1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 =========================================
4 Overview of the Linux Virtual File System
5 =========================================
9 - Copyright (C) 1999 Richard Gooch
10 - Copyright (C) 2005 Pekka Enberg
16 The Virtual File System (also known as the Virtual Filesystem Switch) is
17 the software layer in the kernel that provides the filesystem interface
18 to userspace programs. It also provides an abstraction within the
19 kernel which allows different filesystem implementations to coexist.
21 VFS system calls open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2), chmod(2) and so on
22 are called from a process context. Filesystem locking is described in
23 the document Documentation/filesystems/locking.rst.
26 Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
27 ------------------------------
29 The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2), and similar system
30 calls. The pathname argument that is passed to them is used by the VFS
31 to search through the directory entry cache (also known as the dentry
32 cache or dcache). This provides a very fast look-up mechanism to
33 translate a pathname (filename) into a specific dentry. Dentries live
34 in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist only for performance.
36 The dentry cache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. As
37 most computers cannot fit all dentries in the RAM at the same time, some
38 bits of the cache are missing. In order to resolve your pathname into a
39 dentry, the VFS may have to resort to creating dentries along the way,
40 and then loading the inode. This is done by looking up the inode.
46 An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are
47 filesystem objects such as regular files, directories, FIFOs and other
48 beasts. They live either on the disc (for block device filesystems) or
49 in the memory (for pseudo filesystems). Inodes that live on the disc
50 are copied into the memory when required and changes to the inode are
51 written back to disc. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple
52 dentries (hard links, for example, do this).
54 To look up an inode requires that the VFS calls the lookup() method of
55 the parent directory inode. This method is installed by the specific
56 filesystem implementation that the inode lives in. Once the VFS has the
57 required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do all those boring things
58 like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek at the inode data. The
59 stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the VFS has the dentry, it
60 peeks at the inode data and passes some of it back to userspace.
66 Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file
67 structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file descriptors).
68 The freshly allocated file structure is initialized with a pointer to
69 the dentry and a set of file operation member functions. These are
70 taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then called so the
71 specific filesystem implementation can do its work. You can see that
72 this is another switch performed by the VFS. The file structure is
73 placed into the file descriptor table for the process.
75 Reading, writing and closing files (and other assorted VFS operations)
76 is done by using the userspace file descriptor to grab the appropriate
77 file structure, and then calling the required file structure method to
78 do whatever is required. For as long as the file is open, it keeps the
79 dentry in use, which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
82 Registering and Mounting a Filesystem
83 =====================================
85 To register and unregister a filesystem, use the following API
92 extern int register_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
93 extern int unregister_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
95 The passed struct file_system_type describes your filesystem. When a
96 request is made to mount a filesystem onto a directory in your
97 namespace, the VFS will call the appropriate mount() method for the
98 specific filesystem. New vfsmount referring to the tree returned by
99 ->mount() will be attached to the mountpoint, so that when pathname
100 resolution reaches the mountpoint it will jump into the root of that
103 You can see all filesystems that are registered to the kernel in the
104 file /proc/filesystems.
107 struct file_system_type
108 -----------------------
110 This describes the filesystem. The following
115 struct file_system_type {
118 int (*init_fs_context)(struct fs_context *);
119 const struct fs_parameter_spec *parameters;
120 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_system_type *, int,
121 const char *, void *);
122 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
123 struct module *owner;
124 struct file_system_type * next;
125 struct hlist_head fs_supers;
127 struct lock_class_key s_lock_key;
128 struct lock_class_key s_umount_key;
129 struct lock_class_key s_vfs_rename_key;
130 struct lock_class_key s_writers_key[SB_FREEZE_LEVELS];
132 struct lock_class_key i_lock_key;
133 struct lock_class_key i_mutex_key;
134 struct lock_class_key invalidate_lock_key;
135 struct lock_class_key i_mutex_dir_key;
139 the name of the filesystem type, such as "ext2", "iso9660",
143 various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, FS_NO_DCACHE, etc.)
146 Initializes 'struct fs_context' ->ops and ->fs_private fields with
147 filesystem-specific data.
150 Pointer to the array of filesystem parameters descriptors
151 'struct fs_parameter_spec'.
152 More info in Documentation/filesystems/mount_api.rst.
155 the method to call when a new instance of this filesystem should
159 the method to call when an instance of this filesystem should be
164 for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to THIS_MODULE
168 for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to NULL
171 for internal VFS use: hlist of filesystem instances (superblocks)
173 s_lock_key, s_umount_key, s_vfs_rename_key, s_writers_key,
174 i_lock_key, i_mutex_key, invalidate_lock_key, i_mutex_dir_key: lockdep-specific
176 The mount() method has the following arguments:
178 ``struct file_system_type *fs_type``
179 describes the filesystem, partly initialized by the specific
185 ``const char *dev_name``
186 the device name we are mounting.
189 arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII string (see
190 "Mount Options" section)
192 The mount() method must return the root dentry of the tree requested by
193 caller. An active reference to its superblock must be grabbed and the
194 superblock must be locked. On failure it should return ERR_PTR(error).
196 The arguments match those of mount(2) and their interpretation depends
197 on filesystem type. E.g. for block filesystems, dev_name is interpreted
198 as block device name, that device is opened and if it contains a
199 suitable filesystem image the method creates and initializes struct
200 super_block accordingly, returning its root dentry to caller.
202 ->mount() may choose to return a subtree of existing filesystem - it
203 doesn't have to create a new one. The main result from the caller's
204 point of view is a reference to dentry at the root of (sub)tree to be
205 attached; creation of new superblock is a common side effect.
