1 /* Target-dependent code for the IA-64 for GDB, the GNU debugger.
3 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
5 This file is part of GDB.
7 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
9 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
10 (at your option) any later version.
12 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
13 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
15 GNU General Public License for more details.
17 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
18 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
19 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
20 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
24 #include "symfile.h" /* for entry_point_address */
26 #include "arch-utils.h"
27 #include "floatformat.h"
30 #include "elf/common.h" /* for DT_PLTGOT value */
33 /* Hook for determining the global pointer when calling functions in
34 the inferior under AIX. The initialization code in ia64-aix-nat.c
35 sets this hook to the address of a function which will find the
36 global pointer for a given address.
38 The generic code which uses the dynamic section in the inferior for
39 finding the global pointer is not of much use on AIX since the
40 values obtained from the inferior have not been relocated. */
42 CORE_ADDR (*native_find_global_pointer) (CORE_ADDR) = 0;
44 /* An enumeration of the different IA-64 instruction types. */
46 typedef enum instruction_type
48 A, /* Integer ALU ; I-unit or M-unit */
49 I, /* Non-ALU integer; I-unit */
50 M, /* Memory ; M-unit */
51 F, /* Floating-point ; F-unit */
52 B, /* Branch ; B-unit */
53 L, /* Extended (L+X) ; I-unit */
54 X, /* Extended (L+X) ; I-unit */
55 undefined /* undefined or reserved */
58 /* We represent IA-64 PC addresses as the value of the instruction
59 pointer or'd with some bit combination in the low nibble which
60 represents the slot number in the bundle addressed by the
61 instruction pointer. The problem is that the Linux kernel
62 multiplies its slot numbers (for exceptions) by one while the
63 disassembler multiplies its slot numbers by 6. In addition, I've
64 heard it said that the simulator uses 1 as the multiplier.
66 I've fixed the disassembler so that the bytes_per_line field will
67 be the slot multiplier. If bytes_per_line comes in as zero, it
68 is set to six (which is how it was set up initially). -- objdump
69 displays pretty disassembly dumps with this value. For our purposes,
70 we'll set bytes_per_line to SLOT_MULTIPLIER. This is okay since we
71 never want to also display the raw bytes the way objdump does. */
73 #define SLOT_MULTIPLIER 1
75 /* Length in bytes of an instruction bundle */
79 extern void _initialize_ia64_tdep (void);
81 extern CORE_ADDR ia64_linux_sigcontext_register_address (CORE_ADDR, int);
83 static gdbarch_init_ftype ia64_gdbarch_init;
85 static gdbarch_register_name_ftype ia64_register_name;
86 static gdbarch_register_raw_size_ftype ia64_register_raw_size;
87 static gdbarch_register_virtual_size_ftype ia64_register_virtual_size;
88 static gdbarch_register_virtual_type_ftype ia64_register_virtual_type;
89 static gdbarch_register_byte_ftype ia64_register_byte;
90 static gdbarch_breakpoint_from_pc_ftype ia64_breakpoint_from_pc;
91 static gdbarch_frame_chain_ftype ia64_frame_chain;
92 static gdbarch_frame_saved_pc_ftype ia64_frame_saved_pc;
93 static gdbarch_skip_prologue_ftype ia64_skip_prologue;
94 static gdbarch_frame_init_saved_regs_ftype ia64_frame_init_saved_regs;
95 static gdbarch_get_saved_register_ftype ia64_get_saved_register;
96 static gdbarch_extract_return_value_ftype ia64_extract_return_value;
97 static gdbarch_extract_struct_value_address_ftype ia64_extract_struct_value_address;
98 static gdbarch_use_struct_convention_ftype ia64_use_struct_convention;
99 static gdbarch_frameless_function_invocation_ftype ia64_frameless_function_invocation;
100 static gdbarch_init_extra_frame_info_ftype ia64_init_extra_frame_info;
101 static gdbarch_store_return_value_ftype ia64_store_return_value;
102 static gdbarch_store_struct_return_ftype ia64_store_struct_return;
103 static gdbarch_push_arguments_ftype ia64_push_arguments;
104 static gdbarch_push_return_address_ftype ia64_push_return_address;
105 static gdbarch_pop_frame_ftype ia64_pop_frame;
106 static gdbarch_saved_pc_after_call_ftype ia64_saved_pc_after_call;
107 static void ia64_pop_frame_regular (struct frame_info *frame);
108 static struct type *is_float_or_hfa_type (struct type *t);
110 static int ia64_num_regs = 590;
112 static int pc_regnum = IA64_IP_REGNUM;
113 static int sp_regnum = IA64_GR12_REGNUM;
114 static int fp_regnum = IA64_VFP_REGNUM;
115 static int lr_regnum = IA64_VRAP_REGNUM;
117 static LONGEST ia64_call_dummy_words[] = {0};
119 /* Array of register names; There should be ia64_num_regs strings in
122 static char *ia64_register_names[] =
123 { "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3", "r4", "r5", "r6", "r7",
124 "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11", "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15",
125 "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20", "r21", "r22", "r23",
126 "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29", "r30", "r31",
127 "r32", "r33", "r34", "r35", "r36", "r37", "r38", "r39",
128 "r40", "r41", "r42", "r43", "r44", "r45", "r46", "r47",
129 "r48", "r49", "r50", "r51", "r52", "r53", "r54", "r55",
130 "r56", "r57", "r58", "r59", "r60", "r61", "r62", "r63",
131 "r64", "r65", "r66", "r67", "r68", "r69", "r70", "r71",
132 "r72", "r73", "r74", "r75", "r76", "r77", "r78", "r79",
133 "r80", "r81", "r82", "r83", "r84", "r85", "r86", "r87",
134 "r88", "r89", "r90", "r91", "r92", "r93", "r94", "r95",
135 "r96", "r97", "r98", "r99", "r100", "r101", "r102", "r103",
136 "r104", "r105", "r106", "r107", "r108", "r109", "r110", "r111",
137 "r112", "r113", "r114", "r115", "r116", "r117", "r118", "r119",
138 "r120", "r121", "r122", "r123", "r124", "r125", "r126", "r127",
140 "f0", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7",
141 "f8", "f9", "f10", "f11", "f12", "f13", "f14", "f15",
142 "f16", "f17", "f18", "f19", "f20", "f21", "f22", "f23",
143 "f24", "f25", "f26", "f27", "f28", "f29", "f30", "f31",
144 "f32", "f33", "f34", "f35", "f36", "f37", "f38", "f39",
145 "f40", "f41", "f42", "f43", "f44", "f45", "f46", "f47",
146 "f48", "f49", "f50", "f51", "f52", "f53", "f54", "f55",
147 "f56", "f57", "f58", "f59", "f60", "f61", "f62", "f63",
148 "f64", "f65", "f66", "f67", "f68", "f69", "f70", "f71",
149 "f72", "f73", "f74", "f75", "f76", "f77", "f78", "f79",
150 "f80", "f81", "f82", "f83", "f84", "f85", "f86", "f87",
151 "f88", "f89", "f90", "f91", "f92", "f93", "f94", "f95",
152 "f96", "f97", "f98", "f99", "f100", "f101", "f102", "f103",
153 "f104", "f105", "f106", "f107", "f108", "f109", "f110", "f111",
154 "f112", "f113", "f114", "f115", "f116", "f117", "f118", "f119",
155 "f120", "f121", "f122", "f123", "f124", "f125", "f126", "f127",
157 "p0", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "p6", "p7",
158 "p8", "p9", "p10", "p11", "p12", "p13", "p14", "p15",
159 "p16", "p17", "p18", "p19", "p20", "p21", "p22", "p23",
160 "p24", "p25", "p26", "p27", "p28", "p29", "p30", "p31",
161 "p32", "p33", "p34", "p35", "p36", "p37", "p38", "p39",
162 "p40", "p41", "p42", "p43", "p44", "p45", "p46", "p47",
163 "p48", "p49", "p50", "p51", "p52", "p53", "p54", "p55",
164 "p56", "p57", "p58", "p59", "p60", "p61", "p62", "p63",
166 "b0", "b1", "b2", "b3", "b4", "b5", "b6", "b7",
170 "pr", "ip", "psr", "cfm",
172 "kr0", "kr1", "kr2", "kr3", "kr4", "kr5", "kr6", "kr7",
173 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
174 "rsc", "bsp", "bspstore", "rnat",
176 "eflag", "csd", "ssd", "cflg", "fsr", "fir", "fdr", "",
177 "ccv", "", "", "", "unat", "", "", "",
178 "fpsr", "", "", "", "itc",
179 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
180 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
182 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
183 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
184 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
185 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
186 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
187 "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "",
189 "nat0", "nat1", "nat2", "nat3", "nat4", "nat5", "nat6", "nat7",
190 "nat8", "nat9", "nat10", "nat11", "nat12", "nat13", "nat14", "nat15",
191 "nat16", "nat17", "nat18", "nat19", "nat20", "nat21", "nat22", "nat23",
192 "nat24", "nat25", "nat26", "nat27", "nat28", "nat29", "nat30", "nat31",
193 "nat32", "nat33", "nat34", "nat35", "nat36", "nat37", "nat38", "nat39",
