1 @c Copyright (C) 2009-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c Contributed by ARM Ltd.
3 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
9 @node AArch64-Dependent
10 @chapter AArch64 Dependent Features
14 @node Machine Dependencies
15 @chapter AArch64 Dependent Features
18 @cindex AArch64 support
20 * AArch64 Options:: Options
21 * AArch64 Extensions:: Extensions
22 * AArch64 Syntax:: Syntax
23 * AArch64 Floating Point:: Floating Point
24 * AArch64 Directives:: AArch64 Machine Directives
25 * AArch64 Opcodes:: Opcodes
26 * AArch64 Mapping Symbols:: Mapping Symbols
31 @cindex AArch64 options (none)
32 @cindex options for AArch64 (none)
37 @cindex @option{-EB} command line option, AArch64
39 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
40 be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
42 @cindex @option{-EL} command line option, AArch64
44 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
45 be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor.
47 @cindex @option{-mabi=} command line option, AArch64
49 Specify which ABI the source code uses. The recognized arguments
50 are: @code{ilp32} and @code{lp64}, which decides the generated object
51 file in ELF32 and ELF64 format respectively. The default is @code{lp64}.
53 @cindex @option{-mcpu=} command line option, AArch64
54 @item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
55 This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an error
56 message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which will not execute
57 on the target processor. The following processor names are recognized:
63 The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the assembler to accept
64 instructions valid for any supported processor, including all optional
67 In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to
68 accept, or restrict, various extension mnemonics that extend the
69 processor. @xref{AArch64 Extensions}.
71 If some implementations of a particular processor can have an
72 extension, then then those extensions are automatically enabled.
73 Consequently, you will not normally have to specify any additional
76 @cindex @option{-march=} command line option, AArch64
77 @item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
78 This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will
79 issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an
80 instruction which will not execute on the target architecture. The
81 only value for @var{architecture} is @code{armv8-a}.
83 If both @option{-mcpu} and @option{-march} are specified, the
84 assembler will use the setting for @option{-mcpu}. If neither are
85 specified, the assembler will default to @option{-mcpu=all}.
87 The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set
88 extension options as the @option{-mcpu} option. Unlike
89 @option{-mcpu}, extensions are not always enabled by default,
90 @xref{AArch64 Extensions}.
92 @cindex @code{-mverbose-error} command line option, AArch64
94 This option enables verbose error messages for AArch64 gas. This option
95 is enabled by default.
97 @cindex @code{-mno-verbose-error} command line option, AArch64
98 @item -mno-verbose-error
99 This option disables verbose error messages in AArch64 gas.
104 @node AArch64 Extensions
105 @section Architecture Extensions
107 The table below lists the permitted architecture extensions that are
108 supported by the assembler and the conditions under which they are
109 automatically enabled.
111 Multiple extensions may be specified, separated by a @code{+}.
112 Extension mnemonics may also be removed from those the assembler
113 accepts. This is done by prepending @code{no} to the option that adds
114 the extension. Extensions that are removed must be listed after all
115 extensions that have been added.
117 Enabling an extension that requires other extensions will
118 automatically cause those extensions to be enabled. Similarly,
119 disabling an extension that is required by other extensions will
120 automatically cause those extensions to be disabled.
122 @multitable @columnfractions .12 .17 .17 .54
123 @headitem Extension @tab Minimum Architecture @tab Enabled by default
125 @item @code{crc} @tab ARMv8-A @tab No
126 @tab Enable CRC instructions.
127 @item @code{crypto} @tab ARMv8-A @tab No
128 @tab Enable cryptographic extensions. This implies @code{fp} and @code{simd}.
129 @item @code{fp} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
130 @tab Enable floating-point extensions.
131 @item @code{simd} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
132 @tab Enable Advanced SIMD extensions. This implies @code{fp}.
138 * AArch64-Chars:: Special Characters
139 * AArch64-Regs:: Register Names
140 * AArch64-Relocations:: Relocations
144 @subsection Special Characters
146 @cindex line comment character, AArch64
147 @cindex AArch64 line comment character
148 The presence of a @samp{//} on a line indicates the start of a comment
149 that extends to the end of the current line. If a @samp{#} appears as
150 the first character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment.