207 The most interesting member of the superblock structure that the mount()
208 method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to a "struct
209 super_operations" which describes the next level of the filesystem
212 Usually, a filesystem uses one of the generic mount() implementations
213 and provides a fill_super() callback instead. The generic variants are:
216 mount a filesystem residing on a block device
219 mount a filesystem that is not backed by a device
222 mount a filesystem which shares the instance between all mounts
224 A fill_super() callback implementation has the following arguments:
226 ``struct super_block *sb``
227 the superblock structure. The callback must initialize this
231 arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII string (see
232 "Mount Options" section)
235 whether or not to be silent on error
238 The Superblock Object
239 =====================
241 A superblock object represents a mounted filesystem.
244 struct super_operations
245 -----------------------
247 This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your
248 filesystem. The following members are defined:
252 struct super_operations {
253 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
254 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
255 void (*free_inode)(struct inode *);
257 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, int flags);
258 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, struct writeback_control *wbc);
259 int (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
260 void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *);
261 void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
262 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
263 int (*freeze_super) (struct super_block *);
264 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
265 int (*thaw_super) (struct super_block *);
266 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
267 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
268 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
269 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
271 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
272 int (*show_devname)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
273 int (*show_path)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
274 int (*show_stats)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
276 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
277 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
278 struct dquot **(*get_dquots)(struct inode *);
280 long (*nr_cached_objects)(struct super_block *,
281 struct shrink_control *);
282 long (*free_cached_objects)(struct super_block *,
283 struct shrink_control *);
286 All methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise
287 noted. This means that most methods can block safely. All methods are
288 only called from a process context (i.e. not from an interrupt handler
292 this method is called by alloc_inode() to allocate memory for
293 struct inode and initialize it. If this function is not
294 defined, a simple 'struct inode' is allocated. Normally
295 alloc_inode will be used to allocate a larger structure which
296 contains a 'struct inode' embedded within it.
299 this method is called by destroy_inode() to release resources
300 allocated for struct inode. It is only required if
301 ->alloc_inode was defined and simply undoes anything done by
305 this method is called from RCU callback. If you use call_rcu()
306 in ->destroy_inode to free 'struct inode' memory, then it's
307 better to release memory in this method.
310 this method is called by the VFS when an inode is marked dirty.
311 This is specifically for the inode itself being marked dirty,
312 not its data. If the update needs to be persisted by fdatasync(),
313 then I_DIRTY_DATASYNC will be set in the flags argument.
314 I_DIRTY_TIME will be set in the flags in case lazytime is enabled
315 and struct inode has times updated since the last ->dirty_inode
319 this method is called when the VFS needs to write an inode to
320 disc. The second parameter indicates whether the write should
321 be synchronous or not, not all filesystems check this flag.
324 called when the last access to the inode is dropped, with the
325 inode->i_lock spinlock held.
327 This method should be either NULL (normal UNIX filesystem
328 semantics) or "generic_delete_inode" (for filesystems that do
329 not want to cache inodes - causing "delete_inode" to always be
330 called regardless of the value of i_nlink)
332 The "generic_delete_inode()" behavior is equivalent to the old
333 practice of using "force_delete" in the put_inode() case, but
334 does not have the races that the "force_delete()" approach had.
337 called when the VFS wants to evict an inode. Caller does
338 *not* evict the pagecache or inode-associated metadata buffers;
339 the method has to use truncate_inode_pages_final() to get rid
340 of those. Caller makes sure async writeback cannot be running for
341 the inode while (or after) ->evict_inode() is called. Optional.
344 called when the VFS wishes to free the superblock
345 (i.e. unmount). This is called with the superblock lock held
348 called when VFS is writing out all dirty data associated with a
349 superblock. The second parameter indicates whether the method
350 should wait until the write out has been completed. Optional.
353 Called instead of ->freeze_fs callback if provided.
354 Main difference is that ->freeze_super is called without taking
355 down_write(&sb->s_umount). If filesystem implements it and wants
356 ->freeze_fs to be called too, then it has to call ->freeze_fs
357 explicitly from this callback. Optional.
360 called when VFS is locking a filesystem and forcing it into a
361 consistent state. This method is currently used by the Logical
362 Volume Manager (LVM) and ioctl(FIFREEZE). Optional.
365 called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable
366 again after ->freeze_super. Optional.
369 called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable
370 again after ->freeze_fs. Optional.
373 called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics.
376 called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called with
380 called when the VFS is unmounting a filesystem.
383 called by the VFS to show mount options for /proc/<pid>/mounts
384 and /proc/<pid>/mountinfo.
385 (see "Mount Options" section)
388 Optional. Called by the VFS to show device name for
389 /proc/<pid>/{mounts,mountinfo,mountstats}. If not provided then
390 '(struct mount).mnt_devname' will be used.
393 Optional. Called by the VFS (for /proc/<pid>/mountinfo) to show
394 the mount root dentry path relative to the filesystem root.
397 Optional. Called by the VFS (for /proc/<pid>/mountstats) to show
398 filesystem-specific mount statistics.
401 called by the VFS to read from filesystem quota file.
404 called by the VFS to write to filesystem quota file.
407 called by quota to get 'struct dquot' array for a particular inode.
410 ``nr_cached_objects``
411 called by the sb cache shrinking function for the filesystem to
412 return the number of freeable cached objects it contains.
415 ``free_cache_objects``
416 called by the sb cache shrinking function for the filesystem to
417 scan the number of objects indicated to try to free them.
418 Optional, but any filesystem implementing this method needs to
419 also implement ->nr_cached_objects for it to be called
422 We can't do anything with any errors that the filesystem might
423 encountered, hence the void return type. This will never be
424 called if the VM is trying to reclaim under GFP_NOFS conditions,
425 hence this method does not need to handle that situation itself.
427 Implementations must include conditional reschedule calls inside
428 any scanning loop that is done. This allows the VFS to
429 determine appropriate scan batch sizes without having to worry
430 about whether implementations will cause holdoff problems due to
431 large scan batch sizes.
433 Whoever sets up the inode is responsible for filling in the "i_op"
434 field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which describes
435 the methods that can be performed on individual inodes.
438 struct xattr_handlers
439 ---------------------
441 On filesystems that support extended attributes (xattrs), the s_xattr
442 superblock field points to a NULL-terminated array of xattr handlers.
