5 The text below describes the locking rules for VFS-related methods.
6 It is (believed to be) up-to-date. *Please*, if you change anything in
7 prototypes or locking protocols - update this file. And update the relevant
8 instances in the tree, don't leave that to maintainers of filesystems/devices/
9 etc. At the very least, put the list of dubious cases in the end of this file.
10 Don't turn it into log - maintainers of out-of-the-tree code are supposed to
11 be able to use diff(1).
13 Thing currently missing here: socket operations. Alexey?
20 int (*d_revalidate)(struct inode *, const struct qstr *,
21 struct dentry *, unsigned int);
22 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
23 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
24 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry *,
25 unsigned int, const char *, const struct qstr *);
26 int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
27 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *);
28 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
29 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
30 char *(*d_dname)((struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen);
31 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *path);
32 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, bool);
33 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry *, enum d_real_type type);
34 bool (*d_unalias_trylock)(const struct dentry *);
35 void (*d_unalias_unlock)(const struct dentry *);
39 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
40 ops rename_lock ->d_lock may block rcu-walk
41 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
42 d_revalidate: no no yes (ref-walk) maybe
43 d_weak_revalidate: no no yes no
45 d_compare: yes no no maybe
46 d_delete: no yes no no
48 d_release: no no yes no
52 d_automount: no no yes no
53 d_manage: no no yes (ref-walk) maybe
55 d_unalias_trylock yes no no no
56 d_unalias_unlock yes no no no
57 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
64 int (*create) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t, bool);
65 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, unsigned int);
66 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
67 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
68 int (*symlink) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
69 int (*mkdir) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t);
70 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
71 int (*mknod) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t,dev_t);
72 int (*rename) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *, struct dentry *,
73 struct inode *, struct dentry *, unsigned int);
74 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
75 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *, struct delayed_call *);
76 void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
77 int (*permission) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *, int, unsigned int);
78 struct posix_acl * (*get_inode_acl)(struct inode *, int, bool);
79 int (*setattr) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
80 int (*getattr) (struct mnt_idmap *, const struct path *, struct kstat *, u32, unsigned int);
81 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
82 int (*fiemap)(struct inode *, struct fiemap_extent_info *, u64 start, u64 len);
83 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, struct timespec *, int);
84 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, struct dentry *,
85 struct file *, unsigned open_flag,
87 int (*tmpfile) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,
88 struct file *, umode_t);
89 int (*fileattr_set)(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
90 struct dentry *dentry, struct fileattr *fa);
91 int (*fileattr_get)(struct dentry *dentry, struct fileattr *fa);
92 struct posix_acl * (*get_acl)(struct mnt_idmap *, struct dentry *, int);
93 struct offset_ctx *(*get_offset_ctx)(struct inode *inode);
98 ============== ==================================================
100 ============== ==================================================
103 link: exclusive (both)
107 unlink: exclusive (both)
108 rmdir: exclusive (both)(see below)
109 rename: exclusive (both parents, some children) (see below)
113 permission: no (may not block if called in rcu-walk mode)
120 atomic_open: shared (exclusive if O_CREAT is set in open flags)
122 fileattr_get: no or exclusive
123 fileattr_set: exclusive
125 ============== ==================================================
128 Additionally, ->rmdir(), ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_rwsem
130 cross-directory ->rename() has (per-superblock) ->s_vfs_rename_sem.
131 ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_rwsem exclusive on all non-directories
133 ->rename() has ->i_rwsem exclusive on any subdirectory that changes parent.
135 See Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking.rst for more detailed discussion
136 of the locking scheme for directory operations.
138 xattr_handler operations
139 ========================
143 bool (*list)(struct dentry *dentry);
144 int (*get)(const struct xattr_handler *handler, struct dentry *dentry,
145 struct inode *inode, const char *name, void *buffer,
147 int (*set)(const struct xattr_handler *handler,
148 struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
149 struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode, const char *name,
150 const void *buffer, size_t size, int flags);
168 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
169 void (*free_inode)(struct inode *);
170 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
171 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, int flags);
172 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, struct writeback_control *wbc);
173 int (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
174 void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *);
175 void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
176 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
177 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
178 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
179 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
180 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
181 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
182 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
183 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
184 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
187 All may block [not true, see below]
189 ====================== ============ ========================
191 ====================== ============ ========================
193 free_inode: called from RCU callback
197 drop_inode: !!!inode->i_lock!!!