194 "nat40", "nat41", "nat42", "nat43", "nat44", "nat45", "nat46", "nat47",
195 "nat48", "nat49", "nat50", "nat51", "nat52", "nat53", "nat54", "nat55",
196 "nat56", "nat57", "nat58", "nat59", "nat60", "nat61", "nat62", "nat63",
197 "nat64", "nat65", "nat66", "nat67", "nat68", "nat69", "nat70", "nat71",
198 "nat72", "nat73", "nat74", "nat75", "nat76", "nat77", "nat78", "nat79",
199 "nat80", "nat81", "nat82", "nat83", "nat84", "nat85", "nat86", "nat87",
200 "nat88", "nat89", "nat90", "nat91", "nat92", "nat93", "nat94", "nat95",
201 "nat96", "nat97", "nat98", "nat99", "nat100","nat101","nat102","nat103",
202 "nat104","nat105","nat106","nat107","nat108","nat109","nat110","nat111",
203 "nat112","nat113","nat114","nat115","nat116","nat117","nat118","nat119",
204 "nat120","nat121","nat122","nat123","nat124","nat125","nat126","nat127",
207 struct frame_extra_info
209 CORE_ADDR bsp; /* points at r32 for the current frame */
210 CORE_ADDR cfm; /* cfm value for current frame */
211 int sof; /* Size of frame (decoded from cfm value) */
212 int sol; /* Size of locals (decoded from cfm value) */
213 CORE_ADDR after_prologue;
214 /* Address of first instruction after the last
215 prologue instruction; Note that there may
216 be instructions from the function's body
217 intermingled with the prologue. */
218 int mem_stack_frame_size;
219 /* Size of the memory stack frame (may be zero),
220 or -1 if it has not been determined yet. */
221 int fp_reg; /* Register number (if any) used a frame pointer
222 for this frame. 0 if no register is being used
223 as the frame pointer. */
228 int os_ident; /* From the ELF header, one of the ELFOSABI_
229 constants: ELFOSABI_LINUX, ELFOSABI_AIX,
231 CORE_ADDR (*sigcontext_register_address) (CORE_ADDR, int);
232 /* OS specific function which, given a frame address
233 and register number, returns the offset to the
234 given register from the start of the frame. */
235 CORE_ADDR (*find_global_pointer) (CORE_ADDR);
238 #define SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS \
239 (gdbarch_tdep (current_gdbarch)->sigcontext_register_address)
240 #define FIND_GLOBAL_POINTER \
241 (gdbarch_tdep (current_gdbarch)->find_global_pointer)
244 ia64_register_name (int reg)
246 return ia64_register_names[reg];
250 ia64_register_raw_size (int reg)
252 return (IA64_FR0_REGNUM <= reg && reg <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM) ? 16 : 8;
256 ia64_register_virtual_size (int reg)
258 return (IA64_FR0_REGNUM <= reg && reg <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM) ? 16 : 8;
261 /* Return true iff register N's virtual format is different from
264 ia64_register_convertible (int nr)
266 return (IA64_FR0_REGNUM <= nr && nr <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM);
269 const struct floatformat floatformat_ia64_ext =
271 floatformat_little, 82, 0, 1, 17, 65535, 0x1ffff, 18, 64,
272 floatformat_intbit_yes
276 ia64_register_convert_to_virtual (int regnum, struct type *type,
277 char *from, char *to)
279 if (regnum >= IA64_FR0_REGNUM && regnum <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM)
282 floatformat_to_doublest (&floatformat_ia64_ext, from, &val);
283 store_floating(to, TYPE_LENGTH(type), val);
286 error("ia64_register_convert_to_virtual called with non floating point register number");
290 ia64_register_convert_to_raw (struct type *type, int regnum,
291 char *from, char *to)
293 if (regnum >= IA64_FR0_REGNUM && regnum <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM)
295 DOUBLEST val = extract_floating (from, TYPE_LENGTH(type));
296 floatformat_from_doublest (&floatformat_ia64_ext, &val, to);
299 error("ia64_register_convert_to_raw called with non floating point register number");
303 ia64_register_virtual_type (int reg)
305 if (reg >= IA64_FR0_REGNUM && reg <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM)
306 return builtin_type_long_double;
308 return builtin_type_long;
312 ia64_register_byte (int reg)
315 (reg <= IA64_FR0_REGNUM ? 0 : 8 * ((reg > IA64_FR127_REGNUM) ? 128 : reg - IA64_FR0_REGNUM));
318 /* Read the given register from a sigcontext structure in the
322 read_sigcontext_register (struct frame_info *frame, int regnum)
327 internal_error ("read_sigcontext_register: NULL frame");
328 if (!frame->signal_handler_caller)
330 "read_sigcontext_register: frame not a signal_handler_caller");
331 if (SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS == 0)
333 "read_sigcontext_register: SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS is 0");
335 regaddr = SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, regnum);
337 return read_memory_integer (regaddr, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum));
340 "read_sigcontext_register: Register %d not in struct sigcontext", regnum);
343 /* Extract ``len'' bits from an instruction bundle starting at
347 extract_bit_field (char *bundle, int from, int len)
349 long long result = 0LL;
351 int from_byte = from / 8;
352 int to_byte = to / 8;
353 unsigned char *b = (unsigned char *) bundle;
359 if (from_byte == to_byte)
360 c = ((unsigned char) (c << (8 - to % 8))) >> (8 - to % 8);
361 result = c >> (from % 8);
362 lshift = 8 - (from % 8);
364 for (i = from_byte+1; i < to_byte; i++)
366 result |= ((long long) b[i]) << lshift;
370 if (from_byte < to_byte && (to % 8 != 0))
373 c = ((unsigned char) (c << (8 - to % 8))) >> (8 - to % 8);
374 result |= ((long long) c) << lshift;
380 /* Replace the specified bits in an instruction bundle */
383 replace_bit_field (char *bundle, long long val, int from, int len)
386 int from_byte = from / 8;
387 int to_byte = to / 8;
388 unsigned char *b = (unsigned char *) bundle;
391 if (from_byte == to_byte)
393 unsigned char left, right;
395 left = (c >> (to % 8)) << (to % 8);
396 right = ((unsigned char) (c << (8 - from % 8))) >> (8 - from % 8);
397 c = (unsigned char) (val & 0xff);
398 c = (unsigned char) (c << (from % 8 + 8 - to % 8)) >> (8 - to % 8);
406 c = ((unsigned char) (c << (8 - from % 8))) >> (8 - from % 8);
407 c = c | (val << (from % 8));
409 val >>= 8 - from % 8;
411 for (i = from_byte+1; i < to_byte; i++)
420 unsigned char cv = (unsigned char) val;
422 c = c >> (to % 8) << (to % 8);
423 c |= ((unsigned char) (cv << (8 - to % 8))) >> (8 - to % 8);
429 /* Return the contents of slot N (for N = 0, 1, or 2) in
430 and instruction bundle */
433 slotN_contents (unsigned char *bundle, int slotnum)
435 return extract_bit_field (bundle, 5+41*slotnum, 41);
438 /* Store an instruction in an instruction bundle */
441 replace_slotN_contents (unsigned char *bundle, long long instr, int slotnum)
443 replace_bit_field (bundle, instr, 5+41*slotnum, 41);
446 static enum instruction_type template_encoding_table[32][3] =
448 { M, I, I }, /* 00 */
449 { M, I, I }, /* 01 */
450 { M, I, I }, /* 02 */
451 { M, I, I }, /* 03 */
452 { M, L, X }, /* 04 */
453 { M, L, X }, /* 05 */
454 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 06 */
455 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 07 */
456 { M, M, I }, /* 08 */
457 { M, M, I }, /* 09 */
458 { M, M, I }, /* 0A */
459 { M, M, I }, /* 0B */
460 { M, F, I }, /* 0C */
461 { M, F, I }, /* 0D */
462 { M, M, F }, /* 0E */
463 { M, M, F }, /* 0F */
464 { M, I, B }, /* 10 */
465 { M, I, B }, /* 11 */
466 { M, B, B }, /* 12 */
467 { M, B, B }, /* 13 */
468 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 14 */
469 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 15 */
470 { B, B, B }, /* 16 */
471 { B, B, B }, /* 17 */
472 { M, M, B }, /* 18 */
473 { M, M, B }, /* 19 */
474 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 1A */
475 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 1B */
476 { M, F, B }, /* 1C */
477 { M, F, B }, /* 1D */
478 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 1E */
479 { undefined, undefined, undefined }, /* 1F */
482 /* Fetch and (partially) decode an instruction at ADDR and return the
483 address of the next instruction to fetch. */
486 fetch_instruction (CORE_ADDR addr, instruction_type *it, long long *instr)
488 char bundle[BUNDLE_LEN];
489 int slotnum = (int) (addr & 0x0f) / SLOT_MULTIPLIER;
494 error("Can't fetch instructions for slot numbers greater than 2.");
498 val = target_read_memory (addr, bundle, BUNDLE_LEN);
503 *instr = slotN_contents (bundle, slotnum);
504 template = extract_bit_field (bundle, 0, 5);
505 *it = template_encoding_table[(int)template][slotnum];
507 if (slotnum == 2 || (slotnum == 1 && *it == L))
510 addr += (slotnum + 1) * SLOT_MULTIPLIER;
515 /* There are 5 different break instructions (break.i, break.b,
516 break.m, break.f, and break.x), but they all have the same
517 encoding. (The five bit template in the low five bits of the
518 instruction bundle distinguishes one from another.)
