1 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
2 // Copyright (c) 2009-2013 The Bitcoin developers
3 // Distributed under the MIT/X11 software license, see the accompanying
4 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
6 #ifndef BITCOIN_ALLOCATORS_H
7 #define BITCOIN_ALLOCATORS_H
13 #include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>
14 #include <boost/thread/once.hpp>
15 #include <openssl/crypto.h> // for OPENSSL_cleanse()
18 * Thread-safe class to keep track of locked (ie, non-swappable) memory pages.
20 * Memory locks do not stack, that is, pages which have been locked several times by calls to mlock()
21 * will be unlocked by a single call to munlock(). This can result in keying material ending up in swap when
22 * those functions are used naively. This class simulates stacking memory locks by keeping a counter per page.
24 * @note By using a map from each page base address to lock count, this class is optimized for
25 * small objects that span up to a few pages, mostly smaller than a page. To support large allocations,
26 * something like an interval tree would be the preferred data structure.
28 template <class Locker> class LockedPageManagerBase
31 LockedPageManagerBase(size_t page_size):
34 // Determine bitmask for extracting page from address
35 assert(!(page_size & (page_size-1))); // size must be power of two
36 page_mask = ~(page_size - 1);
39 ~LockedPageManagerBase()
41 assert(this->GetLockedPageCount() == 0);
45 // For all pages in affected range, increase lock count
46 void LockRange(void *p, size_t size)
48 boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex);
50 const size_t base_addr = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p);
51 const size_t start_page = base_addr & page_mask;
52 const size_t end_page = (base_addr + size - 1) & page_mask;
53 for(size_t page = start_page; page <= end_page; page += page_size)
55 Histogram::iterator it = histogram.find(page);
56 if(it == histogram.end()) // Newly locked page
58 locker.Lock(reinterpret_cast<void*>(page), page_size);
59 histogram.insert(std::make_pair(page, 1));
61 else // Page was already locked; increase counter
68 // For all pages in affected range, decrease lock count
69 void UnlockRange(void *p, size_t size)
71 boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex);
73 const size_t base_addr = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p);
74 const size_t start_page = base_addr & page_mask;
75 const size_t end_page = (base_addr + size - 1) & page_mask;
76 for(size_t page = start_page; page <= end_page; page += page_size)
78 Histogram::iterator it = histogram.find(page);
79 assert(it != histogram.end()); // Cannot unlock an area that was not locked
80 // Decrease counter for page, when it is zero, the page will be unlocked
82 if(it->second == 0) // Nothing on the page anymore that keeps it locked
84 // Unlock page and remove the count from histogram
85 locker.Unlock(reinterpret_cast<void*>(page), page_size);
91 // Get number of locked pages for diagnostics
92 int GetLockedPageCount()
94 boost::mutex::scoped_lock lock(mutex);
95 return histogram.size();
101 size_t page_size, page_mask;
102 // map of page base address to lock count
103 typedef std::map<size_t,int> Histogram;
109 * OS-dependent memory page locking/unlocking.
110 * Defined as policy class to make stubbing for test possible.
112 class MemoryPageLocker
115 /** Lock memory pages.
116 * addr and len must be a multiple of the system page size
118 bool Lock(const void *addr, size_t len);
119 /** Unlock memory pages.
120 * addr and len must be a multiple of the system page size
122 bool Unlock(const void *addr, size_t len);
126 * Singleton class to keep track of locked (ie, non-swappable) memory pages, for use in
127 * std::allocator templates.
129 * Some implementations of the STL allocate memory in some constructors (i.e., see
130 * MSVC's vector<T> implementation where it allocates 1 byte of memory in the allocator.)
131 * Due to the unpredictable order of static initializers, we have to make sure the
132 * LockedPageManager instance exists before any other STL-based objects that use
133 * secure_allocator are created. So instead of having LockedPageManager also be
134 * static-intialized, it is created on demand.
136 class LockedPageManager: public LockedPageManagerBase<MemoryPageLocker>
139 static LockedPageManager& Instance()
141 boost::call_once(LockedPageManager::CreateInstance, LockedPageManager::init_flag);
142 return *LockedPageManager::_instance;
148 static void CreateInstance()
150 // Using a local static instance guarantees that the object is initialized
151 // when it's first needed and also deinitialized after all objects that use
152 // it are done with it. I can think of one unlikely scenario where we may
153 // have a static deinitialization order/problem, but the check in
154 // LockedPageManagerBase's destructor helps us detect if that ever happens.
155 static LockedPageManager instance;
156 LockedPageManager::_instance = &instance;
159 static LockedPageManager* _instance;
160 static boost::once_flag init_flag;
164 // Functions for directly locking/unlocking memory objects.
165 // Intended for non-dynamically allocated structures.
167 template<typename T> void LockObject(const T &t) {
168 LockedPageManager::Instance().LockRange((void*)(&t), sizeof(T));
171 template<typename T> void UnlockObject(const T &t) {
172 OPENSSL_cleanse((void*)(&t), sizeof(T));
173 LockedPageManager::Instance().UnlockRange((void*)(&t), sizeof(T));
177 // Allocator that locks its contents from being paged
178 // out of memory and clears its contents before deletion.
181 struct secure_allocator : public std::allocator<T>
183 // MSVC8 default copy constructor is broken
184 typedef std::allocator<T> base;
185 typedef typename base::size_type size_type;
186 typedef typename base::difference_type difference_type;
187 typedef typename base::pointer pointer;
188 typedef typename base::const_pointer const_pointer;
189 typedef typename base::reference reference;
190 typedef typename base::const_reference const_reference;
191 typedef typename base::value_type value_type;
192 secure_allocator() throw() {}
193 secure_allocator(const secure_allocator& a) throw() : base(a) {}
194 template <typename U>
195 secure_allocator(const secure_allocator<U>& a) throw() : base(a) {}
196 ~secure_allocator() throw() {}
197 template<typename _Other> struct rebind
198 { typedef secure_allocator<_Other> other; };
200 T* allocate(std::size_t n, const void *hint = 0)
203 p = std::allocator<T>::allocate(n, hint);
205 LockedPageManager::Instance().LockRange(p, sizeof(T) * n);
209 void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t n)
213 OPENSSL_cleanse(p, sizeof(T) * n);
214 LockedPageManager::Instance().UnlockRange(p, sizeof(T) * n);
216 std::allocator<T>::deallocate(p, n);
222 // Allocator that clears its contents before deletion.
225 struct zero_after_free_allocator : public std::allocator<T>
227 // MSVC8 default copy constructor is broken
228 typedef std::allocator<T> base;
229 typedef typename base::size_type size_type;
230 typedef typename base::difference_type difference_type;
231 typedef typename base::pointer pointer;
232 typedef typename base::const_pointer const_pointer;
233 typedef typename base::reference reference;
234 typedef typename base::const_reference const_reference;
235 typedef typename base::value_type value_type;
236 zero_after_free_allocator() throw() {}
237 zero_after_free_allocator(const zero_after_free_allocator& a) throw() : base(a) {}
238 template <typename U>
239 zero_after_free_allocator(const zero_after_free_allocator<U>& a) throw() : base(a) {}
240 ~zero_after_free_allocator() throw() {}
241 template<typename _Other> struct rebind
242 { typedef zero_after_free_allocator<_Other> other; };
244 void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t n)
247 OPENSSL_cleanse(p, sizeof(T) * n);
248 std::allocator<T>::deallocate(p, n);
252 // This is exactly like std::string, but with a custom allocator.
253 typedef std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, secure_allocator<char> > SecureString;