2 FUSE: Filesystem in Userspace
5 This program can be distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL.
12 #include <linux/fuse.h>
14 #include <linux/mount.h>
15 #include <linux/wait.h>
16 #include <linux/list.h>
17 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
19 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
20 #include <linux/mutex.h>
21 #include <linux/rwsem.h>
22 #include <linux/rbtree.h>
23 #include <linux/poll.h>
24 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
25 #include <linux/kref.h>
26 #include <linux/xattr.h>
27 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
28 #include <linux/refcount.h>
29 #include <linux/user_namespace.h>
31 /** Default max number of pages that can be used in a single read request */
32 #define FUSE_DEFAULT_MAX_PAGES_PER_REQ 32
34 /** Maximum of max_pages received in init_out */
35 #define FUSE_MAX_MAX_PAGES 256
37 /** Bias for fi->writectr, meaning new writepages must not be sent */
38 #define FUSE_NOWRITE INT_MIN
40 /** It could be as large as PATH_MAX, but would that have any uses? */
41 #define FUSE_NAME_MAX 1024
43 /** Number of dentries for each connection in the control filesystem */
44 #define FUSE_CTL_NUM_DENTRIES 5
46 /** Number of page pointers embedded in fuse_req */
47 #define FUSE_REQ_INLINE_PAGES 1
49 /** List of active connections */
50 extern struct list_head fuse_conn_list;
52 /** Global mutex protecting fuse_conn_list and the control filesystem */
53 extern struct mutex fuse_mutex;
55 /** Module parameters */
56 extern unsigned max_user_bgreq;
57 extern unsigned max_user_congthresh;
59 /* One forget request */
60 struct fuse_forget_link {
61 struct fuse_forget_one forget_one;
62 struct fuse_forget_link *next;
70 /** Unique ID, which identifies the inode between userspace
74 /** Number of lookups on this inode */
77 /** The request used for sending the FORGET message */
78 struct fuse_forget_link *forget;
80 /** Time in jiffies until the file attributes are valid */
83 /* Which attributes are invalid */
86 /** The sticky bit in inode->i_mode may have been removed, so
87 preserve the original mode */
90 /** 64 bit inode number */
93 /** Version of last attribute change */
97 /* Write related fields (regular file only) */
99 /* Files usable in writepage. Protected by fi->lock */
100 struct list_head write_files;
102 /* Writepages pending on truncate or fsync */
103 struct list_head queued_writes;
105 /* Number of sent writes, a negative bias
106 * (FUSE_NOWRITE) means more writes are blocked */
109 /* Waitq for writepage completion */
110 wait_queue_head_t page_waitq;
112 /* List of writepage requestst (pending or sent) */
113 struct list_head writepages;
116 /* readdir cache (directory only) */
118 /* true if fully cached */
124 /* position at end of cache (position of next entry) */
127 /* version of the cache */
130 /* modification time of directory when cache was
132 struct timespec64 mtime;
134 /* iversion of directory when cache was started */
137 /* protects above fields */
142 /** Miscellaneous bits describing inode state */
145 /** Lock for serializing lookup and readdir for back compatibility*/
148 /** Lock to protect write related fields */
152 /** FUSE inode state bits */
154 /** Advise readdirplus */
155 FUSE_I_ADVISE_RDPLUS,
156 /** Initialized with readdirplus */
158 /** An operation changing file size is in progress */
159 FUSE_I_SIZE_UNSTABLE,
164 /** FUSE specific file data */
166 /** Fuse connection for this file */
167 struct fuse_conn *fc;
170 * Request reserved for flush and release.
171 * Modified under relative fuse_inode::lock.
173 struct fuse_req *reserved_req;
175 /** Kernel file handle guaranteed to be unique */
178 /** File handle used by userspace */
181 /** Node id of this file */
187 /** FOPEN_* flags returned by open */
190 /** Entry on inode's write_files list */
191 struct list_head write_entry;
193 /* Readdir related */
196 * Protects below fields against (crazy) parallel readdir on
197 * same open file. Uncontended in the normal case.