520 The runtime architecture manual specifies that break instructions
521 used for debugging purposes must have the upper two bits of the 21
522 bit immediate set to a 0 and a 1 respectively. A breakpoint
523 instruction encodes the most significant bit of its 21 bit
524 immediate at bit 36 of the 41 bit instruction. The penultimate msb
525 is at bit 25 which leads to the pattern below.
527 Originally, I had this set up to do, e.g, a "break.i 0x80000" But
528 it turns out that 0x80000 was used as the syscall break in the early
529 simulators. So I changed the pattern slightly to do "break.i 0x080001"
530 instead. But that didn't work either (I later found out that this
531 pattern was used by the simulator that I was using.) So I ended up
532 using the pattern seen below. */
535 #define BREAKPOINT 0x00002000040LL
537 #define BREAKPOINT 0x00003333300LL
540 ia64_memory_insert_breakpoint (CORE_ADDR addr, char *contents_cache)
542 char bundle[BUNDLE_LEN];
543 int slotnum = (int) (addr & 0x0f) / SLOT_MULTIPLIER;
548 error("Can't insert breakpoint for slot numbers greater than 2.");
552 val = target_read_memory (addr, bundle, BUNDLE_LEN);
553 instr = slotN_contents (bundle, slotnum);
554 memcpy(contents_cache, &instr, sizeof(instr));
555 replace_slotN_contents (bundle, BREAKPOINT, slotnum);
557 target_write_memory (addr, bundle, BUNDLE_LEN);
563 ia64_memory_remove_breakpoint (CORE_ADDR addr, char *contents_cache)
565 char bundle[BUNDLE_LEN];
566 int slotnum = (addr & 0x0f) / SLOT_MULTIPLIER;
572 val = target_read_memory (addr, bundle, BUNDLE_LEN);
573 memcpy (&instr, contents_cache, sizeof instr);
574 replace_slotN_contents (bundle, instr, slotnum);
576 target_write_memory (addr, bundle, BUNDLE_LEN);
581 /* We don't really want to use this, but remote.c needs to call it in order
582 to figure out if Z-packets are supported or not. Oh, well. */
584 ia64_breakpoint_from_pc (CORE_ADDR *pcptr, int *lenptr)
586 static unsigned char breakpoint[] =
587 { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };
588 *lenptr = sizeof (breakpoint);
596 ia64_read_pc (int pid)
598 CORE_ADDR psr_value = read_register_pid (IA64_PSR_REGNUM, pid);
599 CORE_ADDR pc_value = read_register_pid (IA64_IP_REGNUM, pid);
600 int slot_num = (psr_value >> 41) & 3;
602 return pc_value | (slot_num * SLOT_MULTIPLIER);
606 ia64_write_pc (CORE_ADDR new_pc, int pid)
608 int slot_num = (int) (new_pc & 0xf) / SLOT_MULTIPLIER;
609 CORE_ADDR psr_value = read_register_pid (IA64_PSR_REGNUM, pid);
610 psr_value &= ~(3LL << 41);
611 psr_value |= (CORE_ADDR)(slot_num & 0x3) << 41;
615 write_register_pid (IA64_PSR_REGNUM, psr_value, pid);
616 write_register_pid (IA64_IP_REGNUM, new_pc, pid);
619 #define IS_NaT_COLLECTION_ADDR(addr) ((((addr) >> 3) & 0x3f) == 0x3f)
621 /* Returns the address of the slot that's NSLOTS slots away from
622 the address ADDR. NSLOTS may be positive or negative. */
624 rse_address_add(CORE_ADDR addr, int nslots)
627 int mandatory_nat_slots = nslots / 63;
628 int direction = nslots < 0 ? -1 : 1;
630 new_addr = addr + 8 * (nslots + mandatory_nat_slots);
632 if ((new_addr >> 9) != ((addr + 8 * 64 * mandatory_nat_slots) >> 9))
633 new_addr += 8 * direction;
635 if (IS_NaT_COLLECTION_ADDR(new_addr))
636 new_addr += 8 * direction;
641 /* The IA-64 frame chain is a bit odd. We won't always have a frame
642 pointer, so we use the SP value as the FP for the purpose of
643 creating a frame. There is sometimes a register (not fixed) which
644 is used as a frame pointer. When this register exists, it is not
645 especially hard to determine which one is being used. It isn't
646 even really hard to compute the frame chain, but it can be
647 computationally expensive. So, instead of making life difficult
648 (and slow), we pick a more convenient representation of the frame
649 chain, knowing that we'll have to make some small adjustments
650 in other places. (E.g, note that read_fp() and write_fp() are
651 actually read_sp() and write_sp() below in ia64_gdbarch_init()
654 Okay, so what is the frame chain exactly? It'll be the SP value
655 at the time that the function in question was entered.
657 Note that this *should* actually the frame pointer for the current
658 function! But as I note above, if we were to attempt to find the
659 address of the beginning of the previous frame, we'd waste a lot
660 of cycles for no good reason. So instead, we simply choose to
661 represent the frame chain as the end of the previous frame instead
665 ia64_frame_chain (struct frame_info *frame)
667 if (frame->signal_handler_caller)
668 return read_sigcontext_register (frame, sp_regnum);
669 else if (PC_IN_CALL_DUMMY (frame->pc, frame->frame, frame->frame))
673 FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS (frame);
674 if (frame->saved_regs[IA64_VFP_REGNUM])
675 return read_memory_integer (frame->saved_regs[IA64_VFP_REGNUM], 8);
677 return frame->frame + frame->extra_info->mem_stack_frame_size;
682 ia64_frame_saved_pc (struct frame_info *frame)
684 if (frame->signal_handler_caller)
685 return read_sigcontext_register (frame, pc_regnum);
686 else if (PC_IN_CALL_DUMMY (frame->pc, frame->frame, frame->frame))
687 return generic_read_register_dummy (frame->pc, frame->frame, pc_regnum);
690 FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS (frame);
692 if (frame->saved_regs[IA64_VRAP_REGNUM])
693 return read_memory_integer (frame->saved_regs[IA64_VRAP_REGNUM], 8);
694 else if (frame->next && frame->next->signal_handler_caller)
695 return read_sigcontext_register (frame->next, IA64_BR0_REGNUM);
696 else /* either frameless, or not far enough along in the prologue... */
697 return ia64_saved_pc_after_call (frame);
701 #define isScratch(_regnum_) ((_regnum_) == 2 || (_regnum_) == 3 \
702 || (8 <= (_regnum_) && (_regnum_) <= 11) \
703 || (14 <= (_regnum_) && (_regnum_) <= 31))
704 #define imm9(_instr_) \
705 ( ((((_instr_) & 0x01000000000LL) ? -1 : 0) << 8) \
706 | (((_instr_) & 0x00008000000LL) >> 20) \
707 | (((_instr_) & 0x00000001fc0LL) >> 6))
710 examine_prologue (CORE_ADDR pc, CORE_ADDR lim_pc, struct frame_info *frame)
713 CORE_ADDR last_prologue_pc = pc;
716 int do_fsr_stuff = 0;
721 int unat_save_reg = 0;
723 int mem_stack_frame_size = 0;
725 CORE_ADDR spill_addr = 0;
729 memset (instores, 0, sizeof instores);
730 memset (infpstores, 0, sizeof infpstores);
732 if (frame && !frame->saved_regs)
734 frame_saved_regs_zalloc (frame);
740 && frame->extra_info->after_prologue != 0
741 && frame->extra_info->after_prologue <= lim_pc)
742 return frame->extra_info->after_prologue;
744 /* Must start with an alloc instruction */
745 next_pc = fetch_instruction (pc, &it, &instr);
746 if (pc < lim_pc && next_pc
747 && it == M && ((instr & 0x1ee0000003fLL) == 0x02c00000000LL))
750 int sor = (int) ((instr & 0x00078000000LL) >> 27);
751 int sol = (int) ((instr & 0x00007f00000LL) >> 20);
752 int sof = (int) ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13);
753 /* Okay, so sor, sol, and sof aren't used right now; but perhaps
754 we could compare against the size given to us via the cfm as
755 either a sanity check or possibly to see if the frame has been
756 changed by a later alloc instruction... */
757 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00000001fc0LL) >> 6);
759 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
763 pc = lim_pc; /* We're done early */
765 /* Loop, looking for prologue instructions, keeping track of
766 where preserved registers were spilled. */
769 next_pc = fetch_instruction (pc, &it, &instr);
773 if (it == B || ((instr & 0x3fLL) != 0LL))
775 /* Exit loop upon hitting a branch instruction or a predicated
779 else if (it == I && ((instr & 0x1eff8000000LL) == 0x00188000000LL))
782 int b2 = (int) ((instr & 0x0000000e000LL) >> 13);
783 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00000001fc0LL) >> 6);
784 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003f);
786 if (qp == 0 && b2 == 0 && rN >= 32 && ret_reg == 0)
789 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
792 else if ((it == I || it == M)
793 && ((instr & 0x1ee00000000LL) == 0x10800000000LL))
795 /* adds rN = imm14, rM (or mov rN, rM when imm14 is 0) */
796 int imm = (int) ((((instr & 0x01000000000LL) ? -1 : 0) << 13)
797 | ((instr & 0x001f8000000LL) >> 20)
798 | ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13));
799 int rM = (int) ((instr & 0x00007f00000LL) >> 20);
800 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00000001fc0LL) >> 6);
801 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
803 if (qp == 0 && rN >= 32 && imm == 0 && rM == 12 && fp_reg == 0)
807 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
809 else if (qp == 0 && rN == 12 && rM == 12)
811 /* adds r12, -mem_stack_frame_size, r12 */
812 mem_stack_frame_size -= imm;
813 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
815 else if (qp == 0 && rN == 2
816 && ((rM == fp_reg && fp_reg != 0) || rM == 12))
