2 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
3 * Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Andi Kleen, SuSE Labs
4 * Copyright (C) 2011 Don Zickus Red Hat, Inc.
6 * Pentium III FXSR, SSE support
11 * Handle hardware traps and faults.
13 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
14 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
15 #include <linux/kdebug.h>
16 #include <linux/nmi.h>
17 #include <linux/debugfs.h>
18 #include <linux/delay.h>
19 #include <linux/hardirq.h>
20 #include <linux/slab.h>
21 #include <linux/export.h>
23 #if defined(CONFIG_EDAC)
24 #include <linux/edac.h>
27 #include <linux/atomic.h>
28 #include <asm/traps.h>
29 #include <asm/mach_traps.h>
31 #include <asm/x86_init.h>
33 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
34 #include <trace/events/nmi.h>
38 struct list_head head;
41 static struct nmi_desc nmi_desc[NMI_MAX] =
44 .lock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(&nmi_desc[0].lock),
45 .head = LIST_HEAD_INIT(nmi_desc[0].head),
48 .lock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(&nmi_desc[1].lock),
49 .head = LIST_HEAD_INIT(nmi_desc[1].head),
52 .lock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(&nmi_desc[2].lock),
53 .head = LIST_HEAD_INIT(nmi_desc[2].head),
56 .lock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(&nmi_desc[3].lock),
57 .head = LIST_HEAD_INIT(nmi_desc[3].head),
65 unsigned int external;
69 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct nmi_stats, nmi_stats);
71 static int ignore_nmis;
73 int unknown_nmi_panic;
75 * Prevent NMI reason port (0x61) being accessed simultaneously, can
76 * only be used in NMI handler.
78 static DEFINE_RAW_SPINLOCK(nmi_reason_lock);
80 static int __init setup_unknown_nmi_panic(char *str)
82 unknown_nmi_panic = 1;
85 __setup("unknown_nmi_panic", setup_unknown_nmi_panic);
87 #define nmi_to_desc(type) (&nmi_desc[type])
89 static u64 nmi_longest_ns = 1 * NSEC_PER_MSEC;
91 static int __init nmi_warning_debugfs(void)
93 debugfs_create_u64("nmi_longest_ns", 0644,
94 arch_debugfs_dir, &nmi_longest_ns);
97 fs_initcall(nmi_warning_debugfs);
99 static void nmi_max_handler(struct irq_work *w)
101 struct nmiaction *a = container_of(w, struct nmiaction, irq_work);
102 int remainder_ns, decimal_msecs;
103 u64 whole_msecs = ACCESS_ONCE(a->max_duration);
105 remainder_ns = do_div(whole_msecs, (1000 * 1000));
106 decimal_msecs = remainder_ns / 1000;
108 printk_ratelimited(KERN_INFO
109 "INFO: NMI handler (%ps) took too long to run: %lld.%03d msecs\n",
110 a->handler, whole_msecs, decimal_msecs);
113 static int __kprobes nmi_handle(unsigned int type, struct pt_regs *regs, bool b2b)
115 struct nmi_desc *desc = nmi_to_desc(type);
122 * NMIs are edge-triggered, which means if you have enough
123 * of them concurrently, you can lose some because only one
124 * can be latched at any given time. Walk the whole list
125 * to handle those situations.