152 @cindex line separator, AArch64
153 @cindex statement separator, AArch64
154 @cindex AArch64 line separator
155 The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate
158 @cindex immediate character, AArch64
159 @cindex AArch64 immediate character
160 The @samp{#} can be optionally used to indicate immediate operands.
163 @subsection Register Names
165 @cindex AArch64 register names
166 @cindex register names, AArch64
167 Please refer to the section @samp{4.4 Register Names} of
168 @samp{ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview}, which is available at
169 @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}.
171 @node AArch64-Relocations
172 @subsection Relocations
174 @cindex relocations, AArch64
175 @cindex AArch64 relocations
176 @cindex MOVN, MOVZ and MOVK group relocations, AArch64
177 Relocations for @samp{MOVZ} and @samp{MOVK} instructions can be generated
178 by prefixing the label with @samp{#:abs_g2:} etc.
179 For example to load the 48-bit absolute address of @var{foo} into x0:
182 movz x0, #:abs_g2:foo // bits 32-47, overflow check
183 movk x0, #:abs_g1_nc:foo // bits 16-31, no overflow check
184 movk x0, #:abs_g0_nc:foo // bits 0-15, no overflow check
187 @cindex ADRP, ADD, LDR/STR group relocations, AArch64
188 Relocations for @samp{ADRP}, and @samp{ADD}, @samp{LDR} or @samp{STR}
189 instructions can be generated by prefixing the label with
190 @samp{:pg_hi21:} and @samp{#:lo12:} respectively.
192 For example to use 33-bit (+/-4GB) pc-relative addressing to
193 load the address of @var{foo} into x0:
196 adrp x0, :pg_hi21:foo
197 add x0, x0, #:lo12:foo
200 Or to load the value of @var{foo} into x0:
203 adrp x0, :pg_hi21:foo
204 ldr x0, [x0, #:lo12:foo]
207 Note that @samp{:pg_hi21:} is optional.
216 adrp x0, :pg_hi21:foo
219 @node AArch64 Floating Point
220 @section Floating Point
222 @cindex floating point, AArch64 (@sc{ieee})
223 @cindex AArch64 floating point (@sc{ieee})
224 The AArch64 architecture uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
226 @node AArch64 Directives
227 @section AArch64 Machine Directives
229 @cindex machine directives, AArch64
230 @cindex AArch64 machine directives
233 @c AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
234 @c BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
236 @cindex @code{.bss} directive, AArch64
238 This directive switches to the @code{.bss} section.
240 @c CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
241 @c DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
242 @c EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
243 @c FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
244 @c GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
245 @c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
246 @c IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
247 @c JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
248 @c KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
249 @c LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
251 @cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, AArch64
253 This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
254 dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
255 section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
256 GAS maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
257 sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal
258 pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
259 all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
261 Note - older versions of GAS would dump the current literal
262 pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
263 it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
265 @c MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
267 @c NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
268 @c OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
270 @c PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
272 @cindex @code{.pool} directive, AArch64
274 This is a synonym for .ltorg.
276 @c QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
277 @c RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
279 @cindex @code{.req} directive, AArch64
280 @item @var{name} .req @var{register name}
281 This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For
288 @c SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
290 @c TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
292 @c UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
294 @cindex @code{.unreq} directive, AArch64
295 @item .unreq @var{alias-name}
296 This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the
297 @code{req} directive. For example:
304 An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can
305 be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'w0'). This
306 should only be done if it is really necessary.
308 @c VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
310 @c WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
311 @c XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
312 @c YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
313 @c ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
317 @node AArch64 Opcodes
320 @cindex AArch64 opcodes
321 @cindex opcodes for AArch64
322 GAS implements all the standard AArch64 opcodes. It also
323 implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load
328 @cindex @code{LDR reg,=<expr>} pseudo op, AArch64
331 ldr <register> , =<expression>
334 The constant expression will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not
335 already there) and a PC-relative LDR instruction will be generated.
339 For more information on the AArch64 instruction set and assembly language
340 notation, see @samp{ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview} available at
341 @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}.
344 @node AArch64 Mapping Symbols
345 @section Mapping Symbols
347 The AArch64 ELF specification requires that special symbols be inserted
348 into object files to mark certain features:
354 At the start of a region of code containing AArch64 instructions.
358 At the start of a region of data.