818 /* adds r2, spilloffset, rFramePointer
820 adds r2, spilloffset, r12
822 Get ready for stf.spill or st8.spill instructions.
823 The address to start spilling at is loaded into r2.
824 FIXME: Why r2? That's what gcc currently uses; it
825 could well be different for other compilers. */
827 /* Hmm... whether or not this will work will depend on
828 where the pc is. If it's still early in the prologue
829 this'll be wrong. FIXME */
830 spill_addr = (frame ? frame->frame : 0)
831 + (rM == 12 ? 0 : mem_stack_frame_size)
834 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
838 && ( ((instr & 0x1efc0000000LL) == 0x0eec0000000LL)
839 || ((instr & 0x1ffc8000000LL) == 0x0cec0000000LL) ))
841 /* stf.spill [rN] = fM, imm9
843 stf.spill [rN] = fM */
845 int imm = imm9(instr);
846 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00007f00000LL) >> 20);
847 int fM = (int) ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13);
848 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
849 if (qp == 0 && rN == spill_reg && spill_addr != 0
850 && ((2 <= fM && fM <= 5) || (16 <= fM && fM <= 31)))
853 frame->saved_regs[IA64_FR0_REGNUM + fM] = spill_addr;
855 if ((instr & 0x1efc0000000) == 0x0eec0000000)
858 spill_addr = 0; /* last one; must be done */
859 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
862 else if ((it == M && ((instr & 0x1eff8000000LL) == 0x02110000000LL))
863 || (it == I && ((instr & 0x1eff8000000LL) == 0x00050000000LL)) )
869 int arM = (int) ((instr & 0x00007f00000LL) >> 20);
870 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00000001fc0LL) >> 6);
871 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
872 if (qp == 0 && isScratch (rN) && arM == 36 /* ar.unat */)
874 /* We have something like "mov.m r3 = ar.unat". Remember the
875 r3 (or whatever) and watch for a store of this register... */
877 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
880 else if (it == I && ((instr & 0x1eff8000000LL) == 0x00198000000LL))
883 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00000001fc0LL) >> 6);
884 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
885 if (qp == 0 && isScratch (rN))
888 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
892 && ( ((instr & 0x1ffc8000000LL) == 0x08cc0000000LL)
893 || ((instr & 0x1efc0000000LL) == 0x0acc0000000LL)))
897 st8 [rN] = rM, imm9 */
898 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00007f00000LL) >> 20);
899 int rM = (int) ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13);
900 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
901 if (qp == 0 && rN == spill_reg && spill_addr != 0
902 && (rM == unat_save_reg || rM == pr_save_reg))
904 /* We've found a spill of either the UNAT register or the PR
905 register. (Well, not exactly; what we've actually found is
906 a spill of the register that UNAT or PR was moved to).
907 Record that fact and move on... */
908 if (rM == unat_save_reg)
910 /* Track UNAT register */
912 frame->saved_regs[IA64_UNAT_REGNUM] = spill_addr;
917 /* Track PR register */
919 frame->saved_regs[IA64_PR_REGNUM] = spill_addr;
922 if ((instr & 0x1efc0000000LL) == 0x0acc0000000LL)
923 /* st8 [rN] = rM, imm9 */
924 spill_addr += imm9(instr);
926 spill_addr = 0; /* must be done spilling */
927 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
929 else if (qp == 0 && 32 <= rM && rM < 40 && !instores[rM-32])
931 /* Allow up to one store of each input register. */
933 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
936 else if (it == M && ((instr & 0x1ff08000000LL) == 0x08c00000000LL))
943 Note that the st8 case is handled in the clause above.
945 Advance over stores of input registers. One store per input
946 register is permitted. */
947 int rM = (int) ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13);
948 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
949 if (qp == 0 && 32 <= rM && rM < 40 && !instores[rM-32])
952 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
955 else if (it == M && ((instr & 0x1ff88000000LL) == 0x0cc80000000LL))
962 Advance over stores of floating point input registers. Again
963 one store per register is permitted */
964 int fM = (int) ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13);
965 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
966 if (qp == 0 && 8 <= fM && fM < 16 && !infpstores[fM - 8])
968 infpstores[fM-8] = 1;
969 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
973 && ( ((instr & 0x1ffc8000000LL) == 0x08ec0000000LL)
974 || ((instr & 0x1efc0000000LL) == 0x0aec0000000LL)))
976 /* st8.spill [rN] = rM
978 st8.spill [rN] = rM, imm9 */
979 int rN = (int) ((instr & 0x00007f00000LL) >> 20);
980 int rM = (int) ((instr & 0x000000fe000LL) >> 13);
981 int qp = (int) (instr & 0x0000000003fLL);
982 if (qp == 0 && rN == spill_reg && 4 <= rM && rM <= 7)
984 /* We've found a spill of one of the preserved general purpose
985 regs. Record the spill address and advance the spill
986 register if appropriate. */
988 frame->saved_regs[IA64_GR0_REGNUM + rM] = spill_addr;
989 if ((instr & 0x1efc0000000LL) == 0x0aec0000000LL)
990 /* st8.spill [rN] = rM, imm9 */
991 spill_addr += imm9(instr);
993 spill_addr = 0; /* Done spilling */
994 last_prologue_pc = next_pc;
1006 /* Extract the size of the rotating portion of the stack
1007 frame and the register rename base from the current
1009 sor = ((frame->extra_info->cfm >> 14) & 0xf) * 8;
1010 rrb_gr = (frame->extra_info->cfm >> 18) & 0x7f;
1012 for (i = 0, addr = frame->extra_info->bsp;
1013 i < frame->extra_info->sof;
1016 if (IS_NaT_COLLECTION_ADDR (addr))
1021 frame->saved_regs[IA64_GR32_REGNUM + ((i + (sor - rrb_gr)) % sor)]
1024 frame->saved_regs[IA64_GR32_REGNUM + i] = addr;
1026 if (i+32 == cfm_reg)
1027 frame->saved_regs[IA64_CFM_REGNUM] = addr;
1028 if (i+32 == ret_reg)
1029 frame->saved_regs[IA64_VRAP_REGNUM] = addr;
1031 frame->saved_regs[IA64_VFP_REGNUM] = addr;
1035 if (frame && frame->extra_info) {
1036 frame->extra_info->after_prologue = last_prologue_pc;
1037 frame->extra_info->mem_stack_frame_size = mem_stack_frame_size;
1038 frame->extra_info->fp_reg = fp_reg;
1041 return last_prologue_pc;
1045 ia64_skip_prologue (CORE_ADDR pc)
1047 return examine_prologue (pc, pc+1024, 0);
1051 ia64_frame_init_saved_regs (struct frame_info *frame)
1053 if (frame->saved_regs)
1056 if (frame->signal_handler_caller && SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS)
1060 frame_saved_regs_zalloc (frame);
1062 frame->saved_regs[IA64_VRAP_REGNUM] =
1063 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_IP_REGNUM);
1064 frame->saved_regs[IA64_CFM_REGNUM] =
1065 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_CFM_REGNUM);
1066 frame->saved_regs[IA64_PSR_REGNUM] =
1067 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_PSR_REGNUM);
1069 frame->saved_regs[IA64_BSP_REGNUM] =