443 Extended attributes are name:value pairs.
446 Indicates that the handler matches attributes with the specified
447 name (such as "system.posix_acl_access"); the prefix field must
451 Indicates that the handler matches all attributes with the
452 specified name prefix (such as "user."); the name field must be
456 Determine if attributes matching this xattr handler should be
457 listed for a particular dentry. Used by some listxattr
458 implementations like generic_listxattr.
461 Called by the VFS to get the value of a particular extended
462 attribute. This method is called by the getxattr(2) system
466 Called by the VFS to set the value of a particular extended
467 attribute. When the new value is NULL, called to remove a
468 particular extended attribute. This method is called by the
469 setxattr(2) and removexattr(2) system calls.
471 When none of the xattr handlers of a filesystem match the specified
472 attribute name or when a filesystem doesn't support extended attributes,
473 the various ``*xattr(2)`` system calls return -EOPNOTSUPP.
479 An inode object represents an object within the filesystem.
482 struct inode_operations
483 -----------------------
485 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your filesystem.
486 As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are defined:
490 struct inode_operations {
491 int (*create) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *, umode_t, bool);
492 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, unsigned int);
493 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
494 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
495 int (*symlink) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
496 int (*mkdir) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t);
497 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
498 int (*mknod) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t,dev_t);
499 int (*rename) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *, struct dentry *,
500 struct inode *, struct dentry *, unsigned int);
501 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
502 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *,
503 struct delayed_call *);
504 int (*permission) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *, int);
505 struct posix_acl * (*get_inode_acl)(struct inode *, int, bool);
506 int (*setattr) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
507 int (*getattr) (struct mnt_idmap *, const struct path *, struct kstat *, u32, unsigned int);
508 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
509 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, struct timespec *, int);
510 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, struct dentry *, struct file *,
511 unsigned open_flag, umode_t create_mode);
512 int (*tmpfile) (struct mnt_idmap *, struct inode *, struct file *, umode_t);
513 struct posix_acl * (*get_acl)(struct mnt_idmap *, struct dentry *, int);
514 int (*set_acl)(struct mnt_idmap *, struct dentry *, struct posix_acl *, int);
515 int (*fileattr_set)(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
516 struct dentry *dentry, struct fileattr *fa);
517 int (*fileattr_get)(struct dentry *dentry, struct fileattr *fa);
520 Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
524 called by the open(2) and creat(2) system calls. Only required
525 if you want to support regular files. The dentry you get should
526 not have an inode (i.e. it should be a negative dentry). Here
527 you will probably call d_instantiate() with the dentry and the
531 called when the VFS needs to look up an inode in a parent
532 directory. The name to look for is found in the dentry. This
533 method must call d_add() to insert the found inode into the
534 dentry. The "i_count" field in the inode structure should be
535 incremented. If the named inode does not exist a NULL inode
536 should be inserted into the dentry (this is called a negative
537 dentry). Returning an error code from this routine must only be
538 done on a real error, otherwise creating inodes with system
539 calls like create(2), mknod(2), mkdir(2) and so on will fail.
540 If you wish to overload the dentry methods then you should
541 initialise the "d_dop" field in the dentry; this is a pointer to
542 a struct "dentry_operations". This method is called with the
543 directory inode semaphore held
546 called by the link(2) system call. Only required if you want to
547 support hard links. You will probably need to call
548 d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
551 called by the unlink(2) system call. Only required if you want
552 to support deleting inodes
555 called by the symlink(2) system call. Only required if you want
556 to support symlinks. You will probably need to call
557 d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
560 called by the mkdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
561 to support creating subdirectories. You will probably need to
562 call d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
565 called by the rmdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
566 to support deleting subdirectories
569 called by the mknod(2) system call to create a device (char,
570 block) inode or a named pipe (FIFO) or socket. Only required if
571 you want to support creating these types of inodes. You will
572 probably need to call d_instantiate() just as you would in the
576 called by the rename(2) system call to rename the object to have
577 the parent and name given by the second inode and dentry.
579 The filesystem must return -EINVAL for any unsupported or
580 unknown flags. Currently the following flags are implemented:
581 (1) RENAME_NOREPLACE: this flag indicates that if the target of
582 the rename exists the rename should fail with -EEXIST instead of
583 replacing the target. The VFS already checks for existence, so
584 for local filesystems the RENAME_NOREPLACE implementation is
585 equivalent to plain rename.
586 (2) RENAME_EXCHANGE: exchange source and target. Both must
587 exist; this is checked by the VFS. Unlike plain rename, source
588 and target may be of different type.
591 called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the inode it
592 points to. Only required if you want to support symbolic links.
593 This method returns the symlink body to traverse (and possibly
594 resets the current position with nd_jump_link()). If the body
595 won't go away until the inode is gone, nothing else is needed;
596 if it needs to be otherwise pinned, arrange for its release by
597 having get_link(..., ..., done) do set_delayed_call(done,
598 destructor, argument). In that case destructor(argument) will
599 be called once VFS is done with the body you've returned. May
600 be called in RCU mode; that is indicated by NULL dentry
601 argument. If request can't be handled without leaving RCU mode,
602 have it return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD).
604 If the filesystem stores the symlink target in ->i_link, the
605 VFS may use it directly without calling ->get_link(); however,
606 ->get_link() must still be provided. ->i_link must not be
607 freed until after an RCU grace period. Writing to ->i_link
608 post-iget() time requires a 'release' memory barrier.
611 this is now just an override for use by readlink(2) for the
612 cases when ->get_link uses nd_jump_link() or object is not in
613 fact a symlink. Normally filesystems should only implement
614 ->get_link for symlinks and readlink(2) will automatically use
618 called by the VFS to check for access rights on a POSIX-like
621 May be called in rcu-walk mode (mask & MAY_NOT_BLOCK). If in
622 rcu-walk mode, the filesystem must check the permission without
623 blocking or storing to the inode.
625 If a situation is encountered that rcu-walk cannot handle,
627 -ECHILD and it will be called again in ref-walk mode.
630 called by the VFS to set attributes for a file. This method is
631 called by chmod(2) and related system calls.