201 /* Dir stream position */
204 /* Offset in cache */
207 /* Version of cache we are reading */
212 /** RB node to be linked on fuse_conn->polled_files */
213 struct rb_node polled_node;
215 /** Wait queue head for poll */
216 wait_queue_head_t poll_wait;
218 /** Has flock been performed on this file? */
222 /** One input argument of a request */
228 /** The request input */
230 /** The request header */
231 struct fuse_in_header h;
233 /** True if the data for the last argument is in req->pages */
236 /** Number of arguments */
239 /** Array of arguments */
240 struct fuse_in_arg args[3];
243 /** One output argument of a request */
249 /** The request output */
251 /** Header returned from userspace */
252 struct fuse_out_header h;
255 * The following bitfields are not changed during the request
259 /** Last argument is variable length (can be shorter than
263 /** Last argument is a list of pages to copy data to */
266 /** Zero partially or not copied pages */
267 unsigned page_zeroing:1;
269 /** Pages may be replaced with new ones */
270 unsigned page_replace:1;
272 /** Number or arguments */
275 /** Array of arguments */
276 struct fuse_arg args[2];
279 /** FUSE page descriptor */
280 struct fuse_page_desc {
292 struct fuse_in_arg args[3];
298 struct fuse_arg args[2];
302 #define FUSE_ARGS(args) struct fuse_args args = {}
304 /** The request IO state (for asynchronous processing) */
305 struct fuse_io_priv {
317 struct completion *done;
321 #define FUSE_IO_PRIV_SYNC(i) \
323 .refcnt = KREF_INIT(1), \
331 * FR_ISREPLY: set if the request has reply
332 * FR_FORCE: force sending of the request even if interrupted
333 * FR_BACKGROUND: request is sent in the background
334 * FR_WAITING: request is counted as "waiting"
335 * FR_ABORTED: the request was aborted
336 * FR_INTERRUPTED: the request has been interrupted
337 * FR_LOCKED: data is being copied to/from the request
338 * FR_PENDING: request is not yet in userspace
339 * FR_SENT: request is in userspace, waiting for an answer
340 * FR_FINISHED: request is finished
341 * FR_PRIVATE: request is on private list
358 * A request to the client
360 * .waitq.lock protects the following fields:
362 * - FR_LOCKED (may also be modified under fc->lock, tested under both)
365 /** This can be on either pending processing or io lists in
367 struct list_head list;
369 /** Entry on the interrupts list */
370 struct list_head intr_entry;
375 /* Request flags, updated with test/set/clear_bit() */
378 /** The request input */
381 /** The request output */
384 /** Used to wake up the task waiting for completion of request*/
385 wait_queue_head_t waitq;
387 /** Data for asynchronous requests */
390 struct fuse_release_in in;
393 struct fuse_init_in init_in;
394 struct fuse_init_out init_out;
395 struct cuse_init_in cuse_init_in;
397 struct fuse_read_in in;
401 struct fuse_write_in in;
402 struct fuse_write_out out;
403 struct fuse_req *next;
405 struct fuse_notify_retrieve_in retrieve_in;
411 /** page-descriptor vector */
412 struct fuse_page_desc *page_descs;
414 /** size of the 'pages' array */
417 /** inline page vector */
418 struct page *inline_pages[FUSE_REQ_INLINE_PAGES];
420 /** inline page-descriptor vector */
421 struct fuse_page_desc inline_page_descs[FUSE_REQ_INLINE_PAGES];
423 /** number of pages in vector */
426 /** File used in the request (or NULL) */
427 struct fuse_file *ff;
429 /** Inode used in the request or NULL */
432 /** AIO control block */
433 struct fuse_io_priv *io;
435 /** Link on fi->writepages */
436 struct list_head writepages_entry;
438 /** Request completion callback */
439 void (*end)(struct fuse_conn *, struct fuse_req *);
441 /** Request is stolen from fuse_file->reserved_req */
442 struct file *stolen_file;
446 /** Connection established */
449 /** Readers of the connection are waiting on this */
450 wait_queue_head_t waitq;
452 /** The next unique request id */
455 /** The list of pending requests */
456 struct list_head pending;