1070 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_BSP_REGNUM);
1072 frame->saved_regs[IA64_RNAT_REGNUM] =
1073 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_RNAT_REGNUM);
1074 frame->saved_regs[IA64_CCV_REGNUM] =
1075 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_CCV_REGNUM);
1076 frame->saved_regs[IA64_UNAT_REGNUM] =
1077 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_UNAT_REGNUM);
1078 frame->saved_regs[IA64_FPSR_REGNUM] =
1079 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_FPSR_REGNUM);
1080 frame->saved_regs[IA64_PFS_REGNUM] =
1081 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_PFS_REGNUM);
1082 frame->saved_regs[IA64_LC_REGNUM] =
1083 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, IA64_LC_REGNUM);
1084 for (regno = IA64_GR1_REGNUM; regno <= IA64_GR31_REGNUM; regno++)
1085 if (regno != sp_regnum)
1086 frame->saved_regs[regno] =
1087 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, regno);
1088 for (regno = IA64_BR0_REGNUM; regno <= IA64_BR7_REGNUM; regno++)
1089 frame->saved_regs[regno] =
1090 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, regno);
1091 for (regno = IA64_FR2_REGNUM; regno <= IA64_BR7_REGNUM; regno++)
1092 frame->saved_regs[regno] =
1093 SIGCONTEXT_REGISTER_ADDRESS (frame->frame, regno);
1097 CORE_ADDR func_start;
1099 func_start = get_pc_function_start (frame->pc);
1100 examine_prologue (func_start, frame->pc, frame);
1105 ia64_get_saved_register (char *raw_buffer,
1108 struct frame_info *frame,
1110 enum lval_type *lval)
1114 if (!target_has_registers)
1115 error ("No registers.");
1117 if (optimized != NULL)
1126 is_dummy_frame = PC_IN_CALL_DUMMY (frame->pc, frame->frame, frame->frame);
1128 if (regnum == SP_REGNUM && frame->next)
1130 /* Handle SP values for all frames but the topmost. */
1131 store_address (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum), frame->frame);
1133 else if (regnum == IA64_BSP_REGNUM)
1135 store_address (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum),
1136 frame->extra_info->bsp);
1138 else if (regnum == IA64_VFP_REGNUM)
1140 /* If the function in question uses an automatic register (r32-r127)
1141 for the frame pointer, it'll be found by ia64_find_saved_register()
1142 above. If the function lacks one of these frame pointers, we can
1143 still provide a value since we know the size of the frame */
1144 CORE_ADDR vfp = frame->frame + frame->extra_info->mem_stack_frame_size;
1145 store_address (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (IA64_VFP_REGNUM), vfp);
1147 else if (IA64_PR0_REGNUM <= regnum && regnum <= IA64_PR63_REGNUM)
1149 char pr_raw_buffer[MAX_REGISTER_RAW_SIZE];
1151 enum lval_type pr_lval;
1154 ia64_get_saved_register (pr_raw_buffer, &pr_optim, &pr_addr,
1155 frame, IA64_PR_REGNUM, &pr_lval);
1156 if (IA64_PR16_REGNUM <= regnum && regnum <= IA64_PR63_REGNUM)
1158 /* Fetch predicate register rename base from current frame
1159 marker for this frame. */
1160 int rrb_pr = (frame->extra_info->cfm >> 32) & 0x3f;
1162 /* Adjust the register number to account for register rotation. */
1163 regnum = IA64_PR16_REGNUM
1164 + ((regnum - IA64_PR16_REGNUM) + rrb_pr) % 48;
1166 prN_val = extract_bit_field ((unsigned char *) pr_raw_buffer,
1167 regnum - IA64_PR0_REGNUM, 1);
1168 store_unsigned_integer (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum), prN_val);
1170 else if (IA64_NAT0_REGNUM <= regnum && regnum <= IA64_NAT31_REGNUM)
1172 char unat_raw_buffer[MAX_REGISTER_RAW_SIZE];
1174 enum lval_type unat_lval;
1175 CORE_ADDR unat_addr;
1177 ia64_get_saved_register (unat_raw_buffer, &unat_optim, &unat_addr,
1178 frame, IA64_UNAT_REGNUM, &unat_lval);
1179 unatN_val = extract_bit_field ((unsigned char *) unat_raw_buffer,
1180 regnum - IA64_NAT0_REGNUM, 1);
1181 store_unsigned_integer (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum),
1184 else if (IA64_NAT32_REGNUM <= regnum && regnum <= IA64_NAT127_REGNUM)
1187 /* Find address of general register corresponding to nat bit we're
1189 CORE_ADDR gr_addr = 0;
1191 if (!is_dummy_frame)
1193 FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS (frame);
1194 gr_addr = frame->saved_regs[ regnum - IA64_NAT0_REGNUM
1199 /* Compute address of nat collection bits */
1200 CORE_ADDR nat_addr = gr_addr | 0x1f8;
1201 CORE_ADDR bsp = read_register (IA64_BSP_REGNUM);
1202 CORE_ADDR nat_collection;
1204 /* If our nat collection address is bigger than bsp, we have to get
1205 the nat collection from rnat. Otherwise, we fetch the nat
1206 collection from the computed address. */
1207 if (nat_addr >= bsp)
1208 nat_collection = read_register (IA64_RNAT_REGNUM);
1210 nat_collection = read_memory_integer (nat_addr, 8);
1211 nat_bit = (gr_addr >> 3) & 0x3f;
1212 natval = (nat_collection >> nat_bit) & 1;
1214 store_unsigned_integer (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum), natval);
1216 else if (regnum == IA64_IP_REGNUM)
1221 /* FIXME: Set *addrp, *lval when possible. */
1222 pc = ia64_frame_saved_pc (frame->next);
1228 store_address (raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (IA64_IP_REGNUM), pc);
1230 else if (IA64_GR32_REGNUM <= regnum && regnum <= IA64_GR127_REGNUM)
1233 if (!is_dummy_frame)
1235 FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS (frame);
1236 addr = frame->saved_regs[regnum];
1242 *lval = lval_memory;
1245 read_memory (addr, raw_buffer, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum));
1249 /* r32 - r127 must be fetchable via memory. If they aren't,
1250 then the register is unavailable */
1251 memset (raw_buffer, 0, REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regnum));
1256 if (IA64_FR32_REGNUM <= regnum && regnum <= IA64_FR127_REGNUM)
1258 /* Fetch floating point register rename base from current
1259 frame marker for this frame. */
1260 int rrb_fr = (frame->extra_info->cfm >> 25) & 0x7f;
1262 /* Adjust the floating point register number to account for
1263 register rotation. */
1264 regnum = IA64_FR32_REGNUM
1265 + ((regnum - IA64_FR32_REGNUM) + rrb_fr) % 96;
1268 generic_get_saved_register (raw_buffer, optimized, addrp, frame,
1273 /* Should we use EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS instead of
1274 EXTRACT_RETURN_VALUE? GCC_P is true if compiled with gcc
1275 and TYPE is the type (which is known to be struct, union or array). */
1277 ia64_use_struct_convention (int gcc_p, struct type *type)
1279 struct type *float_elt_type;
1281 /* HFAs are structures (or arrays) consisting entirely of floating
1282 point values of the same length. Up to 8 of these are returned
1283 in registers. Don't use the struct convention when this is the
1285 float_elt_type = is_float_or_hfa_type (type);
1286 if (float_elt_type != NULL
1287 && TYPE_LENGTH (type) / TYPE_LENGTH (float_elt_type) <= 8)
1290 /* Other structs of length 32 or less are returned in r8-r11.