634 called by the VFS to get attributes of a file. This method is
635 called by stat(2) and related system calls.
638 called by the VFS to list all extended attributes for a given
639 file. This method is called by the listxattr(2) system call.
642 called by the VFS to update a specific time or the i_version of
643 an inode. If this is not defined the VFS will update the inode
644 itself and call mark_inode_dirty_sync.
647 called on the last component of an open. Using this optional
648 method the filesystem can look up, possibly create and open the
649 file in one atomic operation. If it wants to leave actual
650 opening to the caller (e.g. if the file turned out to be a
651 symlink, device, or just something filesystem won't do atomic
652 open for), it may signal this by returning finish_no_open(file,
653 dentry). This method is only called if the last component is
654 negative or needs lookup. Cached positive dentries are still
655 handled by f_op->open(). If the file was created, FMODE_CREATED
656 flag should be set in file->f_mode. In case of O_EXCL the
657 method must only succeed if the file didn't exist and hence
658 FMODE_CREATED shall always be set on success.
661 called in the end of O_TMPFILE open(). Optional, equivalent to
662 atomically creating, opening and unlinking a file in given
663 directory. On success needs to return with the file already
664 open; this can be done by calling finish_open_simple() right at
668 called on ioctl(FS_IOC_GETFLAGS) and ioctl(FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR) to
669 retrieve miscellaneous file flags and attributes. Also called
670 before the relevant SET operation to check what is being changed
671 (in this case with i_rwsem locked exclusive). If unset, then
672 fall back to f_op->ioctl().
675 called on ioctl(FS_IOC_SETFLAGS) and ioctl(FS_IOC_FSSETXATTR) to
676 change miscellaneous file flags and attributes. Callers hold
677 i_rwsem exclusive. If unset, then fall back to f_op->ioctl().
680 The Address Space Object
681 ========================
683 The address space object is used to group and manage pages in the page
684 cache. It can be used to keep track of the pages in a file (or anything
685 else) and also track the mapping of sections of the file into process
688 There are a number of distinct yet related services that an
689 address-space can provide. These include communicating memory pressure,
690 page lookup by address, and keeping track of pages tagged as Dirty or
693 The first can be used independently to the others. The VM can try to
694 either write dirty pages in order to clean them, or release clean pages
695 in order to reuse them. To do this it can call the ->writepage method
696 on dirty pages, and ->release_folio on clean folios with the private
697 flag set. Clean pages without PagePrivate and with no external references
698 will be released without notice being given to the address_space.
700 To achieve this functionality, pages need to be placed on an LRU with
701 lru_cache_add and mark_page_active needs to be called whenever the page
704 Pages are normally kept in a radix tree index by ->index. This tree
705 maintains information about the PG_Dirty and PG_Writeback status of each
706 page, so that pages with either of these flags can be found quickly.
708 The Dirty tag is primarily used by mpage_writepages - the default
709 ->writepages method. It uses the tag to find dirty pages to call
710 ->writepage on. If mpage_writepages is not used (i.e. the address
711 provides its own ->writepages) , the PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY tag is almost
712 unused. write_inode_now and sync_inode do use it (through
713 __sync_single_inode) to check if ->writepages has been successful in
714 writing out the whole address_space.
716 The Writeback tag is used by filemap*wait* and sync_page* functions, via
717 filemap_fdatawait_range, to wait for all writeback to complete.
719 An address_space handler may attach extra information to a page,
720 typically using the 'private' field in the 'struct page'. If such
721 information is attached, the PG_Private flag should be set. This will
722 cause various VM routines to make extra calls into the address_space
723 handler to deal with that data.
725 An address space acts as an intermediate between storage and
726 application. Data is read into the address space a whole page at a
727 time, and provided to the application either by copying of the page, or
728 by memory-mapping the page. Data is written into the address space by
729 the application, and then written-back to storage typically in whole
730 pages, however the address_space has finer control of write sizes.
732 The read process essentially only requires 'read_folio'. The write
733 process is more complicated and uses write_begin/write_end or
734 dirty_folio to write data into the address_space, and writepage and
735 writepages to writeback data to storage.
737 Adding and removing pages to/from an address_space is protected by the
740 When data is written to a page, the PG_Dirty flag should be set. It
741 typically remains set until writepage asks for it to be written. This
742 should clear PG_Dirty and set PG_Writeback. It can be actually written
743 at any point after PG_Dirty is clear. Once it is known to be safe,
744 PG_Writeback is cleared.
746 Writeback makes use of a writeback_control structure to direct the
747 operations. This gives the writepage and writepages operations some
748 information about the nature of and reason for the writeback request,
749 and the constraints under which it is being done. It is also used to
750 return information back to the caller about the result of a writepage or
754 Handling errors during writeback
755 --------------------------------
757 Most applications that do buffered I/O will periodically call a file
758 synchronization call (fsync, fdatasync, msync or sync_file_range) to
759 ensure that data written has made it to the backing store. When there
760 is an error during writeback, they expect that error to be reported when
761 a file sync request is made. After an error has been reported on one
762 request, subsequent requests on the same file descriptor should return
763 0, unless further writeback errors have occurred since the previous file
766 Ideally, the kernel would report errors only on file descriptions on
767 which writes were done that subsequently failed to be written back. The
768 generic pagecache infrastructure does not track the file descriptions
769 that have dirtied each individual page however, so determining which
770 file descriptors should get back an error is not possible.
772 Instead, the generic writeback error tracking infrastructure in the
773 kernel settles for reporting errors to fsync on all file descriptions
774 that were open at the time that the error occurred. In a situation with
775 multiple writers, all of them will get back an error on a subsequent
776 fsync, even if all of the writes done through that particular file
777 descriptor succeeded (or even if there were no writes on that file
780 Filesystems that wish to use this infrastructure should call
781 mapping_set_error to record the error in the address_space when it
782 occurs. Then, after writing back data from the pagecache in their
783 file->fsync operation, they should call file_check_and_advance_wb_err to
784 ensure that the struct file's error cursor has advanced to the correct
785 point in the stream of errors emitted by the backing device(s).