127 list_for_each_entry_rcu(a, &desc->head, list) {
131 delta = sched_clock();
132 thishandled = a->handler(type, regs);
133 handled += thishandled;
134 delta = sched_clock() - delta;
135 trace_nmi_handler(a->handler, (int)delta, thishandled);
137 if (delta < nmi_longest_ns || delta < a->max_duration)
140 a->max_duration = delta;
141 irq_work_queue(&a->irq_work);
146 /* return total number of NMI events handled */
150 int __register_nmi_handler(unsigned int type, struct nmiaction *action)
152 struct nmi_desc *desc = nmi_to_desc(type);
155 if (!action->handler)
158 init_irq_work(&action->irq_work, nmi_max_handler);
160 spin_lock_irqsave(&desc->lock, flags);
163 * most handlers of type NMI_UNKNOWN never return because
164 * they just assume the NMI is theirs. Just a sanity check
165 * to manage expectations
167 WARN_ON_ONCE(type == NMI_UNKNOWN && !list_empty(&desc->head));
168 WARN_ON_ONCE(type == NMI_SERR && !list_empty(&desc->head));
169 WARN_ON_ONCE(type == NMI_IO_CHECK && !list_empty(&desc->head));
172 * some handlers need to be executed first otherwise a fake
173 * event confuses some handlers (kdump uses this flag)
175 if (action->flags & NMI_FLAG_FIRST)
176 list_add_rcu(&action->list, &desc->head);
178 list_add_tail_rcu(&action->list, &desc->head);
180 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&desc->lock, flags);
183 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__register_nmi_handler);
185 void unregister_nmi_handler(unsigned int type, const char *name)
187 struct nmi_desc *desc = nmi_to_desc(type);
191 spin_lock_irqsave(&desc->lock, flags);
193 list_for_each_entry_rcu(n, &desc->head, list) {
195 * the name passed in to describe the nmi handler
196 * is used as the lookup key
198 if (!strcmp(n->name, name)) {
200 "Trying to free NMI (%s) from NMI context!\n", n->name);
201 list_del_rcu(&n->list);
206 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&desc->lock, flags);
209 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_nmi_handler);
211 static __kprobes void
212 pci_serr_error(unsigned char reason, struct pt_regs *regs)
214 /* check to see if anyone registered against these types of errors */
215 if (nmi_handle(NMI_SERR, regs, false))
218 pr_emerg("NMI: PCI system error (SERR) for reason %02x on CPU %d.\n",
219 reason, smp_processor_id());
222 * On some machines, PCI SERR line is used to report memory
223 * errors. EDAC makes use of it.
225 #if defined(CONFIG_EDAC)
226 if (edac_handler_set()) {
227 edac_atomic_assert_error();
232 if (panic_on_unrecovered_nmi)
233 panic("NMI: Not continuing");
235 pr_emerg("Dazed and confused, but trying to continue\n");
237 /* Clear and disable the PCI SERR error line. */
238 reason = (reason & NMI_REASON_CLEAR_MASK) | NMI_REASON_CLEAR_SERR;
239 outb(reason, NMI_REASON_PORT);
242 static __kprobes void
243 io_check_error(unsigned char reason, struct pt_regs *regs)
247 /* check to see if anyone registered against these types of errors */
248 if (nmi_handle(NMI_IO_CHECK, regs, false))
252 "NMI: IOCK error (debug interrupt?) for reason %02x on CPU %d.\n",
253 reason, smp_processor_id());
257 panic("NMI IOCK error: Not continuing");
259 /* Re-enable the IOCK line, wait for a few seconds */
260 reason = (reason & NMI_REASON_CLEAR_MASK) | NMI_REASON_CLEAR_IOCHK;
261 outb(reason, NMI_REASON_PORT);
265 touch_nmi_watchdog();
269 reason &= ~NMI_REASON_CLEAR_IOCHK;
270 outb(reason, NMI_REASON_PORT);
273 static __kprobes void
274 unknown_nmi_error(unsigned char reason, struct pt_regs *regs)
279 * Use 'false' as back-to-back NMIs are dealt with one level up.
280 * Of course this makes having multiple 'unknown' handlers useless
281 * as only the first one is ever run (unless it can actually determine
282 * if it caused the NMI)
284 handled = nmi_handle(NMI_UNKNOWN, regs, false);
286 __this_cpu_add(nmi_stats.unknown, handled);
290 __this_cpu_add(nmi_stats.unknown, 1);
292 pr_emerg("Uhhuh. NMI received for unknown reason %02x on CPU %d.\n",
293 reason, smp_processor_id());
295 pr_emerg("Do you have a strange power saving mode enabled?\n");
296 if (unknown_nmi_panic || panic_on_unrecovered_nmi)
297 panic("NMI: Not continuing");
299 pr_emerg("Dazed and confused, but trying to continue\n");
302 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(bool, swallow_nmi);
303 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, last_nmi_rip);
305 static __kprobes void default_do_nmi(struct pt_regs *regs)
307 unsigned char reason = 0;
312 * CPU-specific NMI must be processed before non-CPU-specific
313 * NMI, otherwise we may lose it, because the CPU-specific
314 * NMI can not be detected/processed on other CPUs.