1291 Don't use the struct convention for those either. */
1292 return TYPE_LENGTH (type) > 32;
1296 ia64_extract_return_value (struct type *type, char *regbuf, char *valbuf)
1298 struct type *float_elt_type;
1300 float_elt_type = is_float_or_hfa_type (type);
1301 if (float_elt_type != NULL)
1304 int regnum = IA64_FR8_REGNUM;
1305 int n = TYPE_LENGTH (type) / TYPE_LENGTH (float_elt_type);
1309 ia64_register_convert_to_virtual (regnum, float_elt_type,
1310 ®buf[REGISTER_BYTE (regnum)], valbuf + offset);
1311 offset += TYPE_LENGTH (float_elt_type);
1316 memcpy (valbuf, ®buf[REGISTER_BYTE (IA64_GR8_REGNUM)],
1317 TYPE_LENGTH (type));
1320 /* FIXME: Turn this into a stack of some sort. Unfortunately, something
1321 like this is necessary though since the IA-64 calling conventions specify
1322 that r8 is not preserved. */
1323 static CORE_ADDR struct_return_address;
1326 ia64_extract_struct_value_address (char *regbuf)
1328 /* FIXME: See above. */
1329 return struct_return_address;
1333 ia64_store_struct_return (CORE_ADDR addr, CORE_ADDR sp)
1335 /* FIXME: See above. */
1336 /* Note that most of the work was done in ia64_push_arguments() */
1337 struct_return_address = addr;
1341 ia64_frameless_function_invocation (struct frame_info *frame)
1343 /* FIXME: Implement */
1348 ia64_saved_pc_after_call (struct frame_info *frame)
1350 return read_register (IA64_BR0_REGNUM);
1354 ia64_frame_args_address (struct frame_info *frame)
1356 /* frame->frame points at the SP for this frame; But we want the start
1357 of the frame, not the end. Calling frame chain will get his for us. */
1358 return ia64_frame_chain (frame);
1362 ia64_frame_locals_address (struct frame_info *frame)
1364 /* frame->frame points at the SP for this frame; But we want the start
1365 of the frame, not the end. Calling frame chain will get his for us. */
1366 return ia64_frame_chain (frame);
1370 ia64_init_extra_frame_info (int fromleaf, struct frame_info *frame)
1373 int next_frame_is_call_dummy = ((frame->next != NULL)
1374 && PC_IN_CALL_DUMMY (frame->next->pc, frame->next->frame,
1375 frame->next->frame));
1377 frame->extra_info = (struct frame_extra_info *)
1378 frame_obstack_alloc (sizeof (struct frame_extra_info));
1380 if (frame->next == 0)
1382 bsp = read_register (IA64_BSP_REGNUM);
1383 cfm = read_register (IA64_CFM_REGNUM);
1386 else if (frame->next->signal_handler_caller)
1388 bsp = read_sigcontext_register (frame->next, IA64_BSP_REGNUM);
1389 cfm = read_sigcontext_register (frame->next, IA64_CFM_REGNUM);
1391 else if (next_frame_is_call_dummy)
1393 bsp = generic_read_register_dummy (frame->next->pc, frame->next->frame,
1395 cfm = generic_read_register_dummy (frame->next->pc, frame->next->frame,
1400 struct frame_info *frn = frame->next;
1402 FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS (frn);
1404 if (frn->saved_regs[IA64_CFM_REGNUM] != 0)
1405 cfm = read_memory_integer (frn->saved_regs[IA64_CFM_REGNUM], 8);
1406 else if (frn->next && frn->next->signal_handler_caller)
1407 cfm = read_sigcontext_register (frn->next, IA64_PFS_REGNUM);
1409 && PC_IN_CALL_DUMMY (frn->next->pc, frn->next->frame,
1411 cfm = generic_read_register_dummy (frn->next->pc, frn->next->frame,
1414 cfm = read_register (IA64_PFS_REGNUM);
1416 bsp = frn->extra_info->bsp;
1418 frame->extra_info->cfm = cfm;
1419 frame->extra_info->sof = cfm & 0x7f;
1420 frame->extra_info->sol = (cfm >> 7) & 0x7f;
1421 if (frame->next == 0
1422 || frame->next->signal_handler_caller
1423 || next_frame_is_call_dummy)
1424 frame->extra_info->bsp = rse_address_add (bsp, -frame->extra_info->sof);
1426 frame->extra_info->bsp = rse_address_add (bsp, -frame->extra_info->sol);
1428 frame->extra_info->after_prologue = 0;
1429 frame->extra_info->mem_stack_frame_size = -1; /* Not yet determined */
1430 frame->extra_info->fp_reg = 0;
1434 is_float_or_hfa_type_recurse (struct type *t, struct type **etp)
1436 switch (TYPE_CODE (t))
1440 return TYPE_LENGTH (*etp) == TYPE_LENGTH (t);
1447 case TYPE_CODE_ARRAY:
1448 return is_float_or_hfa_type_recurse (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (t), etp);
1450 case TYPE_CODE_STRUCT:
1454 for (i = 0; i < TYPE_NFIELDS (t); i++)
1455 if (!is_float_or_hfa_type_recurse (TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (t, i), etp))
1466 /* Determine if the given type is one of the floating point types or
1467 and HFA (which is a struct, array, or combination thereof whose
1468 bottom-most elements are all of the same floating point type.) */
1470 static struct type *
1471 is_float_or_hfa_type (struct type *t)
1473 struct type *et = 0;
1475 return is_float_or_hfa_type_recurse (t, &et) ? et : 0;
1479 /* Attempt to find (and return) the global pointer for the given
1482 This is a rather nasty bit of code searchs for the .dynamic section
1483 in the objfile corresponding to the pc of the function we're trying
1484 to call. Once it finds the addresses at which the .dynamic section
1485 lives in the child process, it scans the Elf64_Dyn entries for a
1486 DT_PLTGOT tag. If it finds one of these, the corresponding
1487 d_un.d_ptr value is the global pointer. */
1490 generic_elf_find_global_pointer (CORE_ADDR faddr)
1492 struct obj_section *faddr_sect;
1494 faddr_sect = find_pc_section (faddr);
1495 if (faddr_sect != NULL)
1497 struct obj_section *osect;
1499 ALL_OBJFILE_OSECTIONS (faddr_sect->objfile, osect)
1501 if (strcmp (osect->the_bfd_section->name, ".dynamic") == 0)
1505 if (osect < faddr_sect->objfile->sections_end)
1510 while (addr < osect->endaddr)
1516 status = target_read_memory (addr, buf, sizeof (buf));
1519 tag = extract_signed_integer (buf, sizeof (buf));
1521 if (tag == DT_PLTGOT)
1523 CORE_ADDR global_pointer;
1525 status = target_read_memory (addr + 8, buf, sizeof (buf));
1528 global_pointer = extract_address (buf, sizeof (buf));
1531 return global_pointer;
1544 /* Given a function's address, attempt to find (and return) the
1545 corresponding (canonical) function descriptor. Return 0 if
1548 find_extant_func_descr (CORE_ADDR faddr)
1550 struct obj_section *faddr_sect;
1552 /* Return early if faddr is already a function descriptor */
1553 faddr_sect = find_pc_section (faddr);
1554 if (faddr_sect && strcmp (faddr_sect->the_bfd_section->name, ".opd") == 0)
1557 if (faddr_sect != NULL)
1559 struct obj_section *osect;
1560 ALL_OBJFILE_OSECTIONS (faddr_sect->objfile, osect)
1562 if (strcmp (osect->the_bfd_section->name, ".opd") == 0)
1566 if (osect < faddr_sect->objfile->sections_end)
1571 while (addr < osect->endaddr)
1577 status = target_read_memory (addr, buf, sizeof (buf));
1580 faddr2 = extract_signed_integer (buf, sizeof (buf));
1582 if (faddr == faddr2)
1592 /* Attempt to find a function descriptor corresponding to the
1593 given address. If none is found, construct one on the
1594 stack using the address at fdaptr */
1597 find_func_descr (CORE_ADDR faddr, CORE_ADDR *fdaptr)
1601 fdesc = find_extant_func_descr (faddr);
1605 CORE_ADDR global_pointer;
1611 global_pointer = FIND_GLOBAL_POINTER (faddr);
1613 if (global_pointer == 0)
1614 global_pointer = read_register (IA64_GR1_REGNUM);
1616 store_address (buf, 8, faddr);
1617 store_address (buf + 8, 8, global_pointer);
1619 write_memory (fdesc, buf, 16);
1626 ia64_push_arguments (int nargs, value_ptr *args, CORE_ADDR sp,
1627 int struct_return, CORE_ADDR struct_addr)
1633 int nslots, rseslots, memslots, slotnum, nfuncargs;
1635 CORE_ADDR bsp, cfm, pfs, new_bsp, funcdescaddr;
1639 /* Count the number of slots needed for the arguments */
1640 for (argno = 0; argno < nargs; argno++)
1643 type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg));
1644 len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
1646 /* FIXME: This is crude and it is wrong (IMO), but it matches
1647 what gcc does, I think. */
1648 if (len > 8 && (nslots & 1))
1651 if (TYPE_CODE (type) == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
1654 nslots += (len + 7) / 8;
1657 /* Divvy up the slots between the RSE and the memory stack */
1658 rseslots = (nslots > 8) ? 8 : nslots;
1659 memslots = nslots - rseslots;
1661 /* Allocate a new RSE frame */
1662 cfm = read_register (IA64_CFM_REGNUM);
1664 bsp = read_register (IA64_BSP_REGNUM);
1665 bsp = rse_address_add (bsp, cfm & 0x7f);
1666 new_bsp = rse_address_add (bsp, rseslots);
1667 write_register (IA64_BSP_REGNUM, new_bsp);
1669 pfs = read_register (IA64_PFS_REGNUM);
1670 pfs &= 0xc000000000000000LL;
1671 pfs |= (cfm & 0xffffffffffffLL);
1672 write_register (IA64_PFS_REGNUM, pfs);
1674 cfm &= 0xc000000000000000LL;
1676 write_register (IA64_CFM_REGNUM, cfm);
1678 /* We will attempt to find function descriptors in the .opd segment,
1679 but if we can't we'll construct them ourselves. That being the
1680 case, we'll need to reserve space on the stack for them. */
1681 funcdescaddr = sp - nfuncargs * 16;
1682 funcdescaddr &= ~0xfLL;
1684 /* Adjust the stack pointer to it's new value. The calling conventions
1685 require us to have 16 bytes of scratch, plus whatever space is
1686 necessary for the memory slots and our function descriptors */
1687 sp = sp - 16 - (memslots + nfuncargs) * 8;
1688 sp &= ~0xfLL; /* Maintain 16 byte alignment */
1690 /* Place the arguments where they belong. The arguments will be
1691 either placed in the RSE backing store or on the memory stack.