788 struct address_space_operations
789 -------------------------------
791 This describes how the VFS can manipulate mapping of a file to page
792 cache in your filesystem. The following members are defined:
796 struct address_space_operations {
797 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
798 int (*read_folio)(struct file *, struct folio *);
799 int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
800 bool (*dirty_folio)(struct address_space *, struct folio *);
801 void (*readahead)(struct readahead_control *);
802 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
803 loff_t pos, unsigned len,
804 struct page **pagep, void **fsdata);
805 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
806 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
807 struct page *page, void *fsdata);
808 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
809 void (*invalidate_folio) (struct folio *, size_t start, size_t len);
810 bool (*release_folio)(struct folio *, gfp_t);
811 void (*free_folio)(struct folio *);
812 ssize_t (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *iter);
813 int (*migrate_folio)(struct mapping *, struct folio *dst,
814 struct folio *src, enum migrate_mode);
815 int (*launder_folio) (struct folio *);
817 bool (*is_partially_uptodate) (struct folio *, size_t from,
819 void (*is_dirty_writeback)(struct folio *, bool *, bool *);
820 int (*error_remove_page) (struct mapping *mapping, struct page *page);
821 int (*swap_activate)(struct swap_info_struct *sis, struct file *f, sector_t *span)
822 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *);
823 int (*swap_rw)(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter);
827 called by the VM to write a dirty page to backing store. This
828 may happen for data integrity reasons (i.e. 'sync'), or to free
829 up memory (flush). The difference can be seen in
830 wbc->sync_mode. The PG_Dirty flag has been cleared and
831 PageLocked is true. writepage should start writeout, should set
832 PG_Writeback, and should make sure the page is unlocked, either
833 synchronously or asynchronously when the write operation
836 If wbc->sync_mode is WB_SYNC_NONE, ->writepage doesn't have to
837 try too hard if there are problems, and may choose to write out
838 other pages from the mapping if that is easier (e.g. due to
839 internal dependencies). If it chooses not to start writeout, it
840 should return AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE so that the VM will not
841 keep calling ->writepage on that page.
843 See the file "Locking" for more details.
846 Called by the page cache to read a folio from the backing store.
847 The 'file' argument supplies authentication information to network
848 filesystems, and is generally not used by block based filesystems.
849 It may be NULL if the caller does not have an open file (eg if
850 the kernel is performing a read for itself rather than on behalf
851 of a userspace process with an open file).
853 If the mapping does not support large folios, the folio will
854 contain a single page. The folio will be locked when read_folio
855 is called. If the read completes successfully, the folio should
856 be marked uptodate. The filesystem should unlock the folio
857 once the read has completed, whether it was successful or not.
858 The filesystem does not need to modify the refcount on the folio;
859 the page cache holds a reference count and that will not be
860 released until the folio is unlocked.
862 Filesystems may implement ->read_folio() synchronously.
863 In normal operation, folios are read through the ->readahead()
864 method. Only if this fails, or if the caller needs to wait for
865 the read to complete will the page cache call ->read_folio().
866 Filesystems should not attempt to perform their own readahead
867 in the ->read_folio() operation.
869 If the filesystem cannot perform the read at this time, it can
870 unlock the folio, do whatever action it needs to ensure that the
871 read will succeed in the future and return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE.
872 In this case, the caller should look up the folio, lock it,
873 and call ->read_folio again.
875 Callers may invoke the ->read_folio() method directly, but using
876 read_mapping_folio() will take care of locking, waiting for the
877 read to complete and handle cases such as AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE.
880 called by the VM to write out pages associated with the
881 address_space object. If wbc->sync_mode is WB_SYNC_ALL, then
882 the writeback_control will specify a range of pages that must be
883 written out. If it is WB_SYNC_NONE, then a nr_to_write is
884 given and that many pages should be written if possible. If no
885 ->writepages is given, then mpage_writepages is used instead.
886 This will choose pages from the address space that are tagged as
887 DIRTY and will pass them to ->writepage.
890 called by the VM to mark a folio as dirty. This is particularly
891 needed if an address space attaches private data to a folio, and
892 that data needs to be updated when a folio is dirtied. This is
893 called, for example, when a memory mapped page gets modified.
894 If defined, it should set the folio dirty flag, and the
895 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY search mark in i_pages.
898 Called by the VM to read pages associated with the address_space
899 object. The pages are consecutive in the page cache and are
900 locked. The implementation should decrement the page refcount
901 after starting I/O on each page. Usually the page will be
902 unlocked by the I/O completion handler. The set of pages are
903 divided into some sync pages followed by some async pages,
904 rac->ra->async_size gives the number of async pages. The
905 filesystem should attempt to read all sync pages but may decide
906 to stop once it reaches the async pages. If it does decide to
907 stop attempting I/O, it can simply return. The caller will
908 remove the remaining pages from the address space, unlock them
909 and decrement the page refcount. Set PageUptodate if the I/O
910 completes successfully. Setting PageError on any page will be
911 ignored; simply unlock the page if an I/O error occurs.
914 Called by the generic buffered write code to ask the filesystem
915 to prepare to write len bytes at the given offset in the file.
916 The address_space should check that the write will be able to
917 complete, by allocating space if necessary and doing any other
918 internal housekeeping. If the write will update parts of any
919 basic-blocks on storage, then those blocks should be pre-read
920 (if they haven't been read already) so that the updated blocks
921 can be written out properly.
923 The filesystem must return the locked pagecache page for the
924 specified offset, in ``*pagep``, for the caller to write into.
926 It must be able to cope with short writes (where the length
927 passed to write_begin is greater than the number of bytes copied
930 A void * may be returned in fsdata, which then gets passed into
933 Returns 0 on success; < 0 on failure (which is the error code),
934 in which case write_end is not called.
937 After a successful write_begin, and data copy, write_end must be
938 called. len is the original len passed to write_begin, and
939 copied is the amount that was able to be copied.
