2 * Copyright 2016 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
4 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
5 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
6 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
7 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
8 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
9 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
11 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
12 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
14 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
15 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
16 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
17 * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
18 * OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
19 * ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
20 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
22 * Authors: Christian König
25 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
26 #include <drm/ttm/ttm_range_manager.h>
29 #include "amdgpu_vm.h"
30 #include "amdgpu_res_cursor.h"
31 #include "amdgpu_atomfirmware.h"
34 struct amdgpu_vram_reservation {
37 struct list_head allocated;
38 struct list_head blocks;
41 static inline struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *
42 to_vram_mgr(struct ttm_resource_manager *man)
44 return container_of(man, struct amdgpu_vram_mgr, manager);
47 static inline struct amdgpu_device *
48 to_amdgpu_device(struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr)
50 return container_of(mgr, struct amdgpu_device, mman.vram_mgr);
54 * DOC: mem_info_vram_total
56 * The amdgpu driver provides a sysfs API for reporting current total VRAM
57 * available on the device
58 * The file mem_info_vram_total is used for this and returns the total
59 * amount of VRAM in bytes
61 static ssize_t amdgpu_mem_info_vram_total_show(struct device *dev,
62 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
64 struct drm_device *ddev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
65 struct amdgpu_device *adev = drm_to_adev(ddev);
67 return sysfs_emit(buf, "%llu\n", adev->gmc.real_vram_size);
71 * DOC: mem_info_vis_vram_total
73 * The amdgpu driver provides a sysfs API for reporting current total
74 * visible VRAM available on the device
75 * The file mem_info_vis_vram_total is used for this and returns the total
76 * amount of visible VRAM in bytes
78 static ssize_t amdgpu_mem_info_vis_vram_total_show(struct device *dev,
79 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
81 struct drm_device *ddev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
82 struct amdgpu_device *adev = drm_to_adev(ddev);
84 return sysfs_emit(buf, "%llu\n", adev->gmc.visible_vram_size);
88 * DOC: mem_info_vram_used
90 * The amdgpu driver provides a sysfs API for reporting current total VRAM
91 * available on the device
92 * The file mem_info_vram_used is used for this and returns the total
93 * amount of currently used VRAM in bytes
95 static ssize_t amdgpu_mem_info_vram_used_show(struct device *dev,
96 struct device_attribute *attr,
99 struct drm_device *ddev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
100 struct amdgpu_device *adev = drm_to_adev(ddev);
101 struct ttm_resource_manager *man = &adev->mman.vram_mgr.manager;
103 return sysfs_emit(buf, "%llu\n", ttm_resource_manager_usage(man));
107 * DOC: mem_info_vis_vram_used
109 * The amdgpu driver provides a sysfs API for reporting current total of
111 * The file mem_info_vis_vram_used is used for this and returns the total
112 * amount of currently used visible VRAM in bytes
114 static ssize_t amdgpu_mem_info_vis_vram_used_show(struct device *dev,
115 struct device_attribute *attr,
118 struct drm_device *ddev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
119 struct amdgpu_device *adev = drm_to_adev(ddev);
121 return sysfs_emit(buf, "%llu\n",
122 amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_usage(&adev->mman.vram_mgr));
126 * DOC: mem_info_vram_vendor
128 * The amdgpu driver provides a sysfs API for reporting the vendor of the
130 * The file mem_info_vram_vendor is used for this and returns the name of the
133 static ssize_t amdgpu_mem_info_vram_vendor(struct device *dev,
134 struct device_attribute *attr,
137 struct drm_device *ddev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
138 struct amdgpu_device *adev = drm_to_adev(ddev);
140 switch (adev->gmc.vram_vendor) {
142 return sysfs_emit(buf, "samsung\n");
144 return sysfs_emit(buf, "infineon\n");
146 return sysfs_emit(buf, "elpida\n");
148 return sysfs_emit(buf, "etron\n");
150 return sysfs_emit(buf, "nanya\n");
152 return sysfs_emit(buf, "hynix\n");
154 return sysfs_emit(buf, "mosel\n");
156 return sysfs_emit(buf, "winbond\n");
158 return sysfs_emit(buf, "esmt\n");
160 return sysfs_emit(buf, "micron\n");
162 return sysfs_emit(buf, "unknown\n");
166 static DEVICE_ATTR(mem_info_vram_total, S_IRUGO,
167 amdgpu_mem_info_vram_total_show, NULL);
168 static DEVICE_ATTR(mem_info_vis_vram_total, S_IRUGO,
169 amdgpu_mem_info_vis_vram_total_show,NULL);
170 static DEVICE_ATTR(mem_info_vram_used, S_IRUGO,
171 amdgpu_mem_info_vram_used_show, NULL);