318 * Back-to-back NMIs are interesting because they can either
319 * be two NMI or more than two NMIs (any thing over two is dropped
320 * due to NMI being edge-triggered). If this is the second half
321 * of the back-to-back NMI, assume we dropped things and process
322 * more handlers. Otherwise reset the 'swallow' NMI behaviour
324 if (regs->ip == __this_cpu_read(last_nmi_rip))
327 __this_cpu_write(swallow_nmi, false);
329 __this_cpu_write(last_nmi_rip, regs->ip);
331 handled = nmi_handle(NMI_LOCAL, regs, b2b);
332 __this_cpu_add(nmi_stats.normal, handled);
335 * There are cases when a NMI handler handles multiple
336 * events in the current NMI. One of these events may
337 * be queued for in the next NMI. Because the event is
338 * already handled, the next NMI will result in an unknown
339 * NMI. Instead lets flag this for a potential NMI to
343 __this_cpu_write(swallow_nmi, true);
347 /* Non-CPU-specific NMI: NMI sources can be processed on any CPU */
348 raw_spin_lock(&nmi_reason_lock);
349 reason = x86_platform.get_nmi_reason();
351 if (reason & NMI_REASON_MASK) {
352 if (reason & NMI_REASON_SERR)
353 pci_serr_error(reason, regs);
354 else if (reason & NMI_REASON_IOCHK)
355 io_check_error(reason, regs);
358 * Reassert NMI in case it became active
359 * meanwhile as it's edge-triggered:
363 __this_cpu_add(nmi_stats.external, 1);
364 raw_spin_unlock(&nmi_reason_lock);
367 raw_spin_unlock(&nmi_reason_lock);
370 * Only one NMI can be latched at a time. To handle
371 * this we may process multiple nmi handlers at once to
372 * cover the case where an NMI is dropped. The downside
373 * to this approach is we may process an NMI prematurely,
374 * while its real NMI is sitting latched. This will cause
375 * an unknown NMI on the next run of the NMI processing.
377 * We tried to flag that condition above, by setting the
378 * swallow_nmi flag when we process more than one event.
379 * This condition is also only present on the second half
380 * of a back-to-back NMI, so we flag that condition too.
382 * If both are true, we assume we already processed this
383 * NMI previously and we swallow it. Otherwise we reset
386 * There are scenarios where we may accidentally swallow
387 * a 'real' unknown NMI. For example, while processing
388 * a perf NMI another perf NMI comes in along with a
389 * 'real' unknown NMI. These two NMIs get combined into
390 * one (as descibed above). When the next NMI gets
391 * processed, it will be flagged by perf as handled, but
392 * noone will know that there was a 'real' unknown NMI sent
393 * also. As a result it gets swallowed. Or if the first
394 * perf NMI returns two events handled then the second
395 * NMI will get eaten by the logic below, again losing a
396 * 'real' unknown NMI. But this is the best we can do
399 if (b2b && __this_cpu_read(swallow_nmi))
400 __this_cpu_add(nmi_stats.swallow, 1);
402 unknown_nmi_error(reason, regs);
406 * NMIs can hit breakpoints which will cause it to lose its
407 * NMI context with the CPU when the breakpoint does an iret.
411 * For i386, NMIs use the same stack as the kernel, and we can
412 * add a workaround to the iret problem in C (preventing nested
413 * NMIs if an NMI takes a trap). Simply have 3 states the NMI
420 * When no NMI is in progress, it is in the "not running" state.
421 * When an NMI comes in, it goes into the "executing" state.
422 * Normally, if another NMI is triggered, it does not interrupt
423 * the running NMI and the HW will simply latch it so that when
424 * the first NMI finishes, it will restart the second NMI.
425 * (Note, the latch is binary, thus multiple NMIs triggering,
426 * when one is running, are ignored. Only one NMI is restarted.)