458 /** Pending interrupts */
459 struct list_head interrupts;
461 /** Queue of pending forgets */
462 struct fuse_forget_link forget_list_head;
463 struct fuse_forget_link *forget_list_tail;
465 /** Batching of FORGET requests (positive indicates FORGET batch) */
468 /** O_ASYNC requests */
469 struct fasync_struct *fasync;
472 #define FUSE_PQ_HASH_BITS 8
473 #define FUSE_PQ_HASH_SIZE (1 << FUSE_PQ_HASH_BITS)
476 /** Connection established */
479 /** Lock protecting accessess to members of this structure */
482 /** Hash table of requests being processed */
483 struct list_head *processing;
485 /** The list of requests under I/O */
490 * Fuse device instance
493 /** Fuse connection for this device */
494 struct fuse_conn *fc;
496 /** Processing queue */
497 struct fuse_pqueue pq;
499 /** list entry on fc->devices */
500 struct list_head entry;
506 * This structure is created, when the filesystem is mounted, and is
507 * destroyed, when the client device is closed and the filesystem is
511 /** Lock protecting accessess to members of this structure */
517 /** Number of fuse_dev's */
522 /** The user id for this mount */
525 /** The group id for this mount */
528 /** The pid namespace for this mount */
529 struct pid_namespace *pid_ns;
531 /** The user namespace for this mount */
532 struct user_namespace *user_ns;
534 /** Maximum read size */
537 /** Maximum write size */
540 /** Maxmum number of pages that can be used in a single request */
541 unsigned int max_pages;
544 struct fuse_iqueue iq;
546 /** The next unique kernel file handle */
549 /** rbtree of fuse_files waiting for poll events indexed by ph */
550 struct rb_root polled_files;
552 /** Maximum number of outstanding background requests */
553 unsigned max_background;
555 /** Number of background requests at which congestion starts */
556 unsigned congestion_threshold;
558 /** Number of requests currently in the background */
559 unsigned num_background;
561 /** Number of background requests currently queued for userspace */
562 unsigned active_background;
564 /** The list of background requests set aside for later queuing */
565 struct list_head bg_queue;
567 /** Protects: max_background, congestion_threshold, num_background,
568 * active_background, bg_queue, blocked */
571 /** Flag indicating that INIT reply has been received. Allocating
572 * any fuse request will be suspended until the flag is set */
575 /** Flag indicating if connection is blocked. This will be
576 the case before the INIT reply is received, and if there
577 are too many outstading backgrounds requests */
580 /** waitq for blocked connection */
581 wait_queue_head_t blocked_waitq;
583 /** waitq for reserved requests */
584 wait_queue_head_t reserved_req_waitq;
586 /** Connection established, cleared on umount, connection
587 abort and device release */
590 /** Connection aborted via sysfs */
593 /** Connection failed (version mismatch). Cannot race with
594 setting other bitfields since it is only set once in INIT
595 reply, before any other request, and never cleared */
596 unsigned conn_error:1;
598 /** Connection successful. Only set in INIT */
599 unsigned conn_init:1;
601 /** Do readpages asynchronously? Only set in INIT */
602 unsigned async_read:1;
604 /** Return an unique read error after abort. Only set in INIT */
605 unsigned abort_err:1;
607 /** Do not send separate SETATTR request before open(O_TRUNC) */
608 unsigned atomic_o_trunc:1;
610 /** Filesystem supports NFS exporting. Only set in INIT */
611 unsigned export_support:1;
613 /** write-back cache policy (default is write-through) */
614 unsigned writeback_cache:1;
616 /** allow parallel lookups and readdir (default is serialized) */
617 unsigned parallel_dirops:1;
619 /** handle fs handles killing suid/sgid/cap on write/chown/trunc */
620 unsigned handle_killpriv:1;
622 /** cache READLINK responses in page cache */
623 unsigned cache_symlinks:1;
626 * The following bitfields are only for optimization purposes