172 static DEVICE_ATTR(mem_info_vis_vram_used, S_IRUGO,
173 amdgpu_mem_info_vis_vram_used_show, NULL);
174 static DEVICE_ATTR(mem_info_vram_vendor, S_IRUGO,
175 amdgpu_mem_info_vram_vendor, NULL);
177 static struct attribute *amdgpu_vram_mgr_attributes[] = {
178 &dev_attr_mem_info_vram_total.attr,
179 &dev_attr_mem_info_vis_vram_total.attr,
180 &dev_attr_mem_info_vram_used.attr,
181 &dev_attr_mem_info_vis_vram_used.attr,
182 &dev_attr_mem_info_vram_vendor.attr,
186 const struct attribute_group amdgpu_vram_mgr_attr_group = {
187 .attrs = amdgpu_vram_mgr_attributes
191 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_size - Calculate visible block size
193 * @adev: amdgpu_device pointer
194 * @block: DRM BUDDY block structure
196 * Calculate how many bytes of the DRM BUDDY block are inside visible VRAM
198 static u64 amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_size(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
199 struct drm_buddy_block *block)
201 u64 start = amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_start(block);
202 u64 end = start + amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_size(block);
204 if (start >= adev->gmc.visible_vram_size)
207 return (end > adev->gmc.visible_vram_size ?
208 adev->gmc.visible_vram_size : end) - start;
212 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_bo_visible_size - CPU visible BO size
214 * @bo: &amdgpu_bo buffer object (must be in VRAM)
217 * How much of the given &amdgpu_bo buffer object lies in CPU visible VRAM.
219 u64 amdgpu_vram_mgr_bo_visible_size(struct amdgpu_bo *bo)
221 struct amdgpu_device *adev = amdgpu_ttm_adev(bo->tbo.bdev);
222 struct ttm_resource *res = bo->tbo.resource;
223 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr_resource *vres = to_amdgpu_vram_mgr_resource(res);
224 struct drm_buddy_block *block;
227 if (amdgpu_gmc_vram_full_visible(&adev->gmc))
228 return amdgpu_bo_size(bo);
230 if (res->start >= adev->gmc.visible_vram_size >> PAGE_SHIFT)
233 list_for_each_entry(block, &vres->blocks, link)
234 usage += amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_size(adev, block);
239 /* Commit the reservation of VRAM pages */
240 static void amdgpu_vram_mgr_do_reserve(struct ttm_resource_manager *man)
242 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr = to_vram_mgr(man);
243 struct amdgpu_device *adev = to_amdgpu_device(mgr);
244 struct drm_buddy *mm = &mgr->mm;
245 struct amdgpu_vram_reservation *rsv, *temp;
246 struct drm_buddy_block *block;
249 list_for_each_entry_safe(rsv, temp, &mgr->reservations_pending, blocks) {
250 if (drm_buddy_alloc_blocks(mm, rsv->start, rsv->start + rsv->size,
251 rsv->size, mm->chunk_size, &rsv->allocated,
252 DRM_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION))
255 block = amdgpu_vram_mgr_first_block(&rsv->allocated);
259 dev_dbg(adev->dev, "Reservation 0x%llx - %lld, Succeeded\n",
260 rsv->start, rsv->size);
262 vis_usage = amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_size(adev, block);
263 atomic64_add(vis_usage, &mgr->vis_usage);
264 spin_lock(&man->bdev->lru_lock);
265 man->usage += rsv->size;
266 spin_unlock(&man->bdev->lru_lock);
267 list_move(&rsv->blocks, &mgr->reserved_pages);
272 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_reserve_range - Reserve a range from VRAM
274 * @mgr: amdgpu_vram_mgr pointer
275 * @start: start address of the range in VRAM
276 * @size: size of the range
278 * Reserve memory from start address with the specified size in VRAM
280 int amdgpu_vram_mgr_reserve_range(struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr,
281 uint64_t start, uint64_t size)
283 struct amdgpu_vram_reservation *rsv;
285 rsv = kzalloc(sizeof(*rsv), GFP_KERNEL);
289 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rsv->allocated);
290 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rsv->blocks);
295 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
296 list_add_tail(&rsv->blocks, &mgr->reservations_pending);
297 amdgpu_vram_mgr_do_reserve(&mgr->manager);
298 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
304 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_query_page_status - query the reservation status
306 * @mgr: amdgpu_vram_mgr pointer
307 * @start: start address of a page in VRAM
310 * -EBUSY: the page is still hold and in pending list
311 * 0: the page has been reserved
312 * -ENOENT: the input page is not a reservation
314 int amdgpu_vram_mgr_query_page_status(struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr,
317 struct amdgpu_vram_reservation *rsv;
320 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
322 list_for_each_entry(rsv, &mgr->reservations_pending, blocks) {
323 if (rsv->start <= start &&
324 (start < (rsv->start + rsv->size))) {
330 list_for_each_entry(rsv, &mgr->reserved_pages, blocks) {
331 if (rsv->start <= start &&
332 (start < (rsv->start + rsv->size))) {
340 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
345 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_new - allocate new ranges
347 * @man: TTM memory type manager
348 * @tbo: TTM BO we need this range for
349 * @place: placement flags and restrictions
350 * @res: the resulting mem object
352 * Allocate VRAM for the given BO.
