1 @c Copyright (C) 2009-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c Contributed by ARM Ltd.
3 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
9 @node AArch64-Dependent
10 @chapter AArch64 Dependent Features
14 @node Machine Dependencies
15 @chapter AArch64 Dependent Features
18 @cindex AArch64 support
20 * AArch64 Options:: Options
21 * AArch64 Extensions:: Extensions
22 * AArch64 Syntax:: Syntax
23 * AArch64 Floating Point:: Floating Point
24 * AArch64 Directives:: AArch64 Machine Directives
25 * AArch64 Opcodes:: Opcodes
26 * AArch64 Mapping Symbols:: Mapping Symbols
31 @cindex AArch64 options (none)
32 @cindex options for AArch64 (none)
37 @cindex @option{-EB} command line option, AArch64
39 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
40 be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
42 @cindex @option{-EL} command line option, AArch64
44 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
45 be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor.
47 @cindex @option{-mabi=} command line option, AArch64
49 Specify which ABI the source code uses. The recognized arguments
50 are: @code{ilp32} and @code{lp64}, which decides the generated object
51 file in ELF32 and ELF64 format respectively. The default is @code{lp64}.
53 @cindex @option{-mcpu=} command line option, AArch64
54 @item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
55 This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an error
56 message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which will not execute
57 on the target processor. The following processor names are recognized:
62 The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the assembler to accept
63 instructions valid for any supported processor, including all optional
66 In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to
67 accept, or restrict, various extension mnemonics that extend the
68 processor. @xref{AArch64 Extensions}.
70 If some implementations of a particular processor can have an
71 extension, then then those extensions are automatically enabled.
72 Consequently, you will not normally have to specify any additional
75 @cindex @option{-march=} command line option, AArch64
76 @item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
77 This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will
78 issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an
79 instruction which will not execute on the target architecture. The
80 only value for @var{architecture} is @code{armv8-a}.
82 If both @option{-mcpu} and @option{-march} are specified, the
83 assembler will use the setting for @option{-mcpu}. If neither are
84 specified, the assembler will default to @option{-mcpu=all}.
86 The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set
87 extension options as the @option{-mcpu} option. Unlike
88 @option{-mcpu}, extensions are not always enabled by default,
89 @xref{AArch64 Extensions}.
91 @cindex @code{-mverbose-error} command line option, AArch64
93 This option enables verbose error messages for AArch64 gas. This option
94 is enabled by default.
96 @cindex @code{-mno-verbose-error} command line option, AArch64
97 @item -mno-verbose-error
98 This option disables verbose error messages in AArch64 gas.
103 @node AArch64 Extensions
104 @section Architecture Extensions
106 The table below lists the permitted architecture extensions that are
107 supported by the assembler and the conditions under which they are
108 automatically enabled.
110 Multiple extensions may be specified, separated by a @code{+}.
111 Extension mnemonics may also be removed from those the assembler
112 accepts. This is done by prepending @code{no} to the option that adds
113 the extension. Extensions that are removed must be listed after all
114 extensions that have been added.
116 Enabling an extension that requires other extensions will
117 automatically cause those extensions to be enabled. Similarly,
118 disabling an extension that is required by other extensions will
119 automatically cause those extensions to be disabled.
121 @multitable @columnfractions .12 .17 .17 .54
122 @headitem Extension @tab Minimum Architecture @tab Enabled by default
124 @item @code{crc} @tab ARMv8-A @tab No
125 @tab Enable CRC instructions.
126 @item @code{crypto} @tab ARMv8-A @tab No
127 @tab Enable cryptographic extensions. This implies @code{fp} and @code{simd}.
128 @item @code{fp} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
129 @tab Enable floating-point extensions.
130 @item @code{simd} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
131 @tab Enable Advanced SIMD extensions. This implies @code{fp}.
137 * AArch64-Chars:: Special Characters
138 * AArch64-Regs:: Register Names
139 * AArch64-Relocations:: Relocations
143 @subsection Special Characters
145 @cindex line comment character, AArch64
146 @cindex AArch64 line comment character
147 The presence of a @samp{//} on a line indicates the start of a comment
148 that extends to the end of the current line. If a @samp{#} appears as
149 the first character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment.
