct I/O.  Possible data corruption due to collision with buffered I/O!\n");
                pr_crit("File: %s PID: %d Comm: %.20s\n", path, current->pid,
                        current->comm);
        }
}

ssize_t
generic_file_direct_write(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file     *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        struct inode    *inode = mapping->host;
        loff_t          pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        ssize_t         written;
        size_t          write_len;
        pgoff_t         end;

        write_len = iov_iter_count(from);
        end = (pos + write_len - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                /* If there are pages to writeback, return */
                if (filemap_range_has_page(file->f_mapping, pos,
                                           pos + write_len - 1))
                        return -EAGAIN;
        } else {
                written = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, pos,
                                                        pos + write_len - 1);
                if (written)
                        goto out;
        }

        /*
         * After a write we want buffered reads to be sure to go to disk to get
         * the new data.  We invalidate clean cached page from the region we're
         * about to write.  We do this *before* the write so that we can return
         * without clobbering -EIOCBQUEUED from ->direct_IO().
         */
        written = invalidate_inode_pages2_range(mapping,
                                        pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, end);
        /*
         * If a page can not be invalidated, return 0 to fall back
         * to buffered write.
         */
        if (written) {
                if (written == -EBUSY)
                        return 0;
                goto out;
        }

        written = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(iocb, from);

        /*
         * Finally, try again to invalidate clean pages which might have been
         * cached by non-direct readahead, or faulted in by get_user_pages()
         * if the source of the write was an mmap'ed region of the file
         * we're writing.  Either one is a pretty crazy thing to do,
         * so we don't support it 100%.  If this invalidation
         * fails, tough, the write still worked...
         *
         * Most of the time we do not need this since dio_complete() will do
         * the invalidation for us. However there are some file systems that
         * do not end up with dio_complete() being called, so let's not break
         * them by removing it completely.
         *
         * Noticeable example is a blkdev_direct_IO().
         *
         * Skip invalidation for async writes or if mapping has no pages.
         */
        if (written > 0 && mapping->nrpages &&
            invalidate_inode_pages2_range(mapping, pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, end))
                dio_warn_stale_pagecache(file);

        if (written > 0) {
                pos += written;
                write_len -= written;
                if (pos > i_size_read(inode) && !S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) {
                        i_size_write(inode, pos);
                        mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                }
                iocb->ki_pos = pos;
        }
        if (written != -EIOCBQUEUED)
                iov_iter_revert(from, write_len - iov_iter_count(from));
out:
        return written;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_direct_write);

/*
 * Find or create a page at the given pagecache position. Return the locked
 * page. This function is specifically for buffered writes.
 */
struct page *grab_cache_page_write_begin(struct address_space *mapping,
                                        pgoff_t index, unsigned flags)
{
        struct page *page;
        int fgp_flags = FGP_LOCK|FGP_WRITE|FGP_CREAT;

        if (flags & AOP_FLAG_NOFS)
                fgp_flags |= FGP_NOFS;

        page = pagecache_get_page(mapping, index, fgp_flags,
                        mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
        if (page)
                wait_for_stable_page(page);

        return page;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(grab_cache_page_write_begin);

ssize_t generic_perform_write(struct file *file,
                                struct iov_iter *i, loff_t pos)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        const struct address_space_operations *a_ops = mapping->a_ops;
        long status = 0;
        ssize_t written = 0;
        unsigned int flags = 0;

        do {
                struct page *page;
                unsigned long offset;   /* Offset into pagecache page */
                unsigned long bytes;    /* Bytes to write to page */
                size_t copied;          /* Bytes copied from user */
                void *fsdata;

                offset = (pos & (PAGE_SIZE - 1));
                bytes = min_t(unsigned long, PAGE_SIZE - offset,
                                                iov_iter_count(i));

again:
                /*
                 * Bring in the user page that we will copy from _first_.
                 * Otherwise there's a nasty deadlock on copying from the
                 * same page as we're writing to, without it being marked
                 * up-to-date.
                 */
                if (unlikely(iov_iter_fault_in_readable(i, bytes))) {
                        status = -EFAULT;
                        break;
                }

                if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
                        status = -EINTR;
                        break;
                }

                status = a_ops->write_begin(file, mapping, pos, bytes, flags,
                                                &page, &fsdata);
                if (unlikely(status < 0))
                        break;

                if (mapping_writably_mapped(mapping))
                        flush_dcache_page(page);

                copied = copy_page_from_iter_atomic(page, offset, bytes, i);
                flush_dcache_page(page);

                status = a_ops->write_end(file, mapping, pos, bytes, copied,
                                                page, fsdata);
                if (unlikely(status != copied)) {
                        iov_iter_revert(i, copied - max(status, 0L));
                        if (unlikely(status < 0))
                                break;
                }
                cond_resched();

                if (unlikely(status == 0)) {
                        /*
                         * A short copy made ->write_end() reject the
                         * thing entirely.  Might be memory poisoning
                         * halfway through, might be a race with munmap,
                         * might be severe memory pressure.
                         */
                        if (copied)
                                bytes = copied;
                        goto again;
                }
                pos += status;
                written += status;

                balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
        } while (iov_iter_count(i));

        return written ? written : status;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_perform_write);