354 static int amdgpu_vram_mgr_new(struct ttm_resource_manager *man,
355 struct ttm_buffer_object *tbo,
356 const struct ttm_place *place,
357 struct ttm_resource **res)
359 u64 vis_usage = 0, max_bytes, cur_size, min_block_size;
360 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr = to_vram_mgr(man);
361 struct amdgpu_device *adev = to_amdgpu_device(mgr);
362 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr_resource *vres;
363 u64 size, remaining_size, lpfn, fpfn;
364 struct drm_buddy *mm = &mgr->mm;
365 struct drm_buddy_block *block;
366 unsigned long pages_per_block;
369 lpfn = place->lpfn << PAGE_SHIFT;
373 fpfn = place->fpfn << PAGE_SHIFT;
375 max_bytes = adev->gmc.mc_vram_size;
376 if (tbo->type != ttm_bo_type_kernel)
377 max_bytes -= AMDGPU_VM_RESERVED_VRAM;
379 if (place->flags & TTM_PL_FLAG_CONTIGUOUS) {
380 pages_per_block = ~0ul;
382 #ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
383 pages_per_block = HPAGE_PMD_NR;
386 pages_per_block = 2UL << (20UL - PAGE_SHIFT);
388 pages_per_block = max_t(uint32_t, pages_per_block,
389 tbo->page_alignment);
392 vres = kzalloc(sizeof(*vres), GFP_KERNEL);
396 ttm_resource_init(tbo, place, &vres->base);
398 /* bail out quickly if there's likely not enough VRAM for this BO */
399 if (ttm_resource_manager_usage(man) > max_bytes) {
404 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vres->blocks);
406 if (place->flags & TTM_PL_FLAG_TOPDOWN)
407 vres->flags |= DRM_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION;
409 if (fpfn || lpfn != man->size)
410 /* Allocate blocks in desired range */
411 vres->flags |= DRM_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
413 remaining_size = vres->base.num_pages << PAGE_SHIFT;
415 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
416 while (remaining_size) {
417 if (tbo->page_alignment)
418 min_block_size = tbo->page_alignment << PAGE_SHIFT;
420 min_block_size = mgr->default_page_size;
422 BUG_ON(min_block_size < mm->chunk_size);
424 /* Limit maximum size to 2GiB due to SG table limitations */
425 size = min(remaining_size, 2ULL << 30);
427 if (size >= pages_per_block << PAGE_SHIFT)
428 min_block_size = pages_per_block << PAGE_SHIFT;
432 if (fpfn + size != place->lpfn << PAGE_SHIFT) {
434 * Except for actual range allocation, modify the size and
435 * min_block_size conforming to continuous flag enablement
437 if (place->flags & TTM_PL_FLAG_CONTIGUOUS) {
438 size = roundup_pow_of_two(size);
439 min_block_size = size;
441 * Modify the size value if size is not
442 * aligned with min_block_size
444 } else if (!IS_ALIGNED(size, min_block_size)) {
445 size = round_up(size, min_block_size);
449 r = drm_buddy_alloc_blocks(mm, fpfn,
456 goto error_free_blocks;
458 if (size > remaining_size)
461 remaining_size -= size;
463 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
465 if (cur_size != size) {
466 struct drm_buddy_block *block;
467 struct list_head *trim_list;
471 trim_list = &vres->blocks;
472 original_size = vres->base.num_pages << PAGE_SHIFT;
475 * If size value is rounded up to min_block_size, trim the last
476 * block to the required size
478 if (!list_is_singular(&vres->blocks)) {
479 block = list_last_entry(&vres->blocks, typeof(*block), link);
480 list_move_tail(&block->link, &temp);
483 * Compute the original_size value by subtracting the
484 * last block size with (aligned size - original size)
486 original_size = amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_size(block) - (size - cur_size);
489 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
490 drm_buddy_block_trim(mm,
493 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
495 if (!list_empty(&temp))
496 list_splice_tail(trim_list, &vres->blocks);
499 list_for_each_entry(block, &vres->blocks, link)
500 vis_usage += amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_size(adev, block);
