1 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
2 // Copyright (c) 2009-2013 The Bitcoin developers
3 // Distributed under the MIT/X11 software license, see the accompanying
4 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
6 #ifndef BITCOIN_ALLOCATORS_H
7 #define BITCOIN_ALLOCATORS_H
13 #include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>
14 #include <boost/thread/once.hpp>
16 #include <openssl/crypto.h> // for OPENSSL_cleanse()
19 * Thread-safe class to keep track of locked (ie, non-swappable) memory pages.
21 * Memory locks do not stack, that is, pages which have been locked several times by calls to mlock()
22 * will be unlocked by a single call to munlock(). This can result in keying material ending up in swap when
23 * those functions are used naively. This class simulates stacking memory locks by keeping a counter per page.
25 * @note By using a map from each page base address to lock count, this class is optimized for
26 * small objects that span up to a few pages, mostly smaller than a page. To support large allocations,
27 * something like an interval tree would be the preferred data structure.
29 template <class Locker> class LockedPageManagerBase
32 LockedPageManagerBase(size_t page_size):
35 // Determine bitmask for extracting page from address
36 assert(!(page_size & (page_size-1))); // size must be power of two
37 page_mask = ~(page_size - 1);
40 ~LockedPageManagerBase()
42 assert(this->GetLockedPageCount() == 0);
46 // For all pages in affected range, increase lock count
47 void LockRange(void *p, size_t size)
49 boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex);
51 const size_t base_addr = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p);
52 const size_t start_page = base_addr & page_mask;
53 const size_t end_page = (base_addr + size - 1) & page_mask;
54 for(size_t page = start_page; page <= end_page; page += page_size)
56 Histogram::iterator it = histogram.find(page);
57 if(it == histogram.end()) // Newly locked page
59 locker.Lock(reinterpret_cast<void*>(page), page_size);
60 histogram.insert(std::make_pair(page, 1));
62 else // Page was already locked; increase counter
69 // For all pages in affected range, decrease lock count
70 void UnlockRange(void *p, size_t size)
72 boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex);
74 const size_t base_addr = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p);
75 const size_t start_page = base_addr & page_mask;
76 const size_t end_page = (base_addr + size - 1) & page_mask;
77 for(size_t page = start_page; page <= end_page; page += page_size)
79 Histogram::iterator it = histogram.find(page);
80 assert(it != histogram.end()); // Cannot unlock an area that was not locked
81 // Decrease counter for page, when it is zero, the page will be unlocked
83 if(it->second == 0) // Nothing on the page anymore that keeps it locked
85 // Unlock page and remove the count from histogram
86 locker.Unlock(reinterpret_cast<void*>(page), page_size);
92 // Get number of locked pages for diagnostics
93 int GetLockedPageCount()
95 boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex);
96 return histogram.size();
102 size_t page_size, page_mask;
103 // map of page base address to lock count
104 typedef std::map<size_t,int> Histogram;
110 * OS-dependent memory page locking/unlocking.
111 * Defined as policy class to make stubbing for test possible.
113 class MemoryPageLocker
116 /** Lock memory pages.
117 * addr and len must be a multiple of the system page size
119 bool Lock(const void *addr, size_t len);
120 /** Unlock memory pages.
121 * addr and len must be a multiple of the system page size
123 bool Unlock(const void *addr, size_t len);
127 * Singleton class to keep track of locked (ie, non-swappable) memory pages, for use in
128 * std::allocator templates.
130 * Some implementations of the STL allocate memory in some constructors (i.e., see
131 * MSVC's vector<T> implementation where it allocates 1 byte of memory in the allocator.)
132 * Due to the unpredictable order of static initializers, we have to make sure the
133 * LockedPageManager instance exists before any other STL-based objects that use
134 * secure_allocator are created. So instead of having LockedPageManager also be
135 * static-initialized, it is created on demand.
137 class LockedPageManager: public LockedPageManagerBase<MemoryPageLocker>
140 static LockedPageManager& Instance()
142 boost::call_once(LockedPageManager::CreateInstance, LockedPageManager::init_flag);
143 return *LockedPageManager::_instance;
149 static void CreateInstance()
151 // Using a local static instance guarantees that the object is initialized
152 // when it's first needed and also deinitialized after all objects that use
153 // it are done with it. I can think of one unlikely scenario where we may
154 // have a static deinitialization order/problem, but the check in
155 // LockedPageManagerBase's destructor helps us detect if that ever happens.
156 static LockedPageManager instance;
157 LockedPageManager::_instance = &instance;
160 static LockedPageManager* _instance;
161 static boost::once_flag init_flag;
165 // Functions for directly locking/unlocking memory objects.
166 // Intended for non-dynamically allocated structures.
168 template<typename T> void LockObject(const T &t) {
169 LockedPageManager::Instance().LockRange((void*)(&t), sizeof(T));
172 template<typename T> void UnlockObject(const T &t) {
173 OPENSSL_cleanse((void*)(&t), sizeof(T));
174 LockedPageManager::Instance().UnlockRange((void*)(&t), sizeof(T));
178 // Allocator that locks its contents from being paged
179 // out of memory and clears its contents before deletion.
182 struct secure_allocator : public std::allocator<T>
184 // MSVC8 default copy constructor is broken
185 typedef std::allocator<T> base;
186 typedef typename base::size_type size_type;
187 typedef typename base::difference_type difference_type;
188 typedef typename base::pointer pointer;
189 typedef typename base::const_pointer const_pointer;
190 typedef typename base::reference reference;
191 typedef typename base::const_reference const_reference;
192 typedef typename base::value_type value_type;
193 secure_allocator() throw() {}
194 secure_allocator(const secure_allocator& a) throw() : base(a) {}
195 template <typename U>
196 secure_allocator(const secure_allocator<U>& a) throw() : base(a) {}
197 ~secure_allocator() throw() {}
198 template<typename _Other> struct rebind
199 { typedef secure_allocator<_Other> other; };
201 T* allocate(std::size_t n, const void *hint = 0)
204 p = std::allocator<T>::allocate(n, hint);
206 LockedPageManager::Instance().LockRange(p, sizeof(T) * n);
210 void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t n)
214 OPENSSL_cleanse(p, sizeof(T) * n);
215 LockedPageManager::Instance().UnlockRange(p, sizeof(T) * n);
217 std::allocator<T>::deallocate(p, n);
223 // Allocator that clears its contents before deletion.
226 struct zero_after_free_allocator : public std::allocator<T>
228 // MSVC8 default copy constructor is broken
229 typedef std::allocator<T> base;
230 typedef typename base::size_type size_type;
231 typedef typename base::difference_type difference_type;
232 typedef typename base::pointer pointer;
233 typedef typename base::const_pointer const_pointer;
234 typedef typename base::reference reference;
235 typedef typename base::const_reference const_reference;
236 typedef typename base::value_type value_type;
237 zero_after_free_allocator() throw() {}
238 zero_after_free_allocator(const zero_after_free_allocator& a) throw() : base(a) {}
239 template <typename U>
240 zero_after_free_allocator(const zero_after_free_allocator<U>& a) throw() : base(a) {}
241 ~zero_after_free_allocator() throw() {}
242 template<typename _Other> struct rebind
243 { typedef zero_after_free_allocator<_Other> other; };
245 void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t n)
248 OPENSSL_cleanse(p, sizeof(T) * n);
249 std::allocator<T>::deallocate(p, n);
253 // This is exactly like std::string, but with a custom allocator.
254 typedef std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, secure_allocator<char> > SecureString;
256 #endif // BITCOIN_ALLOCATORS_H