203 statfs: maybe(read) (see below)
206 show_options: no (namespace_sem)
207 quota_read: no (see below)
208 quota_write: no (see below)
209 ====================== ============ ========================
211 ->statfs() has s_umount (shared) when called by ustat(2) (native or
212 compat), but that's an accident of bad API; s_umount is used to pin
213 the superblock down when we only have dev_t given us by userland to
214 identify the superblock. Everything else (statfs(), fstatfs(), etc.)
215 doesn't hold it when calling ->statfs() - superblock is pinned down
216 by resolving the pathname passed to syscall.
218 ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() functions are both guaranteed to
219 be the only ones operating on the quota file by the quota code (via
220 dqio_sem) (unless an admin really wants to screw up something and
221 writes to quota files with quotas on). For other details about locking
222 see also dquot_operations section.
229 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_system_type *, int,
230 const char *, void *);
231 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
242 ->mount() returns ERR_PTR or the root dentry; its superblock should be locked
245 ->kill_sb() takes a write-locked superblock, does all shutdown work on it,
246 unlocks and drops the reference.
248 address_space_operations
249 ========================
252 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
253 int (*read_folio)(struct file *, struct folio *);
254 int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
255 bool (*dirty_folio)(struct address_space *, struct folio *folio);
256 void (*readahead)(struct readahead_control *);
257 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
258 loff_t pos, unsigned len,
259 struct folio **foliop, void **fsdata);
260 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
261 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
262 struct folio *folio, void *fsdata);
263 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
264 void (*invalidate_folio) (struct folio *, size_t start, size_t len);
265 bool (*release_folio)(struct folio *, gfp_t);
266 void (*free_folio)(struct folio *);
267 int (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *iter);
268 int (*migrate_folio)(struct address_space *, struct folio *dst,
269 struct folio *src, enum migrate_mode);
270 int (*launder_folio)(struct folio *);
271 bool (*is_partially_uptodate)(struct folio *, size_t from, size_t count);
272 int (*error_remove_folio)(struct address_space *, struct folio *);
273 int (*swap_activate)(struct swap_info_struct *sis, struct file *f, sector_t *span)
274 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *);
275 int (*swap_rw)(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter);
278 All except dirty_folio and free_folio may block
280 ====================== ======================== ========= ===============
281 ops folio locked i_rwsem invalidate_lock
282 ====================== ======================== ========= ===============
283 writepage: yes, unlocks (see below)
284 read_folio: yes, unlocks shared
287 readahead: yes, unlocks shared
288 write_begin: locks the folio exclusive
289 write_end: yes, unlocks exclusive
291 invalidate_folio: yes exclusive
295 migrate_folio: yes (both)
297 is_partially_uptodate: yes
298 error_remove_folio: yes
301 swap_rw: yes, unlocks
302 ====================== ======================== ========= ===============
304 ->write_begin(), ->write_end() and ->read_folio() may be called from
305 the request handler (/dev/loop).
307 ->read_folio() unlocks the folio, either synchronously or via I/O
310 ->readahead() unlocks the folios that I/O is attempted on like ->read_folio().
312 ->writepage() is used for two purposes: for "memory cleansing" and for
313 "sync". These are quite different operations and the behaviour may differ
314 depending upon the mode.
316 If writepage is called for sync (wbc->sync_mode != WBC_SYNC_NONE) then
317 it *must* start I/O against the page, even if that would involve
318 blocking on in-progress I/O.
320 If writepage is called for memory cleansing (sync_mode ==
321 WBC_SYNC_NONE) then its role is to get as much writeout underway as
322 possible. So writepage should try to avoid blocking against
323 currently-in-progress I/O.
325 If the filesystem is not called for "sync" and it determines that it
326 would need to block against in-progress I/O to be able to start new I/O
327 against the page the filesystem should redirty the page with
328 redirty_page_for_writepage(), then unlock the page and return zero.
329 This may also be done to avoid internal deadlocks, but rarely.
331 If the filesystem is called for sync then it must wait on any
332 in-progress I/O and then start new I/O.