502 block = amdgpu_vram_mgr_first_block(&vres->blocks);
508 vres->base.start = amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_start(block) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
510 if (amdgpu_is_vram_mgr_blocks_contiguous(&vres->blocks))
511 vres->base.placement |= TTM_PL_FLAG_CONTIGUOUS;
513 if (adev->gmc.xgmi.connected_to_cpu)
514 vres->base.bus.caching = ttm_cached;
516 vres->base.bus.caching = ttm_write_combined;
518 atomic64_add(vis_usage, &mgr->vis_usage);
523 drm_buddy_free_list(mm, &vres->blocks);
524 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
526 ttm_resource_fini(man, &vres->base);
533 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_del - free ranges
535 * @man: TTM memory type manager
536 * @res: TTM memory object
538 * Free the allocated VRAM again.
540 static void amdgpu_vram_mgr_del(struct ttm_resource_manager *man,
541 struct ttm_resource *res)
543 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr_resource *vres = to_amdgpu_vram_mgr_resource(res);
544 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr = to_vram_mgr(man);
545 struct amdgpu_device *adev = to_amdgpu_device(mgr);
546 struct drm_buddy *mm = &mgr->mm;
547 struct drm_buddy_block *block;
548 uint64_t vis_usage = 0;
550 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
551 list_for_each_entry(block, &vres->blocks, link)
552 vis_usage += amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_size(adev, block);
554 amdgpu_vram_mgr_do_reserve(man);
556 drm_buddy_free_list(mm, &vres->blocks);
557 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
559 atomic64_sub(vis_usage, &mgr->vis_usage);
561 ttm_resource_fini(man, res);
566 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_alloc_sgt - allocate and fill a sg table
568 * @adev: amdgpu device pointer
569 * @res: TTM memory object
570 * @offset: byte offset from the base of VRAM BO
571 * @length: number of bytes to export in sg_table
572 * @dev: the other device
573 * @dir: dma direction
574 * @sgt: resulting sg table
576 * Allocate and fill a sg table from a VRAM allocation.
578 int amdgpu_vram_mgr_alloc_sgt(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
579 struct ttm_resource *res,
580 u64 offset, u64 length,
582 enum dma_data_direction dir,
583 struct sg_table **sgt)
585 struct amdgpu_res_cursor cursor;
586 struct scatterlist *sg;
590 *sgt = kmalloc(sizeof(**sgt), GFP_KERNEL);
594 /* Determine the number of DRM_BUDDY blocks to export */
595 amdgpu_res_first(res, offset, length, &cursor);
596 while (cursor.remaining) {
598 amdgpu_res_next(&cursor, cursor.size);
601 r = sg_alloc_table(*sgt, num_entries, GFP_KERNEL);
605 /* Initialize scatterlist nodes of sg_table */
606 for_each_sgtable_sg((*sgt), sg, i)
610 * Walk down DRM_BUDDY blocks to populate scatterlist nodes
611 * @note: Use iterator api to get first the DRM_BUDDY block
612 * and the number of bytes from it. Access the following
613 * DRM_BUDDY block(s) if more buffer needs to exported
615 amdgpu_res_first(res, offset, length, &cursor);
616 for_each_sgtable_sg((*sgt), sg, i) {
617 phys_addr_t phys = cursor.start + adev->gmc.aper_base;
618 size_t size = cursor.size;
621 addr = dma_map_resource(dev, phys, size, dir,
622 DMA_ATTR_SKIP_CPU_SYNC);
623 r = dma_mapping_error(dev, addr);
627 sg_set_page(sg, NULL, size, 0);
628 sg_dma_address(sg) = addr;
629 sg_dma_len(sg) = size;
631 amdgpu_res_next(&cursor, cursor.size);
637 for_each_sgtable_sg((*sgt), sg, i) {
641 dma_unmap_resource(dev, sg->dma_address,
643 DMA_ATTR_SKIP_CPU_SYNC);
653 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_free_sgt - allocate and fill a sg table
655 * @dev: device pointer
656 * @dir: data direction of resource to unmap
657 * @sgt: sg table to free
659 * Free a previously allocate sg table.