/**
 * __generic_file_write_iter - write data to a file
 * @iocb:       IO state structure (file, offset, etc.)
 * @from:       iov_iter with data to write
 *
 * This function does all the work needed for actually writing data to a
 * file. It does all basic checks, removes SUID from the file, updates
 * modification times and calls proper subroutines depending on whether we
 * do direct IO or a standard buffered write.
 *
 * It expects i_rwsem to be grabbed unless we work on a block device or similar
 * object which does not need locking at all.
 *
 * This function does *not* take care of syncing data in case of O_SYNC write.
 * A caller has to handle it. This is mainly due to the fact that we want to
 * avoid syncing under i_rwsem.
 *
 * Return:
 * * number of bytes written, even for truncated writes
 * * negative error code if no data has been written at all
 */
ssize_t __generic_file_write_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        struct inode    *inode = mapping->host;
        ssize_t         written = 0;
        ssize_t         err;
        ssize_t         status;

        /* We can write back this queue in page reclaim */
        current->backing_dev_info = inode_to_bdi(inode);
        err = file_remove_privs(file);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        err = file_update_time(file);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DIRECT) {
                loff_t pos, endbyte;

                written = generic_file_direct_write(iocb, from);
                /*
                 * If the write stopped short of completing, fall back to
                 * buffered writes.  Some filesystems do this for writes to
                 * holes, for example.  For DAX files, a buffered write will
                 * not succeed (even if it did, DAX does not handle dirty
                 * page-cache pages correctly).
                 */
                if (written < 0 || !iov_iter_count(from) || IS_DAX(inode))
                        goto out;

                status = generic_perform_write(file, from, pos = iocb->ki_pos);
                /*
                 * If generic_perform_write() returned a synchronous error
                 * then we want to return the number of bytes which were
                 * direct-written, or the error code if that was zero.  Note
                 * that this differs from normal direct-io semantics, which
                 * will return -EFOO even if some bytes were written.
                 */
                if (unlikely(status < 0)) {
                        err = status;
                        goto out;
                }
                /*
                 * We need to ensure that the page cache pages are written to
                 * disk and invalidated to preserve the expected O_DIRECT
                 * semantics.
                 */
                endbyte = pos + status - 1;
                err = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, pos, endbyte);
                if (err == 0) {
                        iocb->ki_pos = endbyte + 1;
                        written += status;
                        invalidate_mapping_pages(mapping,
                                                 pos >> PAGE_SHIFT,
                                                 endbyte >> PAGE_SHIFT);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * We don't know how much we wrote, so just return
                         * the number of bytes which were direct-written
                         */
                }
        } else {
                written = generic_perform_write(file, from, iocb->ki_pos);
                if (likely(written > 0))
                        iocb->ki_pos += written;
        }
out:
        current->backing_dev_info = NULL;
        return written ? written : err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__generic_file_write_iter);

/**
 * generic_file_write_iter - write data to a file
 * @iocb:       IO state structure
 * @from:       iov_iter with data to write
 *
 * This is a wrapper around __generic_file_write_iter() to be used by most
 * filesystems. It takes care of syncing the file in case of O_SYNC file
 * and acquires i_rwsem as needed.
 * Return:
 * * negative error code if no data has been written at all of
 *   vfs_fsync_range() failed for a synchronous write
 * * number of bytes written, even for truncated writes
 */
ssize_t generic_file_write_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host;
        ssize_t ret;

        inode_lock(inode);
        ret = generic_write_checks(iocb, from);
        if (ret > 0)
                ret = __generic_file_write_iter(iocb, from);
        inode_unlock(inode);

        if (ret > 0)
                ret = generic_write_sync(iocb, ret);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_write_iter);

/**
 * try_to_release_page() - release old fs-specific metadata on a page
 *
 * @page: the page which the kernel is trying to free
 * @gfp_mask: memory allocation flags (and I/O mode)
 *
 * The address_space is to try to release any data against the page
 * (presumably at page->private).
 *
 * This may also be called if PG_fscache is set on a page, indicating that the
 * page is known to the local caching routines.
 *
 * The @gfp_mask argument specifies whether I/O may be performed to release
 * this page (__GFP_IO), and whether the call may block (__GFP_RECLAIM & __GFP_FS).
 *
 * Return: %1 if the release was successful, otherwise return zero.
 */
int try_to_release_page(struct page *page, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
        struct address_space * const mapping = page->mapping;

        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        if (PageWriteback(page))
                return 0;

        if (mapping && mapping->a_ops->releasepage)
                return mapping->a_ops->releasepage(page, gfp_mask);
        return try_to_free_buffers(page);
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_to_release_page);