334 The filesystem should unlock the page synchronously, before returning to the
335 caller, unless ->writepage() returns special WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE
336 value. WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE means that page cannot really be written out
337 currently, and VM should stop calling ->writepage() on this page for some
338 time. VM does this by moving page to the head of the active list, hence the
341 Unless the filesystem is going to redirty_page_for_writepage(), unlock the page
342 and return zero, writepage *must* run set_page_writeback() against the page,
343 followed by unlocking it. Once set_page_writeback() has been run against the
344 page, write I/O can be submitted and the write I/O completion handler must run
345 end_page_writeback() once the I/O is complete. If no I/O is submitted, the
346 filesystem must run end_page_writeback() against the page before returning from
349 That is: after 2.5.12, pages which are under writeout are *not* locked. Note,
350 if the filesystem needs the page to be locked during writeout, that is ok, too,
351 the page is allowed to be unlocked at any point in time between the calls to
352 set_page_writeback() and end_page_writeback().
354 Note, failure to run either redirty_page_for_writepage() or the combination of
355 set_page_writeback()/end_page_writeback() on a page submitted to writepage
356 will leave the page itself marked clean but it will be tagged as dirty in the
357 radix tree. This incoherency can lead to all sorts of hard-to-debug problems
358 in the filesystem like having dirty inodes at umount and losing written data.
360 ->writepages() is used for periodic writeback and for syscall-initiated
361 sync operations. The address_space should start I/O against at least
362 ``*nr_to_write`` pages. ``*nr_to_write`` must be decremented for each page
363 which is written. The address_space implementation may write more (or less)
364 pages than ``*nr_to_write`` asks for, but it should try to be reasonably close.
365 If nr_to_write is NULL, all dirty pages must be written.
367 writepages should _only_ write pages which are present on
370 ->dirty_folio() is called from various places in the kernel when
371 the target folio is marked as needing writeback. The folio cannot be
372 truncated because either the caller holds the folio lock, or the caller
373 has found the folio while holding the page table lock which will block
376 ->bmap() is currently used by legacy ioctl() (FIBMAP) provided by some
377 filesystems and by the swapper. The latter will eventually go away. Please,
378 keep it that way and don't breed new callers.
380 ->invalidate_folio() is called when the filesystem must attempt to drop
381 some or all of the buffers from the page when it is being truncated. It
382 returns zero on success. The filesystem must exclusively acquire
383 invalidate_lock before invalidating page cache in truncate / hole punch
384 path (and thus calling into ->invalidate_folio) to block races between page
385 cache invalidation and page cache filling functions (fault, read, ...).
387 ->release_folio() is called when the MM wants to make a change to the
388 folio that would invalidate the filesystem's private data. For example,
389 it may be about to be removed from the address_space or split. The folio
390 is locked and not under writeback. It may be dirty. The gfp parameter
391 is not usually used for allocation, but rather to indicate what the
392 filesystem may do to attempt to free the private data. The filesystem may
393 return false to indicate that the folio's private data cannot be freed.
394 If it returns true, it should have already removed the private data from
395 the folio. If a filesystem does not provide a ->release_folio method,
396 the pagecache will assume that private data is buffer_heads and call
397 try_to_free_buffers().
399 ->free_folio() is called when the kernel has dropped the folio
402 ->launder_folio() may be called prior to releasing a folio if
403 it is still found to be dirty. It returns zero if the folio was successfully
404 cleaned, or an error value if not. Note that in order to prevent the folio
405 getting mapped back in and redirtied, it needs to be kept locked
406 across the entire operation.
408 ->swap_activate() will be called to prepare the given file for swap. It
409 should perform any validation and preparation necessary to ensure that
410 writes can be performed with minimal memory allocation. It should call
411 add_swap_extent(), or the helper iomap_swapfile_activate(), and return
412 the number of extents added. If IO should be submitted through
413 ->swap_rw(), it should set SWP_FS_OPS, otherwise IO will be submitted
414 directly to the block device ``sis->bdev``.
416 ->swap_deactivate() will be called in the sys_swapoff()
417 path after ->swap_activate() returned success.
419 ->swap_rw will be called for swap IO if SWP_FS_OPS was set by ->swap_activate().
426 void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
427 void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);
432 =================== ============= =========
433 ops inode->i_lock may block
434 =================== ============= =========
436 fl_release_private: maybe maybe[1]_
437 =================== ============= =========
440 ->fl_release_private for flock or POSIX locks is currently allowed
441 to block. Leases however can still be freed while the i_lock is held and
442 so fl_release_private called on a lease should not block.