627 * and hence races in setting them will not cause malfunction
630 /** Is open/release not implemented by fs? */
633 /** Is opendir/releasedir not implemented by fs? */
634 unsigned no_opendir:1;
636 /** Is fsync not implemented by fs? */
639 /** Is fsyncdir not implemented by fs? */
640 unsigned no_fsyncdir:1;
642 /** Is flush not implemented by fs? */
645 /** Is setxattr not implemented by fs? */
646 unsigned no_setxattr:1;
648 /** Is getxattr not implemented by fs? */
649 unsigned no_getxattr:1;
651 /** Is listxattr not implemented by fs? */
652 unsigned no_listxattr:1;
654 /** Is removexattr not implemented by fs? */
655 unsigned no_removexattr:1;
657 /** Are posix file locking primitives not implemented by fs? */
660 /** Is access not implemented by fs? */
661 unsigned no_access:1;
663 /** Is create not implemented by fs? */
664 unsigned no_create:1;
666 /** Is interrupt not implemented by fs? */
667 unsigned no_interrupt:1;
669 /** Is bmap not implemented by fs? */
672 /** Is poll not implemented by fs? */
675 /** Do multi-page cached writes */
676 unsigned big_writes:1;
678 /** Don't apply umask to creation modes */
679 unsigned dont_mask:1;
681 /** Are BSD file locking primitives not implemented by fs? */
684 /** Is fallocate not implemented by fs? */
685 unsigned no_fallocate:1;
687 /** Is rename with flags implemented by fs? */
688 unsigned no_rename2:1;
690 /** Use enhanced/automatic page cache invalidation. */
691 unsigned auto_inval_data:1;
693 /** Does the filesystem support readdirplus? */
694 unsigned do_readdirplus:1;
696 /** Does the filesystem want adaptive readdirplus? */
697 unsigned readdirplus_auto:1;
699 /** Does the filesystem support asynchronous direct-IO submission? */
700 unsigned async_dio:1;
702 /** Is lseek not implemented by fs? */
705 /** Does the filesystem support posix acls? */
706 unsigned posix_acl:1;
708 /** Check permissions based on the file mode or not? */
709 unsigned default_permissions:1;
711 /** Allow other than the mounter user to access the filesystem ? */
712 unsigned allow_other:1;
714 /** Does the filesystem support copy_file_range? */
715 unsigned no_copy_file_range:1;
717 /** The number of requests waiting for completion */
718 atomic_t num_waiting;
720 /** Negotiated minor version */
723 /** Entry on the fuse_conn_list */
724 struct list_head entry;
726 /** Device ID from super block */
729 /** Dentries in the control filesystem */
730 struct dentry *ctl_dentry[FUSE_CTL_NUM_DENTRIES];
732 /** number of dentries used in the above array */
735 /** Key for lock owner ID scrambling */
738 /** Reserved request for the DESTROY message */
739 struct fuse_req *destroy_req;
741 /** Version counter for attribute changes */
742 atomic64_t attr_version;
744 /** Called on final put */
745 void (*release)(struct fuse_conn *);
747 /** Super block for this connection. */
748 struct super_block *sb;
750 /** Read/write semaphore to hold when accessing sb. */
751 struct rw_semaphore killsb;
753 /** List of device instances belonging to this connection */
754 struct list_head devices;
757 static inline struct fuse_conn *get_fuse_conn_super(struct super_block *sb)
759 return sb->s_fs_info;
762 static inline struct fuse_conn *get_fuse_conn(struct inode *inode)
764 return get_fuse_conn_super(inode->i_sb);
767 static inline struct fuse_inode *get_fuse_inode(struct inode *inode)
769 return container_of(inode, struct fuse_inode, inode);
772 static inline u64 get_node_id(struct inode *inode)
774 return get_fuse_inode(inode)->nodeid;
777 static inline int invalid_nodeid(u64 nodeid)
779 return !nodeid || nodeid == FUSE_ROOT_ID;
782 static inline u64 fuse_get_attr_version(struct fuse_conn *fc)
784 return atomic64_read(&fc->attr_version);
787 /** Device operations */
788 extern const struct file_operations fuse_dev_operations;
790 extern const struct dentry_operations fuse_dentry_operations;
791 extern const struct dentry_operations fuse_root_dentry_operations;
794 * Inode to nodeid comparison.