941 The filesystem must take care of unlocking the page and
942 releasing it refcount, and updating i_size.
944 Returns < 0 on failure, otherwise the number of bytes (<=
945 'copied') that were able to be copied into pagecache.
948 called by the VFS to map a logical block offset within object to
949 physical block number. This method is used by the FIBMAP ioctl
950 and for working with swap-files. To be able to swap to a file,
951 the file must have a stable mapping to a block device. The swap
952 system does not go through the filesystem but instead uses bmap
953 to find out where the blocks in the file are and uses those
957 If a folio has private data, then invalidate_folio will be
958 called when part or all of the folio is to be removed from the
959 address space. This generally corresponds to either a
960 truncation, punch hole or a complete invalidation of the address
961 space (in the latter case 'offset' will always be 0 and 'length'
962 will be folio_size()). Any private data associated with the folio
963 should be updated to reflect this truncation. If offset is 0
964 and length is folio_size(), then the private data should be
965 released, because the folio must be able to be completely
966 discarded. This may be done by calling the ->release_folio
967 function, but in this case the release MUST succeed.
970 release_folio is called on folios with private data to tell the
971 filesystem that the folio is about to be freed. ->release_folio
972 should remove any private data from the folio and clear the
973 private flag. If release_folio() fails, it should return false.
974 release_folio() is used in two distinct though related cases.
975 The first is when the VM wants to free a clean folio with no
976 active users. If ->release_folio succeeds, the folio will be
977 removed from the address_space and be freed.
979 The second case is when a request has been made to invalidate
980 some or all folios in an address_space. This can happen
981 through the fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) system call or by the
982 filesystem explicitly requesting it as nfs and 9p do (when they
983 believe the cache may be out of date with storage) by calling
984 invalidate_inode_pages2(). If the filesystem makes such a call,
985 and needs to be certain that all folios are invalidated, then
986 its release_folio will need to ensure this. Possibly it can
987 clear the uptodate flag if it cannot free private data yet.
990 free_folio is called once the folio is no longer visible in the
991 page cache in order to allow the cleanup of any private data.
992 Since it may be called by the memory reclaimer, it should not
993 assume that the original address_space mapping still exists, and
997 called by the generic read/write routines to perform direct_IO -
998 that is IO requests which bypass the page cache and transfer
999 data directly between the storage and the application's address
1003 This is used to compact the physical memory usage. If the VM
1004 wants to relocate a folio (maybe from a memory device that is
1005 signalling imminent failure) it will pass a new folio and an old
1006 folio to this function. migrate_folio should transfer any private
1007 data across and update any references that it has to the folio.
1010 Called before freeing a folio - it writes back the dirty folio.
1011 To prevent redirtying the folio, it is kept locked during the
1014 ``is_partially_uptodate``
1015 Called by the VM when reading a file through the pagecache when
1016 the underlying blocksize is smaller than the size of the folio.
1017 If the required block is up to date then the read can complete
1018 without needing I/O to bring the whole page up to date.
1020 ``is_dirty_writeback``
1021 Called by the VM when attempting to reclaim a folio. The VM uses
1022 dirty and writeback information to determine if it needs to
1023 stall to allow flushers a chance to complete some IO.
1024 Ordinarily it can use folio_test_dirty and folio_test_writeback but
1025 some filesystems have more complex state (unstable folios in NFS
1026 prevent reclaim) or do not set those flags due to locking
1027 problems. This callback allows a filesystem to indicate to the
1028 VM if a folio should be treated as dirty or writeback for the
1029 purposes of stalling.
1031 ``error_remove_page``
1032 normally set to generic_error_remove_page if truncation is ok
1033 for this address space. Used for memory failure handling.
1034 Setting this implies you deal with pages going away under you,
1035 unless you have them locked or reference counts increased.
1039 Called to prepare the given file for swap. It should perform
1040 any validation and preparation necessary to ensure that writes
1041 can be performed with minimal memory allocation. It should call
1042 add_swap_extent(), or the helper iomap_swapfile_activate(), and
1043 return the number of extents added. If IO should be submitted
1044 through ->swap_rw(), it should set SWP_FS_OPS, otherwise IO will
1045 be submitted directly to the block device ``sis->bdev``.
1048 Called during swapoff on files where swap_activate was
1052 Called to read or write swap pages when SWP_FS_OPS is set.
1057 A file object represents a file opened by a process. This is also known
1058 as an "open file description" in POSIX parlance.
1061 struct file_operations
1062 ----------------------
1064 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel
1065 4.18, the following members are defined:
1069 struct file_operations {
1070 struct module *owner;
1071 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
1072 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
1073 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
1074 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
1075 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
1076 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
1077 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
1078 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
1079 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
1080 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
1081 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
1082 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
1083 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
1084 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
1085 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
1086 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
1087 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
1088 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
1089 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
1090 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
1091 int (*check_flags)(int);
1092 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
1093 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
1094 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
1095 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
1096 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
1098 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
1100 unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
1102 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
1103 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
1104 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
1105 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
1106 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
1109 Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
1113 called when the VFS needs to move the file position index
1116 called by read(2) and related system calls
1119 possibly asynchronous read with iov_iter as destination
1122 called by write(2) and related system calls
1125 possibly asynchronous write with iov_iter as source
1128 called when aio wants to poll for completions on HIPRI iocbs
1131 called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents
1134 called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents when
1135 filesystem supports concurrent dir iterators
1138 called by the VFS when a process wants to check if there is
1139 activity on this file and (optionally) go to sleep until there
1140 is activity. Called by the select(2) and poll(2) system calls
1143 called by the ioctl(2) system call.
1146 called by the ioctl(2) system call when 32 bit system calls are
1147 used on 64 bit kernels.
1150 called by the mmap(2) system call
1153 called by the VFS when an inode should be opened. When the VFS
1154 opens a file, it creates a new "struct file". It then calls the
1155 open method for the newly allocated file structure. You might
1156 think that the open method really belongs in "struct
1157 inode_operations", and you may be right. I think it's done the
1158 way it is because it makes filesystems simpler to implement.