151 @cindex line separator, AArch64
152 @cindex statement separator, AArch64
153 @cindex AArch64 line separator
154 The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate
157 @cindex immediate character, AArch64
158 @cindex AArch64 immediate character
159 The @samp{#} can be optionally used to indicate immediate operands.
162 @subsection Register Names
164 @cindex AArch64 register names
165 @cindex register names, AArch64
166 Please refer to the section @samp{4.4 Register Names} of
167 @samp{ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview}, which is available at
168 @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}.
170 @node AArch64-Relocations
171 @subsection Relocations
173 @cindex relocations, AArch64
174 @cindex AArch64 relocations
175 @cindex MOVN, MOVZ and MOVK group relocations, AArch64
176 Relocations for @samp{MOVZ} and @samp{MOVK} instructions can be generated
177 by prefixing the label with @samp{#:abs_g2:} etc.
178 For example to load the 48-bit absolute address of @var{foo} into x0:
181 movz x0, #:abs_g2:foo // bits 32-47, overflow check
182 movk x0, #:abs_g1_nc:foo // bits 16-31, no overflow check
183 movk x0, #:abs_g0_nc:foo // bits 0-15, no overflow check
186 @cindex ADRP, ADD, LDR/STR group relocations, AArch64
187 Relocations for @samp{ADRP}, and @samp{ADD}, @samp{LDR} or @samp{STR}
188 instructions can be generated by prefixing the label with
189 @samp{#:pg_hi21:} and @samp{#:lo12:} respectively.
191 For example to use 33-bit (+/-4GB) pc-relative addressing to
192 load the address of @var{foo} into x0:
195 adrp x0, #:pg_hi21:foo
196 add x0, x0, #:lo12:foo
199 Or to load the value of @var{foo} into x0:
202 adrp x0, #:pg_hi21:foo
203 ldr x0, [x0, #:lo12:foo]
206 Note that @samp{#:pg_hi21:} is optional.
215 adrp x0, #:pg_hi21:foo
218 @node AArch64 Floating Point
219 @section Floating Point
221 @cindex floating point, AArch64 (@sc{ieee})
222 @cindex AArch64 floating point (@sc{ieee})
223 The AArch64 architecture uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
225 @node AArch64 Directives
226 @section AArch64 Machine Directives
228 @cindex machine directives, AArch64
229 @cindex AArch64 machine directives
232 @c AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
233 @c BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
235 @cindex @code{.bss} directive, AArch64
237 This directive switches to the @code{.bss} section.
239 @c CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
240 @c DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
241 @c EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
242 @c FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
243 @c GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
244 @c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
245 @c IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
246 @c JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
247 @c KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
248 @c LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
250 @cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, AArch64
252 This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
253 dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
254 section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
255 GAS maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
256 sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal
257 pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
258 all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
260 Note - older versions of GAS would dump the current literal
261 pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
262 it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
264 @c MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
266 @c NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
267 @c OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
269 @c PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
271 @cindex @code{.pool} directive, AArch64
273 This is a synonym for .ltorg.
275 @c QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
276 @c RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
278 @cindex @code{.req} directive, AArch64
279 @item @var{name} .req @var{register name}
280 This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For
287 @c SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
289 @c TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
291 @c UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
293 @cindex @code{.unreq} directive, AArch64
294 @item .unreq @var{alias-name}
295 This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the
296 @code{req} directive. For example:
303 An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can
304 be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'w0'). This
305 should only be done if it is really necessary.
307 @c VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
309 @c WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
310 @c XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
311 @c YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
312 @c ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
316 @node AArch64 Opcodes
319 @cindex AArch64 opcodes
320 @cindex opcodes for AArch64
321 GAS implements all the standard AArch64 opcodes. It also
322 implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load
327 @cindex @code{LDR reg,=<expr>} pseudo op, AArch64
330 ldr <register> , =<expression>
333 The constant expression will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not
334 already there) and a PC-relative LDR instruction will be generated.
338 For more information on the AArch64 instruction set and assembly language
339 notation, see @samp{ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview} available at
340 @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}.
343 @node AArch64 Mapping Symbols
344 @section Mapping Symbols
346 The AArch64 ELF specification requires that special symbols be inserted
347 into object files to mark certain features:
353 At the start of a region of code containing AArch64 instructions.
357 At the start of a region of data.