1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 TAA - TSX Asynchronous Abort
4 ======================================
6 TAA is a hardware vulnerability that allows unprivileged speculative access to
7 data which is available in various CPU internal buffers by using asynchronous
8 aborts within an Intel TSX transactional region.
13 This vulnerability only affects Intel processors that support Intel
14 Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) when the TAA_NO bit (bit 8)
15 is 0 in the IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR. On processors where the MDS_NO bit
16 (bit 5) is 0 in the IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR, the existing MDS mitigations
17 also mitigate against TAA.
19 Whether a processor is affected or not can be read out from the TAA
20 vulnerability file in sysfs. See :ref:`tsx_async_abort_sys_info`.
25 The following CVE entry is related to this TAA issue:
27 ============== ===== ===================================================
28 CVE-2019-11135 TAA TSX Asynchronous Abort (TAA) condition on some
29 microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may
30 allow an authenticated user to potentially enable
31 information disclosure via a side channel with
33 ============== ===== ===================================================
38 When performing store, load or L1 refill operations, processors write
39 data into temporary microarchitectural structures (buffers). The data in
40 those buffers can be forwarded to load operations as an optimization.
42 Intel TSX is an extension to the x86 instruction set architecture that adds
43 hardware transactional memory support to improve performance of multi-threaded
44 software. TSX lets the processor expose and exploit concurrency hidden in an
45 application due to dynamically avoiding unnecessary synchronization.
47 TSX supports atomic memory transactions that are either committed (success) or
48 aborted. During an abort, operations that happened within the transactional region
49 are rolled back. An asynchronous abort takes place, among other options, when a
50 different thread accesses a cache line that is also used within the transactional
51 region when that access might lead to a data race.
53 Immediately after an uncompleted asynchronous abort, certain speculatively
54 executed loads may read data from those internal buffers and pass it to dependent
55 operations. This can be then used to infer the value via a cache side channel
58 Because the buffers are potentially shared between Hyper-Threads cross
59 Hyper-Thread attacks are possible.
61 The victim of a malicious actor does not need to make use of TSX. Only the
62 attacker needs to begin a TSX transaction and raise an asynchronous abort
63 which in turn potentially leaks data stored in the buffers.
65 More detailed technical information is available in the TAA specific x86
66 architecture section: :ref:`Documentation/arch/x86/tsx_async_abort.rst <tsx_async_abort>`.
72 Attacks against the TAA vulnerability can be implemented from unprivileged
73 applications running on hosts or guests.
75 As for MDS, the attacker has no control over the memory addresses that can
76 be leaked. Only the victim is responsible for bringing data to the CPU. As
77 a result, the malicious actor has to sample as much data as possible and
78 then postprocess it to try to infer any useful information from it.
80 A potential attacker only has read access to the data. Also, there is no direct
81 privilege escalation by using this technique.
84 .. _tsx_async_abort_sys_info:
86 TAA system information
87 -----------------------
89 The Linux kernel provides a sysfs interface to enumerate the current TAA status
90 of mitigated systems. The relevant sysfs file is:
92 /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/tsx_async_abort
94 The possible values in this file are:
99 - The CPU is affected by this vulnerability and the microcode and kernel mitigation are not applied.
100 * - 'Vulnerable: Clear CPU buffers attempted, no microcode'
101 - The processor is vulnerable but microcode is not updated. The
102 mitigation is enabled on a best effort basis.
104 If the processor is vulnerable but the availability of the microcode
105 based mitigation mechanism is not advertised via CPUID, the kernel
106 selects a best effort mitigation mode. This mode invokes the mitigation
107 instructions without a guarantee that they clear the CPU buffers.
109 This is done to address virtualization scenarios where the host has the
110 microcode update applied, but the hypervisor is not yet updated to
111 expose the CPUID to the guest. If the host has updated microcode the
112 protection takes effect; otherwise a few CPU cycles are wasted
114 * - 'Mitigation: Clear CPU buffers'
115 - The microcode has been updated to clear the buffers. TSX is still enabled.
116 * - 'Mitigation: TSX disabled'
119 - The CPU is not affected by this issue.
124 The kernel detects the affected CPUs and the presence of the microcode which is
125 required. If a CPU is affected and the microcode is available, then the kernel
126 enables the mitigation by default.
129 The mitigation can be controlled at boot time via a kernel command line option.
130 See :ref:`taa_mitigation_control_command_line`.
132 Virtualization mitigation
133 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
135 Affected systems where the host has TAA microcode and TAA is mitigated by
136 having disabled TSX previously, are not vulnerable regardless of the status
139 In all other cases, if the host either does not have the TAA microcode or
140 the kernel is not mitigated, the system might be vulnerable.