428 * If an NMI hits a breakpoint that executes an iret, another
429 * NMI can preempt it. We do not want to allow this new NMI
430 * to run, but we want to execute it when the first one finishes.
431 * We set the state to "latched", and the exit of the first NMI will
432 * perform a dec_return, if the result is zero (NOT_RUNNING), then
433 * it will simply exit the NMI handler. If not, the dec_return
434 * would have set the state to NMI_EXECUTING (what we want it to
435 * be when we are running). In this case, we simply jump back
436 * to rerun the NMI handler again, and restart the 'latched' NMI.
438 * No trap (breakpoint or page fault) should be hit before nmi_restart,
439 * thus there is no race between the first check of state for NOT_RUNNING
440 * and setting it to NMI_EXECUTING. The HW will prevent nested NMIs
443 * In case the NMI takes a page fault, we need to save off the CR2
444 * because the NMI could have preempted another page fault and corrupt
445 * the CR2 that is about to be read. As nested NMIs must be restarted
446 * and they can not take breakpoints or page faults, the update of the
447 * CR2 must be done before converting the nmi state back to NOT_RUNNING.
448 * Otherwise, there would be a race of another nested NMI coming in
449 * after setting state to NOT_RUNNING but before updating the nmi_cr2.
456 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(enum nmi_states, nmi_state);
457 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, nmi_cr2);
459 #define nmi_nesting_preprocess(regs) \
461 if (this_cpu_read(nmi_state) != NMI_NOT_RUNNING) { \
462 this_cpu_write(nmi_state, NMI_LATCHED); \
465 this_cpu_write(nmi_state, NMI_EXECUTING); \
466 this_cpu_write(nmi_cr2, read_cr2()); \
470 #define nmi_nesting_postprocess() \
472 if (unlikely(this_cpu_read(nmi_cr2) != read_cr2())) \
473 write_cr2(this_cpu_read(nmi_cr2)); \
474 if (this_cpu_dec_return(nmi_state)) \
479 * In x86_64 things are a bit more difficult. This has the same problem
480 * where an NMI hitting a breakpoint that calls iret will remove the
481 * NMI context, allowing a nested NMI to enter. What makes this more
482 * difficult is that both NMIs and breakpoints have their own stack.
483 * When a new NMI or breakpoint is executed, the stack is set to a fixed
484 * point. If an NMI is nested, it will have its stack set at that same
485 * fixed address that the first NMI had, and will start corrupting the
486 * stack. This is handled in entry_64.S, but the same problem exists with
487 * the breakpoint stack.
489 * If a breakpoint is being processed, and the debug stack is being used,
490 * if an NMI comes in and also hits a breakpoint, the stack pointer
491 * will be set to the same fixed address as the breakpoint that was
492 * interrupted, causing that stack to be corrupted. To handle this case,
493 * check if the stack that was interrupted is the debug stack, and if
494 * so, change the IDT so that new breakpoints will use the current stack
495 * and not switch to the fixed address. On return of the NMI, switch back
496 * to the original IDT.
498 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, update_debug_stack);
500 static inline void nmi_nesting_preprocess(struct pt_regs *regs)
503 * If we interrupted a breakpoint, it is possible that
504 * the nmi handler will have breakpoints too. We need to
505 * change the IDT such that breakpoints that happen here
506 * continue to use the NMI stack.
508 if (unlikely(is_debug_stack(regs->sp))) {
509 debug_stack_set_zero();
510 this_cpu_write(update_debug_stack, 1);
514 static inline void nmi_nesting_postprocess(void)
516 if (unlikely(this_cpu_read(update_debug_stack))) {
518 this_cpu_write(update_debug_stack, 0);
523 dotraplinkage notrace __kprobes void
524 do_nmi(struct pt_regs *regs, long error_code)
526 nmi_nesting_preprocess(regs);
530 inc_irq_stat(__nmi_count);
533 default_do_nmi(regs);
537 /* On i386, may loop back to preprocess */
538 nmi_nesting_postprocess();
546 void restart_nmi(void)
551 /* reset the back-to-back NMI logic */
552 void local_touch_nmi(void)
554 __this_cpu_write(last_nmi_rip, 0);
556 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(local_touch_nmi);