796 int fuse_inode_eq(struct inode *inode, void *_nodeidp);
799 * Get a filled in inode
801 struct inode *fuse_iget(struct super_block *sb, u64 nodeid,
802 int generation, struct fuse_attr *attr,
803 u64 attr_valid, u64 attr_version);
805 int fuse_lookup_name(struct super_block *sb, u64 nodeid, const struct qstr *name,
806 struct fuse_entry_out *outarg, struct inode **inode);
809 * Send FORGET command
811 void fuse_queue_forget(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_forget_link *forget,
812 u64 nodeid, u64 nlookup);
814 struct fuse_forget_link *fuse_alloc_forget(void);
816 /* Used by READDIRPLUS */
817 void fuse_force_forget(struct file *file, u64 nodeid);
820 * Initialize READ or READDIR request
822 void fuse_read_fill(struct fuse_req *req, struct file *file,
823 loff_t pos, size_t count, int opcode);
826 * Send OPEN or OPENDIR request
828 int fuse_open_common(struct inode *inode, struct file *file, bool isdir);
830 struct fuse_file *fuse_file_alloc(struct fuse_conn *fc);
831 void fuse_file_free(struct fuse_file *ff);
832 void fuse_finish_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
834 void fuse_sync_release(struct fuse_inode *fi, struct fuse_file *ff, int flags);
837 * Send RELEASE or RELEASEDIR request
839 void fuse_release_common(struct file *file, bool isdir);
842 * Send FSYNC or FSYNCDIR request
844 int fuse_fsync_common(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
845 int datasync, int opcode);
850 int fuse_notify_poll_wakeup(struct fuse_conn *fc,
851 struct fuse_notify_poll_wakeup_out *outarg);
854 * Initialize file operations on a regular file
856 void fuse_init_file_inode(struct inode *inode);
859 * Initialize inode operations on regular files and special files
861 void fuse_init_common(struct inode *inode);
864 * Initialize inode and file operations on a directory
866 void fuse_init_dir(struct inode *inode);
869 * Initialize inode operations on a symlink
871 void fuse_init_symlink(struct inode *inode);
874 * Change attributes of an inode
876 void fuse_change_attributes(struct inode *inode, struct fuse_attr *attr,
877 u64 attr_valid, u64 attr_version);
879 void fuse_change_attributes_common(struct inode *inode, struct fuse_attr *attr,
883 * Initialize the client device
885 int fuse_dev_init(void);
888 * Cleanup the client device
890 void fuse_dev_cleanup(void);
892 int fuse_ctl_init(void);
893 void __exit fuse_ctl_cleanup(void);
898 struct fuse_req *fuse_request_alloc(unsigned npages);
900 struct fuse_req *fuse_request_alloc_nofs(unsigned npages);
902 bool fuse_req_realloc_pages(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_req *req,
909 void fuse_request_free(struct fuse_req *req);
912 * Get a request, may fail with -ENOMEM,
913 * caller should specify # elements in req->pages[] explicitly
915 struct fuse_req *fuse_get_req(struct fuse_conn *fc, unsigned npages);
916 struct fuse_req *fuse_get_req_for_background(struct fuse_conn *fc,
920 * Increment reference count on request
922 void __fuse_get_request(struct fuse_req *req);
925 * Gets a requests for a file operation, always succeeds
927 struct fuse_req *fuse_get_req_nofail_nopages(struct fuse_conn *fc,
931 * Decrement reference count of a request. If count goes to zero free
934 void fuse_put_request(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_req *req);
937 * Send a request (synchronous)
939 void fuse_request_send(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_req *req);
942 * Simple request sending that does request allocation and freeing
944 ssize_t fuse_simple_request(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_args *args);
947 * Send a request in the background
949 void fuse_request_send_background(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_req *req);
950 bool fuse_request_queue_background(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct fuse_req *req);
952 /* Abort all requests */
953 void fuse_abort_conn(struct fuse_conn *fc);
954 void fuse_wait_aborted(struct fuse_conn *fc);
957 * Invalidate inode attributes
959 void fuse_invalidate_attr(struct inode *inode);
961 void fuse_invalidate_entry_cache(struct dentry *entry);
963 void fuse_invalidate_atime(struct inode *inode);
965 u64 entry_attr_timeout(struct fuse_entry_out *o);
966 void fuse_change_entry_timeout(struct dentry *entry, struct fuse_entry_out *o);
969 * Acquire reference to fuse_conn
971 struct fuse_conn *fuse_conn_get(struct fuse_conn *fc);
974 * Initialize fuse_conn
976 void fuse_conn_init(struct fuse_conn *fc, struct user_namespace *user_ns);
979 * Release reference to fuse_conn
981 void fuse_conn_put(struct fuse_conn *fc);
983 struct fuse_dev *fuse_dev_alloc(struct fuse_conn *fc);
984 void fuse_dev_free(struct fuse_dev *fud);
987 * Add connection to control filesystem
989 int fuse_ctl_add_conn(struct fuse_conn *fc);
992 * Remove connection from control filesystem
994 void fuse_ctl_remove_conn(struct fuse_conn *fc);
997 * Is file type valid?