143 .. _taa_mitigation_control_command_line:
145 Mitigation control on the kernel command line
146 ---------------------------------------------
148 The kernel command line allows to control the TAA mitigations at boot time with
149 the option "tsx_async_abort=". The valid arguments for this option are:
151 ============ =============================================================
152 off This option disables the TAA mitigation on affected platforms.
153 If the system has TSX enabled (see next parameter) and the CPU
154 is affected, the system is vulnerable.
156 full TAA mitigation is enabled. If TSX is enabled, on an affected
157 system it will clear CPU buffers on ring transitions. On
158 systems which are MDS-affected and deploy MDS mitigation,
159 TAA is also mitigated. Specifying this option on those
160 systems will have no effect.
162 full,nosmt The same as tsx_async_abort=full, with SMT disabled on
163 vulnerable CPUs that have TSX enabled. This is the complete
164 mitigation. When TSX is disabled, SMT is not disabled because
165 CPU is not vulnerable to cross-thread TAA attacks.
166 ============ =============================================================
168 Not specifying this option is equivalent to "tsx_async_abort=full". For
169 processors that are affected by both TAA and MDS, specifying just
170 "tsx_async_abort=off" without an accompanying "mds=off" will have no
171 effect as the same mitigation is used for both vulnerabilities.
173 The kernel command line also allows to control the TSX feature using the
174 parameter "tsx=" on CPUs which support TSX control. MSR_IA32_TSX_CTRL is used
175 to control the TSX feature and the enumeration of the TSX feature bits (RTM
178 The valid options are:
180 ============ =============================================================
181 off Disables TSX on the system.
183 Note that this option takes effect only on newer CPUs which are
184 not vulnerable to MDS, i.e., have MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=1
185 and which get the new IA32_TSX_CTRL MSR through a microcode
186 update. This new MSR allows for the reliable deactivation of
187 the TSX functionality.
191 Although there are mitigations for all known security
192 vulnerabilities, TSX has been known to be an accelerator for
193 several previous speculation-related CVEs, and so there may be
194 unknown security risks associated with leaving it enabled.
196 auto Disables TSX if X86_BUG_TAA is present, otherwise enables TSX
198 ============ =============================================================
200 Not specifying this option is equivalent to "tsx=off".
202 The following combinations of the "tsx_async_abort" and "tsx" are possible. For
203 affected platforms tsx=auto is equivalent to tsx=off and the result will be:
205 ========= ========================== =========================================
206 tsx=on tsx_async_abort=full The system will use VERW to clear CPU
207 buffers. Cross-thread attacks are still
208 possible on SMT machines.
209 tsx=on tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt As above, cross-thread attacks on SMT
211 tsx=on tsx_async_abort=off The system is vulnerable.
212 tsx=off tsx_async_abort=full TSX might be disabled if microcode
213 provides a TSX control MSR. If so,
214 system is not vulnerable.
215 tsx=off tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt Ditto
216 tsx=off tsx_async_abort=off ditto
217 ========= ========================== =========================================
220 For unaffected platforms "tsx=on" and "tsx_async_abort=full" does not clear CPU
221 buffers. For platforms without TSX control (MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=0)
222 "tsx" command line argument has no effect.
224 For the affected platforms below table indicates the mitigation status for the
225 combinations of CPUID bit MD_CLEAR and IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR bits MDS_NO
228 ======= ========= ============= ========================================
229 MDS_NO MD_CLEAR TSX_CTRL_MSR Status
230 ======= ========= ============= ========================================
231 0 0 0 Vulnerable (needs microcode)
232 0 1 0 MDS and TAA mitigated via VERW
233 1 1 0 MDS fixed, TAA vulnerable if TSX enabled
234 because MD_CLEAR has no meaning and
235 VERW is not guaranteed to clear buffers
236 1 X 1 MDS fixed, TAA can be mitigated by
238 ======= ========= ============= ========================================
240 Mitigation selection guide
241 --------------------------
243 1. Trusted userspace and guests
244 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
246 If all user space applications are from a trusted source and do not execute
247 untrusted code which is supplied externally, then the mitigation can be
248 disabled. The same applies to virtualized environments with trusted guests.
251 2. Untrusted userspace and guests
252 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
254 If there are untrusted applications or guests on the system, enabling TSX
255 might allow a malicious actor to leak data from the host or from other
256 processes running on the same physical core.
258 If the microcode is available and the TSX is disabled on the host, attacks
259 are prevented in a virtualized environment as well, even if the VMs do not
260 explicitly enable the mitigation.
263 .. _taa_default_mitigations:
268 The kernel's default action for vulnerable processors is:
270 - Deploy TSX disable mitigation (tsx_async_abort=full tsx=off).