1692 In addition, floating point arguments or HFAs are placed in
1693 floating point registers. */
1695 floatreg = IA64_FR8_REGNUM;
1696 for (argno = 0; argno < nargs; argno++)
1698 struct type *float_elt_type;
1701 type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg));
1702 len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
1704 /* Special handling for function parameters */
1706 && TYPE_CODE (type) == TYPE_CODE_PTR
1707 && TYPE_CODE (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (type)) == TYPE_CODE_FUNC)
1711 store_address (val_buf, 8,
1712 find_func_descr (extract_address (VALUE_CONTENTS (arg), 8),
1714 if (slotnum < rseslots)
1715 write_memory (rse_address_add (bsp, slotnum), val_buf, 8);
1717 write_memory (sp + 16 + 8 * (slotnum - rseslots), val_buf, 8);
1723 if (len > 8 && (slotnum & 1))
1730 memset (val_buf, 0, 8);
1731 memcpy (val_buf, VALUE_CONTENTS (arg) + argoffset, (len > 8) ? 8 : len);
1733 if (slotnum < rseslots)
1734 write_memory (rse_address_add (bsp, slotnum), val_buf, 8);
1736 write_memory (sp + 16 + 8 * (slotnum - rseslots), val_buf, 8);
1743 /* Handle floating point types (including HFAs) */
1744 float_elt_type = is_float_or_hfa_type (type);
1745 if (float_elt_type != NULL)
1748 len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
1749 while (len > 0 && floatreg < IA64_FR16_REGNUM)
1751 ia64_register_convert_to_raw (
1754 VALUE_CONTENTS (arg) + argoffset,
1755 ®isters[REGISTER_BYTE (floatreg)]);
1757 argoffset += TYPE_LENGTH (float_elt_type);
1758 len -= TYPE_LENGTH (float_elt_type);
1763 /* Store the struct return value in r8 if necessary. */
1766 store_address (®isters[REGISTER_BYTE (IA64_GR8_REGNUM)],
1767 REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (IA64_GR8_REGNUM),
1771 /* Sync gdb's idea of what the registers are with the target. */
1772 target_store_registers (-1);
1774 /* FIXME: This doesn't belong here! Instead, SAVE_DUMMY_FRAME_TOS needs
1775 to be defined to call generic_save_dummy_frame_tos(). But at the
1776 time of this writing, SAVE_DUMMY_FRAME_TOS wasn't gdbarch'd, so
1777 I chose to put this call here instead of using the old mechanisms.
1778 Once SAVE_DUMMY_FRAME_TOS is gdbarch'd, all we need to do is add the
1781 set_gdbarch_save_dummy_frame_tos (gdbarch, generic_save_dummy_frame_tos);
1783 to ia64_gdbarch_init() and remove the line below. */
1784 generic_save_dummy_frame_tos (sp);
1790 ia64_push_return_address (CORE_ADDR pc, CORE_ADDR sp)
1792 CORE_ADDR global_pointer = FIND_GLOBAL_POINTER (pc);
1794 if (global_pointer != 0)
1795 write_register (IA64_GR1_REGNUM, global_pointer);
1797 write_register (IA64_BR0_REGNUM, CALL_DUMMY_ADDRESS ());
1802 ia64_store_return_value (struct type *type, char *valbuf)
1804 if (TYPE_CODE (type) == TYPE_CODE_FLT)
1806 ia64_register_convert_to_raw (type, IA64_FR8_REGNUM, valbuf,
1807 ®isters[REGISTER_BYTE (IA64_FR8_REGNUM)]);
1808 target_store_registers (IA64_FR8_REGNUM);
1811 write_register_bytes (REGISTER_BYTE (IA64_GR8_REGNUM),
1812 valbuf, TYPE_LENGTH (type));
1816 ia64_pop_frame (void)
1818 generic_pop_current_frame (ia64_pop_frame_regular);
1822 ia64_pop_frame_regular (struct frame_info *frame)
1825 CORE_ADDR bsp, cfm, pfs;
1827 FRAME_INIT_SAVED_REGS (frame);
1829 for (regno = 0; regno < ia64_num_regs; regno++)
1831 if (frame->saved_regs[regno]
1832 && (!(IA64_GR32_REGNUM <= regno && regno <= IA64_GR127_REGNUM))
1833 && regno != pc_regnum
1834 && regno != sp_regnum
1835 && regno != IA64_PFS_REGNUM
1836 && regno != IA64_CFM_REGNUM
1837 && regno != IA64_BSP_REGNUM
1838 && regno != IA64_BSPSTORE_REGNUM)
1840 write_register (regno,
1841 read_memory_integer (frame->saved_regs[regno],
1842 REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (regno)));
1846 write_register (sp_regnum, FRAME_CHAIN (frame));
1847 write_pc (FRAME_SAVED_PC (frame));
1849 cfm = read_register (IA64_CFM_REGNUM);
1851 if (frame->saved_regs[IA64_PFS_REGNUM])
1853 pfs = read_memory_integer (frame->saved_regs[IA64_PFS_REGNUM],
1854 REGISTER_RAW_SIZE (IA64_PFS_REGNUM));
1857 pfs = read_register (IA64_PFS_REGNUM);
1859 /* Compute the new bsp by *adding* the difference between the
1860 size of the frame and the size of the locals (both wrt the
1861 frame that we're going back to). This seems kind of strange,
1862 especially since it seems like we ought to be subtracting the
1863 size of the locals... and we should; but the linux kernel
1864 wants bsp to be set at the end of all used registers. It's
1865 likely that this code will need to be revised to accomodate
1866 other operating systems. */
1867 bsp = rse_address_add (frame->extra_info->bsp,
1868 (pfs & 0x7f) - ((pfs >> 7) & 0x7f));
1869 write_register (IA64_BSP_REGNUM, bsp);
1871 /* FIXME: What becomes of the epilog count in the PFS? */
1872 cfm = (cfm & ~0xffffffffffffLL) | (pfs & 0xffffffffffffLL);
1873 write_register (IA64_CFM_REGNUM, cfm);
1875 flush_cached_frames ();
1879 ia64_remote_translate_xfer_address (CORE_ADDR memaddr, int nr_bytes,
1880 CORE_ADDR *targ_addr, int *targ_len)
1882 *targ_addr = memaddr;
1883 *targ_len = nr_bytes;
1887 process_note_abi_tag_sections (bfd *abfd, asection *sect, void *obj)
1889 int *os_ident_ptr = obj;
1891 unsigned int sectsize;
1893 name = bfd_get_section_name (abfd, sect);
1894 sectsize = bfd_section_size (abfd, sect);
1895 if (strcmp (name, ".note.ABI-tag") == 0 && sectsize > 0)
1897 unsigned int name_length, data_length, note_type;
1898 char *note = alloca (sectsize);
1900 bfd_get_section_contents (abfd, sect, note,
1901 (file_ptr) 0, (bfd_size_type) sectsize);
1903 name_length = bfd_h_get_32 (abfd, note);
1904 data_length = bfd_h_get_32 (abfd, note + 4);
1905 note_type = bfd_h_get_32 (abfd, note + 8);
1907 if (name_length == 4 && data_length == 16 && note_type == 1
1908 && strcmp (note + 12, "GNU") == 0)
1910 int os_number = bfd_h_get_32 (abfd, note + 16);
1912 /* The case numbers are from abi-tags in glibc */
1916 *os_ident_ptr = ELFOSABI_LINUX;
1919 *os_ident_ptr = ELFOSABI_HURD;
1922 *os_ident_ptr = ELFOSABI_SOLARIS;
1926 "process_note_abi_sections: unknown OS number %d", os_number);
1933 static struct gdbarch *
1934 ia64_gdbarch_init (struct gdbarch_info info, struct gdbarch_list *arches)
1936 struct gdbarch *gdbarch;
1937 struct gdbarch_tdep *tdep;
1940 if (info.abfd != NULL
1941 && bfd_get_flavour (info.abfd) == bfd_target_elf_flavour)
1943 os_ident = elf_elfheader (info.abfd)->e_ident[EI_OSABI];
1945 /* If os_ident is 0, it is not necessarily the case that we're on a
1946 SYSV system. (ELFOSABI_NONE is defined to be 0.) GNU/Linux uses
1947 a note section to record OS/ABI info, but leaves e_ident[EI_OSABI]
1948 zero. So we have to check for note sections too. */
1951 bfd_map_over_sections (info.abfd,
1952 process_note_abi_tag_sections,
1959 for (arches = gdbarch_list_lookup_by_info (arches, &info);
1961 arches = gdbarch_list_lookup_by_info (arches->next, &info))
1963 if (gdbarch_tdep (current_gdbarch)->os_ident != os_ident)
1965 return arches->gdbarch;
1968 tdep = xmalloc (sizeof (struct gdbarch_tdep));
1969 gdbarch = gdbarch_alloc (&info, tdep);
1970 tdep->os_ident = os_ident;
1972 if (os_ident == ELFOSABI_LINUX)
1973 tdep->sigcontext_register_address = ia64_linux_sigcontext_register_address;
1975 tdep->sigcontext_register_address = 0;
1977 /* We know that Linux won't have to resort to the native_find_global_pointer
1978 hackery. But that's the only one we know about so far, so if
1979 native_find_global_pointer is set to something non-zero, then use
1980 it. Otherwise fall back to using generic_elf_find_global_pointer.