1159 The open() method is a good place to initialize the
1160 "private_data" member in the file structure if you want to point
1161 to a device structure
1164 called by the close(2) system call to flush a file
1167 called when the last reference to an open file is closed
1170 called by the fsync(2) system call. Also see the section above
1171 entitled "Handling errors during writeback".
1174 called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous
1175 (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file
1178 called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_GETLK, F_SETLK, and
1181 ``get_unmapped_area``
1182 called by the mmap(2) system call
1185 called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_SETFL command
1188 called by the flock(2) system call
1191 called by the VFS to splice data from a pipe to a file. This
1192 method is used by the splice(2) system call
1195 called by the VFS to splice data from file to a pipe. This
1196 method is used by the splice(2) system call
1199 called by the VFS to set or release a file lock lease. setlease
1200 implementations should call generic_setlease to record or remove
1201 the lease in the inode after setting it.
1204 called by the VFS to preallocate blocks or punch a hole.
1207 called by the copy_file_range(2) system call.
1209 ``remap_file_range``
1210 called by the ioctl(2) system call for FICLONERANGE and FICLONE
1211 and FIDEDUPERANGE commands to remap file ranges. An
1212 implementation should remap len bytes at pos_in of the source
1213 file into the dest file at pos_out. Implementations must handle
1214 callers passing in len == 0; this means "remap to the end of the
1215 source file". The return value should the number of bytes
1216 remapped, or the usual negative error code if errors occurred
1217 before any bytes were remapped. The remap_flags parameter
1218 accepts REMAP_FILE_* flags. If REMAP_FILE_DEDUP is set then the
1219 implementation must only remap if the requested file ranges have
1220 identical contents. If REMAP_FILE_CAN_SHORTEN is set, the caller is
1221 ok with the implementation shortening the request length to
1222 satisfy alignment or EOF requirements (or any other reason).
1225 possibly called by the fadvise64() system call.
1227 Note that the file operations are implemented by the specific
1228 filesystem in which the inode resides. When opening a device node
1229 (character or block special) most filesystems will call special
1230 support routines in the VFS which will locate the required device
1231 driver information. These support routines replace the filesystem file
1232 operations with those for the device driver, and then proceed to call
1233 the new open() method for the file. This is how opening a device file
1234 in the filesystem eventually ends up calling the device driver open()
1238 Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
1239 ==============================
1242 struct dentry_operations
1243 ------------------------
1245 This describes how a filesystem can overload the standard dentry
1246 operations. Dentries and the dcache are the domain of the VFS and the
1247 individual filesystem implementations. Device drivers have no business
1248 here. These methods may be set to NULL, as they are either optional or
1249 the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are
1254 struct dentry_operations {
1255 int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
1256 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
1257 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
1258 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry *,
1259 unsigned int, const char *, const struct qstr *);
1260 int (*d_delete)(const struct dentry *);
1261 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *);
1262 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
1263 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
1264 char *(*d_dname)(struct dentry *, char *, int);
1265 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *);
1266 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, bool);
1267 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry *, const struct inode *);
1271 called when the VFS needs to revalidate a dentry. This is
1272 called whenever a name look-up finds a dentry in the dcache.
1273 Most local filesystems leave this as NULL, because all their
1274 dentries in the dcache are valid. Network filesystems are
1275 different since things can change on the server without the
1276 client necessarily being aware of it.
1278 This function should return a positive value if the dentry is
1279 still valid, and zero or a negative error code if it isn't.
1281 d_revalidate may be called in rcu-walk mode (flags &
1282 LOOKUP_RCU). If in rcu-walk mode, the filesystem must
1283 revalidate the dentry without blocking or storing to the dentry,
1284 d_parent and d_inode should not be used without care (because
1285 they can change and, in d_inode case, even become NULL under
1288 If a situation is encountered that rcu-walk cannot handle,
1290 -ECHILD and it will be called again in ref-walk mode.
1292 ``d_weak_revalidate``
1293 called when the VFS needs to revalidate a "jumped" dentry. This
1294 is called when a path-walk ends at dentry that was not acquired
1295 by doing a lookup in the parent directory. This includes "/",
1296 "." and "..", as well as procfs-style symlinks and mountpoint
1299 In this case, we are less concerned with whether the dentry is
1300 still fully correct, but rather that the inode is still valid.
1301 As with d_revalidate, most local filesystems will set this to
1302 NULL since their dcache entries are always valid.
1304 This function has the same return code semantics as
1307 d_weak_revalidate is only called after leaving rcu-walk mode.
1310 called when the VFS adds a dentry to the hash table. The first
1311 dentry passed to d_hash is the parent directory that the name is
1314 Same locking and synchronisation rules as d_compare regarding
1315 what is safe to dereference etc.
1318 called to compare a dentry name with a given name. The first
1319 dentry is the parent of the dentry to be compared, the second is
1320 the child dentry. len and name string are properties of the
1321 dentry to be compared. qstr is the name to compare it with.
1323 Must be constant and idempotent, and should not take locks if
1324 possible, and should not or store into the dentry. Should not
1325 dereference pointers outside the dentry without lots of care
1326 (eg. d_parent, d_inode, d_name should not be used).
1328 However, our vfsmount is pinned, and RCU held, so the dentries
1329 and inodes won't disappear, neither will our sb or filesystem
1330 module. ->d_sb may be used.
1332 It is a tricky calling convention because it needs to be called
1333 under "rcu-walk", ie. without any locks or references on things.
1336 called when the last reference to a dentry is dropped and the
1337 dcache is deciding whether or not to cache it. Return 1 to
1338 delete immediately, or 0 to cache the dentry. Default is NULL
1339 which means to always cache a reachable dentry. d_delete must
1340 be constant and idempotent.
1343 called when a dentry is allocated
1346 called when a dentry is really deallocated
1349 called when a dentry loses its inode (just prior to its being
1350 deallocated). The default when this is NULL is that the VFS
1351 calls iput(). If you define this method, you must call iput()
1355 called when the pathname of a dentry should be generated.