999 int fuse_valid_type(int m);
1002 * Is current process allowed to perform filesystem operation?
1004 int fuse_allow_current_process(struct fuse_conn *fc);
1006 u64 fuse_lock_owner_id(struct fuse_conn *fc, fl_owner_t id);
1008 void fuse_update_ctime(struct inode *inode);
1010 int fuse_update_attributes(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
1012 void fuse_flush_writepages(struct inode *inode);
1014 void fuse_set_nowrite(struct inode *inode);
1015 void fuse_release_nowrite(struct inode *inode);
1018 * File-system tells the kernel to invalidate cache for the given node id.
1020 int fuse_reverse_inval_inode(struct super_block *sb, u64 nodeid,
1021 loff_t offset, loff_t len);
1024 * File-system tells the kernel to invalidate parent attributes and
1025 * the dentry matching parent/name.
1027 * If the child_nodeid is non-zero and:
1028 * - matches the inode number for the dentry matching parent/name,
1029 * - is not a mount point
1030 * - is a file or oan empty directory
1031 * then the dentry is unhashed (d_delete()).
1033 int fuse_reverse_inval_entry(struct super_block *sb, u64 parent_nodeid,
1034 u64 child_nodeid, struct qstr *name);
1036 int fuse_do_open(struct fuse_conn *fc, u64 nodeid, struct file *file,
1040 * fuse_direct_io() flags
1043 /** If set, it is WRITE; otherwise - READ */
1044 #define FUSE_DIO_WRITE (1 << 0)
1046 /** CUSE pass fuse_direct_io() a file which f_mapping->host is not from FUSE */
1047 #define FUSE_DIO_CUSE (1 << 1)
1049 ssize_t fuse_direct_io(struct fuse_io_priv *io, struct iov_iter *iter,
1050 loff_t *ppos, int flags);
1051 long fuse_do_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg,
1052 unsigned int flags);
1053 long fuse_ioctl_common(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd,
1054 unsigned long arg, unsigned int flags);
1055 __poll_t fuse_file_poll(struct file *file, poll_table *wait);
1056 int fuse_dev_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
1058 bool fuse_write_update_size(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos);
1060 int fuse_flush_times(struct inode *inode, struct fuse_file *ff);
1061 int fuse_write_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc);
1063 int fuse_do_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *attr,
1066 void fuse_set_initialized(struct fuse_conn *fc);
1068 void fuse_unlock_inode(struct inode *inode, bool locked);
1069 bool fuse_lock_inode(struct inode *inode);
1071 int fuse_setxattr(struct inode *inode, const char *name, const void *value,
1072 size_t size, int flags);
1073 ssize_t fuse_getxattr(struct inode *inode, const char *name, void *value,
1075 ssize_t fuse_listxattr(struct dentry *entry, char *list, size_t size);
1076 int fuse_removexattr(struct inode *inode, const char *name);
1077 extern const struct xattr_handler *fuse_xattr_handlers[];
1078 extern const struct xattr_handler *fuse_acl_xattr_handlers[];
1079 extern const struct xattr_handler *fuse_no_acl_xattr_handlers[];
1082 struct posix_acl *fuse_get_acl(struct inode *inode, int type);
1083 int fuse_set_acl(struct inode *inode, struct posix_acl *acl, int type);
1087 int fuse_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx);
1089 #endif /* _FS_FUSE_I_H */