1981 This arrangement should (in theory) allow us to cross debug Linux
1982 binaries from an AIX machine. */
1983 if (os_ident == ELFOSABI_LINUX)
1984 tdep->find_global_pointer = generic_elf_find_global_pointer;
1985 else if (native_find_global_pointer != 0)
1986 tdep->find_global_pointer = native_find_global_pointer;
1988 tdep->find_global_pointer = generic_elf_find_global_pointer;
1990 set_gdbarch_short_bit (gdbarch, 16);
1991 set_gdbarch_int_bit (gdbarch, 32);
1992 set_gdbarch_long_bit (gdbarch, 64);
1993 set_gdbarch_long_long_bit (gdbarch, 64);
1994 set_gdbarch_float_bit (gdbarch, 32);
1995 set_gdbarch_double_bit (gdbarch, 64);
1996 set_gdbarch_long_double_bit (gdbarch, 64);
1997 set_gdbarch_ptr_bit (gdbarch, 64);
1999 set_gdbarch_num_regs (gdbarch, ia64_num_regs);
2000 set_gdbarch_sp_regnum (gdbarch, sp_regnum);
2001 set_gdbarch_fp_regnum (gdbarch, fp_regnum);
2002 set_gdbarch_pc_regnum (gdbarch, pc_regnum);
2003 set_gdbarch_fp0_regnum (gdbarch, IA64_FR0_REGNUM);
2005 set_gdbarch_register_name (gdbarch, ia64_register_name);
2006 set_gdbarch_register_size (gdbarch, 8);
2007 set_gdbarch_register_bytes (gdbarch, ia64_num_regs * 8 + 128*8);
2008 set_gdbarch_register_byte (gdbarch, ia64_register_byte);
2009 set_gdbarch_register_raw_size (gdbarch, ia64_register_raw_size);
2010 set_gdbarch_max_register_raw_size (gdbarch, 16);
2011 set_gdbarch_register_virtual_size (gdbarch, ia64_register_virtual_size);
2012 set_gdbarch_max_register_virtual_size (gdbarch, 16);
2013 set_gdbarch_register_virtual_type (gdbarch, ia64_register_virtual_type);
2015 set_gdbarch_skip_prologue (gdbarch, ia64_skip_prologue);
2017 set_gdbarch_frame_num_args (gdbarch, frame_num_args_unknown);
2018 set_gdbarch_frameless_function_invocation (gdbarch, ia64_frameless_function_invocation);
2020 set_gdbarch_saved_pc_after_call (gdbarch, ia64_saved_pc_after_call);
2022 set_gdbarch_frame_chain (gdbarch, ia64_frame_chain);
2023 set_gdbarch_frame_chain_valid (gdbarch, generic_func_frame_chain_valid);
2024 set_gdbarch_frame_saved_pc (gdbarch, ia64_frame_saved_pc);
2026 set_gdbarch_frame_init_saved_regs (gdbarch, ia64_frame_init_saved_regs);
2027 set_gdbarch_get_saved_register (gdbarch, ia64_get_saved_register);
2029 set_gdbarch_register_convertible (gdbarch, ia64_register_convertible);
2030 set_gdbarch_register_convert_to_virtual (gdbarch, ia64_register_convert_to_virtual);
2031 set_gdbarch_register_convert_to_raw (gdbarch, ia64_register_convert_to_raw);
2033 set_gdbarch_use_struct_convention (gdbarch, ia64_use_struct_convention);
2034 set_gdbarch_extract_return_value (gdbarch, ia64_extract_return_value);
2036 set_gdbarch_store_struct_return (gdbarch, ia64_store_struct_return);
2037 set_gdbarch_store_return_value (gdbarch, ia64_store_return_value);
2038 set_gdbarch_extract_struct_value_address (gdbarch, ia64_extract_struct_value_address);
2040 set_gdbarch_memory_insert_breakpoint (gdbarch, ia64_memory_insert_breakpoint);
2041 set_gdbarch_memory_remove_breakpoint (gdbarch, ia64_memory_remove_breakpoint);
2042 set_gdbarch_breakpoint_from_pc (gdbarch, ia64_breakpoint_from_pc);
2043 set_gdbarch_read_pc (gdbarch, ia64_read_pc);
2044 set_gdbarch_write_pc (gdbarch, ia64_write_pc);
2046 /* Settings for calling functions in the inferior. */
2047 set_gdbarch_use_generic_dummy_frames (gdbarch, 1);
2048 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_length (gdbarch, 0);
2049 set_gdbarch_push_arguments (gdbarch, ia64_push_arguments);
2050 set_gdbarch_push_return_address (gdbarch, ia64_push_return_address);
2051 set_gdbarch_pop_frame (gdbarch, ia64_pop_frame);
2053 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_p (gdbarch, 1);
2054 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_words (gdbarch, ia64_call_dummy_words);
2055 set_gdbarch_sizeof_call_dummy_words (gdbarch, sizeof (ia64_call_dummy_words));
2056 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_breakpoint_offset_p (gdbarch, 1);
2057 set_gdbarch_init_extra_frame_info (gdbarch, ia64_init_extra_frame_info);
2058 set_gdbarch_frame_args_address (gdbarch, ia64_frame_args_address);
2059 set_gdbarch_frame_locals_address (gdbarch, ia64_frame_locals_address);
2061 /* We won't necessarily have a frame pointer and even if we do,
2062 it winds up being extraordinarly messy when attempting to find
2063 the frame chain. So for the purposes of creating frames (which
2064 is all read_fp() is used for), simply use the stack pointer value
2066 set_gdbarch_read_fp (gdbarch, generic_target_read_sp);
2067 set_gdbarch_write_fp (gdbarch, generic_target_write_sp);
2069 /* Settings that should be unnecessary. */
2070 set_gdbarch_inner_than (gdbarch, core_addr_lessthan);
2072 set_gdbarch_read_sp (gdbarch, generic_target_read_sp);
2073 set_gdbarch_write_sp (gdbarch, generic_target_write_sp);
2075 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_location (gdbarch, AT_ENTRY_POINT);
2076 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_address (gdbarch, entry_point_address);
2077 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_breakpoint_offset (gdbarch, 0);
2078 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_start_offset (gdbarch, 0);
2079 set_gdbarch_pc_in_call_dummy (gdbarch, generic_pc_in_call_dummy);
2080 set_gdbarch_call_dummy_stack_adjust_p (gdbarch, 0);
2081 set_gdbarch_push_dummy_frame (gdbarch, generic_push_dummy_frame);
2082 set_gdbarch_fix_call_dummy (gdbarch, generic_fix_call_dummy);
2084 set_gdbarch_decr_pc_after_break (gdbarch, 0);
2085 set_gdbarch_function_start_offset (gdbarch, 0);
2087 set_gdbarch_remote_translate_xfer_address (
2088 gdbarch, ia64_remote_translate_xfer_address);
2094 _initialize_ia64_tdep (void)
2096 register_gdbarch_init (bfd_arch_ia64, ia64_gdbarch_init);
2098 tm_print_insn = print_insn_ia64;
2099 tm_print_insn_info.bytes_per_line = SLOT_MULTIPLIER;