1356 Useful for some pseudo filesystems (sockfs, pipefs, ...) to
1357 delay pathname generation. (Instead of doing it when dentry is
1358 created, it's done only when the path is needed.). Real
1359 filesystems probably dont want to use it, because their dentries
1360 are present in global dcache hash, so their hash should be an
1361 invariant. As no lock is held, d_dname() should not try to
1362 modify the dentry itself, unless appropriate SMP safety is used.
1363 CAUTION : d_path() logic is quite tricky. The correct way to
1364 return for example "Hello" is to put it at the end of the
1365 buffer, and returns a pointer to the first char.
1366 dynamic_dname() helper function is provided to take care of
1373 static char *pipefs_dname(struct dentry *dent, char *buffer, int buflen)
1375 return dynamic_dname(dentry, buffer, buflen, "pipe:[%lu]",
1376 dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
1380 called when an automount dentry is to be traversed (optional).
1381 This should create a new VFS mount record and return the record
1382 to the caller. The caller is supplied with a path parameter
1383 giving the automount directory to describe the automount target
1384 and the parent VFS mount record to provide inheritable mount
1385 parameters. NULL should be returned if someone else managed to
1386 make the automount first. If the vfsmount creation failed, then
1387 an error code should be returned. If -EISDIR is returned, then
1388 the directory will be treated as an ordinary directory and
1389 returned to pathwalk to continue walking.
1391 If a vfsmount is returned, the caller will attempt to mount it
1392 on the mountpoint and will remove the vfsmount from its
1393 expiration list in the case of failure. The vfsmount should be
1394 returned with 2 refs on it to prevent automatic expiration - the
1395 caller will clean up the additional ref.
1397 This function is only used if DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT is set on
1398 the dentry. This is set by __d_instantiate() if S_AUTOMOUNT is
1399 set on the inode being added.
1402 called to allow the filesystem to manage the transition from a
1403 dentry (optional). This allows autofs, for example, to hold up
1404 clients waiting to explore behind a 'mountpoint' while letting
1405 the daemon go past and construct the subtree there. 0 should be
1406 returned to let the calling process continue. -EISDIR can be
1407 returned to tell pathwalk to use this directory as an ordinary
1408 directory and to ignore anything mounted on it and not to check
1409 the automount flag. Any other error code will abort pathwalk
1412 If the 'rcu_walk' parameter is true, then the caller is doing a
1413 pathwalk in RCU-walk mode. Sleeping is not permitted in this
1414 mode, and the caller can be asked to leave it and call again by
1415 returning -ECHILD. -EISDIR may also be returned to tell
1416 pathwalk to ignore d_automount or any mounts.
1418 This function is only used if DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT is set on
1419 the dentry being transited from.
1422 overlay/union type filesystems implement this method to return
1423 one of the underlying dentries hidden by the overlay. It is
1424 used in two different modes:
1426 Called from file_dentry() it returns the real dentry matching
1427 the inode argument. The real dentry may be from a lower layer
1428 already copied up, but still referenced from the file. This
1429 mode is selected with a non-NULL inode argument.
1431 With NULL inode the topmost real underlying dentry is returned.
1433 Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentry, as well as a hash list
1434 of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a
1438 Directory Entry Cache API
1439 --------------------------
1441 There are a number of functions defined which permit a filesystem to
1442 manipulate dentries:
1445 open a new handle for an existing dentry (this just increments
1449 close a handle for a dentry (decrements the usage count). If
1450 the usage count drops to 0, and the dentry is still in its
1451 parent's hash, the "d_delete" method is called to check whether
1452 it should be cached. If it should not be cached, or if the
1453 dentry is not hashed, it is deleted. Otherwise cached dentries
1454 are put into an LRU list to be reclaimed on memory shortage.
1457 this unhashes a dentry from its parents hash list. A subsequent
1458 call to dput() will deallocate the dentry if its usage count
1462 delete a dentry. If there are no other open references to the
1463 dentry then the dentry is turned into a negative dentry (the
1464 d_iput() method is called). If there are other references, then
1465 d_drop() is called instead
1468 add a dentry to its parents hash list and then calls
1472 add a dentry to the alias hash list for the inode and updates
1473 the "d_inode" member. The "i_count" member in the inode
1474 structure should be set/incremented. If the inode pointer is
1475 NULL, the dentry is called a "negative dentry". This function
1476 is commonly called when an inode is created for an existing
1480 look up a dentry given its parent and path name component It
1481 looks up the child of that given name from the dcache hash
1482 table. If it is found, the reference count is incremented and
1483 the dentry is returned. The caller must use dput() to free the
1484 dentry when it finishes using it.
1494 On mount and remount the filesystem is passed a string containing a
1495 comma separated list of mount options. The options can have either of
1501 The <linux/parser.h> header defines an API that helps parse these
1502 options. There are plenty of examples on how to use it in existing
1509 If a filesystem accepts mount options, it must define show_options() to
1510 show all the currently active options. The rules are:
1512 - options MUST be shown which are not default or their values differ
1515 - options MAY be shown which are enabled by default or have their
1518 Options used only internally between a mount helper and the kernel (such
1519 as file descriptors), or which only have an effect during the mounting
1520 (such as ones controlling the creation of a journal) are exempt from the
1523 The underlying reason for the above rules is to make sure, that a mount
1524 can be accurately replicated (e.g. umounting and mounting again) based
1525 on the information found in /proc/mounts.
1531 (Note some of these resources are not up-to-date with the latest kernel
1534 Creating Linux virtual filesystems. 2002
1535 <https://lwn.net/Articles/13325/>
1537 The Linux Virtual File-system Layer by Neil Brown. 1999
1538 <http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/vfs.html>
1540 A tour of the Linux VFS by Michael K. Johnson. 1996
1541 <https://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/fs/vfstour.html>
1543 A small trail through the Linux kernel by Andries Brouwer. 2001
1544 <https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/trail.html>