444 lock_manager_operations
445 =======================
449 void (*lm_notify)(struct file_lock *); /* unblock callback */
450 int (*lm_grant)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *, int);
451 void (*lm_break)(struct file_lock *); /* break_lease callback */
452 int (*lm_change)(struct file_lock **, int);
453 bool (*lm_breaker_owns_lease)(struct file_lock *);
454 bool (*lm_lock_expirable)(struct file_lock *);
455 void (*lm_expire_lock)(void);
459 ====================== ============= ================= =========
460 ops flc_lock blocked_lock_lock may block
461 ====================== ============= ================= =========
466 lm_breaker_owns_lease: yes no no
467 lm_lock_expirable yes no no
468 lm_expire_lock no no yes
469 ====================== ============= ================= =========
476 void (*b_end_io)(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate);
480 called from interrupts. In other words, extreme care is needed here.
481 bh is locked, but that's all warranties we have here. Currently only RAID1,
482 highmem, fs/buffer.c, and fs/ntfs/aops.c are providing these. Block devices
483 call this method upon the IO completion.
485 block_device_operations
486 =======================
489 int (*open) (struct block_device *, fmode_t);
490 int (*release) (struct gendisk *, fmode_t);
491 int (*ioctl) (struct block_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);
492 int (*compat_ioctl) (struct block_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);
493 int (*direct_access) (struct block_device *, sector_t, void **,
495 void (*unlock_native_capacity) (struct gendisk *);
496 int (*getgeo)(struct block_device *, struct hd_geometry *);
497 void (*swap_slot_free_notify) (struct block_device *, unsigned long);
501 ======================= ===================
503 ======================= ===================
509 unlock_native_capacity: no
511 swap_slot_free_notify: no (see below)
512 ======================= ===================
514 swap_slot_free_notify is called with swap_lock and sometimes the page lock
523 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
524 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
525 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
526 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
527 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
528 int (*iopoll) (struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
529 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
530 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
531 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
532 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
533 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
534 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
535 int (*flush) (struct file *);
536 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
537 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync);
538 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
539 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
540 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long,
541 unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
542 int (*check_flags)(int);
543 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
544 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *,
545 size_t, unsigned int);
546 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *,
547 size_t, unsigned int);
548 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
549 long (*fallocate)(struct file *, int, loff_t, loff_t);
550 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
551 unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
552 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
553 loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
554 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
555 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
556 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
557 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
562 ->llseek() locking has moved from llseek to the individual llseek
563 implementations. If your fs is not using generic_file_llseek, you
564 need to acquire and release the appropriate locks in your ->llseek().
565 For many filesystems, it is probably safe to acquire the inode
566 mutex or just to use i_size_read() instead.
567 Note: this does not protect the file->f_pos against concurrent modifications
568 since this is something the userspace has to take care about.
570 ->iterate_shared() is called with i_rwsem held for reading, and with the
571 file f_pos_lock held exclusively
573 ->fasync() is responsible for maintaining the FASYNC bit in filp->f_flags.
574 Most instances call fasync_helper(), which does that maintenance, so it's
575 not normally something one needs to worry about. Return values > 0 will be
576 mapped to zero in the VFS layer.
578 ->readdir() and ->ioctl() on directories must be changed. Ideally we would
579 move ->readdir() to inode_operations and use a separate method for directory
580 ->ioctl() or kill the latter completely. One of the problems is that for
581 anything that resembles union-mount we won't have a struct file for all
582 components. And there are other reasons why the current interface is a mess...
584 ->read on directories probably must go away - we should just enforce -EISDIR
585 in sys_read() and friends.
587 ->setlease operations should call generic_setlease() before or after setting
588 the lease within the individual filesystem to record the result of the
591 ->fallocate implementation must be really careful to maintain page cache
592 consistency when punching holes or performing other operations that invalidate
593 page cache contents. Usually the filesystem needs to call
594 truncate_inode_pages_range() to invalidate relevant range of the page cache.