661 void amdgpu_vram_mgr_free_sgt(struct device *dev,
662 enum dma_data_direction dir,
663 struct sg_table *sgt)
665 struct scatterlist *sg;
668 for_each_sgtable_sg(sgt, sg, i)
669 dma_unmap_resource(dev, sg->dma_address,
671 DMA_ATTR_SKIP_CPU_SYNC);
677 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_usage - how many bytes are used in the visible part
679 * @mgr: amdgpu_vram_mgr pointer
681 * Returns how many bytes are used in the visible part of VRAM
683 uint64_t amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_usage(struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr)
685 return atomic64_read(&mgr->vis_usage);
689 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_debug - dump VRAM table
691 * @man: TTM memory type manager
692 * @printer: DRM printer to use
694 * Dump the table content using printk.
696 static void amdgpu_vram_mgr_debug(struct ttm_resource_manager *man,
697 struct drm_printer *printer)
699 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr = to_vram_mgr(man);
700 struct drm_buddy *mm = &mgr->mm;
701 struct drm_buddy_block *block;
703 drm_printf(printer, " vis usage:%llu\n",
704 amdgpu_vram_mgr_vis_usage(mgr));
706 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
707 drm_printf(printer, "default_page_size: %lluKiB\n",
708 mgr->default_page_size >> 10);
710 drm_buddy_print(mm, printer);
712 drm_printf(printer, "reserved:\n");
713 list_for_each_entry(block, &mgr->reserved_pages, link)
714 drm_buddy_block_print(mm, block, printer);
715 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
718 static const struct ttm_resource_manager_func amdgpu_vram_mgr_func = {
719 .alloc = amdgpu_vram_mgr_new,
720 .free = amdgpu_vram_mgr_del,
721 .debug = amdgpu_vram_mgr_debug
725 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_init - init VRAM manager and DRM MM
727 * @adev: amdgpu_device pointer
729 * Allocate and initialize the VRAM manager.
731 int amdgpu_vram_mgr_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
733 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr = &adev->mman.vram_mgr;
734 struct ttm_resource_manager *man = &mgr->manager;
737 ttm_resource_manager_init(man, &adev->mman.bdev,
738 adev->gmc.real_vram_size);
740 man->func = &amdgpu_vram_mgr_func;
742 err = drm_buddy_init(&mgr->mm, man->size, PAGE_SIZE);
746 mutex_init(&mgr->lock);
747 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mgr->reservations_pending);
748 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mgr->reserved_pages);
749 mgr->default_page_size = PAGE_SIZE;
751 ttm_set_driver_manager(&adev->mman.bdev, TTM_PL_VRAM, &mgr->manager);
752 ttm_resource_manager_set_used(man, true);
757 * amdgpu_vram_mgr_fini - free and destroy VRAM manager
759 * @adev: amdgpu_device pointer
761 * Destroy and free the VRAM manager, returns -EBUSY if ranges are still
762 * allocated inside it.
764 void amdgpu_vram_mgr_fini(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
766 struct amdgpu_vram_mgr *mgr = &adev->mman.vram_mgr;
767 struct ttm_resource_manager *man = &mgr->manager;
769 struct amdgpu_vram_reservation *rsv, *temp;
771 ttm_resource_manager_set_used(man, false);
773 ret = ttm_resource_manager_evict_all(&adev->mman.bdev, man);
777 mutex_lock(&mgr->lock);
778 list_for_each_entry_safe(rsv, temp, &mgr->reservations_pending, blocks)
781 list_for_each_entry_safe(rsv, temp, &mgr->reserved_pages, blocks) {
782 drm_buddy_free_list(&mgr->mm, &rsv->blocks);
785 drm_buddy_fini(&mgr->mm);
786 mutex_unlock(&mgr->lock);
788 ttm_resource_manager_cleanup(man);
789 ttm_set_driver_manager(&adev->mman.bdev, TTM_PL_VRAM, NULL);