595 However the filesystem usually also needs to update its internal (and on disk)
596 view of file offset -> disk block mapping. Until this update is finished, the
597 filesystem needs to block page faults and reads from reloading now-stale page
598 cache contents from the disk. Since VFS acquires mapping->invalidate_lock in
599 shared mode when loading pages from disk (filemap_fault(), filemap_read(),
600 readahead paths), the fallocate implementation must take the invalidate_lock to
603 ->copy_file_range and ->remap_file_range implementations need to serialize
604 against modifications of file data while the operation is running. For
605 blocking changes through write(2) and similar operations inode->i_rwsem can be
606 used. To block changes to file contents via a memory mapping during the
607 operation, the filesystem must take mapping->invalidate_lock to coordinate
615 int (*write_dquot) (struct dquot *);
616 int (*acquire_dquot) (struct dquot *);
617 int (*release_dquot) (struct dquot *);
618 int (*mark_dirty) (struct dquot *);
619 int (*write_info) (struct super_block *, int);
621 These operations are intended to be more or less wrapping functions that ensure
622 a proper locking wrt the filesystem and call the generic quota operations.
624 What filesystem should expect from the generic quota functions:
626 ============== ============ =========================
627 ops FS recursion Held locks when called
628 ============== ============ =========================
629 write_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
630 acquire_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
631 release_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
633 write_info: yes dqonoff_sem
634 ============== ============ =========================
636 FS recursion means calling ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() from superblock
639 More details about quota locking can be found in fs/dquot.c.
646 void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct *);
647 void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct *);
648 vm_fault_t (*fault)(struct vm_fault *);
649 vm_fault_t (*huge_fault)(struct vm_fault *, unsigned int order);
650 vm_fault_t (*map_pages)(struct vm_fault *, pgoff_t start, pgoff_t end);
651 vm_fault_t (*page_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
652 vm_fault_t (*pfn_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
653 int (*access)(struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void*, int, int);
657 ============= ========== ===========================
658 ops mmap_lock PageLocked(page)
659 ============= ========== ===========================
662 fault: read can return with page locked
663 huge_fault: maybe-read
664 map_pages: maybe-read
665 page_mkwrite: read can return with page locked
668 ============= ========== ===========================
670 ->fault() is called when a previously not present pte is about to be faulted
671 in. The filesystem must find and return the page associated with the passed in
672 "pgoff" in the vm_fault structure. If it is possible that the page may be
673 truncated and/or invalidated, then the filesystem must lock invalidate_lock,
674 then ensure the page is not already truncated (invalidate_lock will block
675 subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_FAULT_LOCKED, and the page
676 locked. The VM will unlock the page.
678 ->huge_fault() is called when there is no PUD or PMD entry present. This
679 gives the filesystem the opportunity to install a PUD or PMD sized page.
680 Filesystems can also use the ->fault method to return a PMD sized page,
681 so implementing this function may not be necessary. In particular,
682 filesystems should not call filemap_fault() from ->huge_fault().
683 The mmap_lock may not be held when this method is called.
685 ->map_pages() is called when VM asks to map easy accessible pages.
686 Filesystem should find and map pages associated with offsets from "start_pgoff"
687 till "end_pgoff". ->map_pages() is called with the RCU lock held and must
688 not block. If it's not possible to reach a page without blocking,
689 filesystem should skip it. Filesystem should use set_pte_range() to setup
690 page table entry. Pointer to entry associated with the page is passed in
691 "pte" field in vm_fault structure. Pointers to entries for other offsets
692 should be calculated relative to "pte".
694 ->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only pte is about to become
695 writeable. The filesystem again must ensure that there are no
696 truncate/invalidate races or races with operations such as ->remap_file_range
697 or ->copy_file_range, and then return with the page locked. Usually
698 mapping->invalidate_lock is suitable for proper serialization. If the page has
699 been truncated, the filesystem should not look up a new page like the ->fault()
700 handler, but simply return with VM_FAULT_NOPAGE, which will cause the VM to
703 ->pfn_mkwrite() is the same as page_mkwrite but when the pte is
704 VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP with a page-less entry. Expected return is
705 VM_FAULT_NOPAGE. Or one of the VM_FAULT_ERROR types. The default behavior
706 after this call is to make the pte read-write, unless pfn_mkwrite returns
709 ->access() is called when get_user_pages() fails in
710 access_process_vm(), typically used to debug a process through
711 /proc/pid/mem or ptrace. This function is needed only for
712 VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP VMAs.
714 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
718 (if you break something or notice that it is broken and do not fix it yourself
719 - at least put it here)