@example
@c man begin SYNOPSIS
-usage: qemu-img command [command options]
+@command{qemu-img} [@var{standard} @var{options}] @var{command} [@var{command} @var{options}]
@c man end
@end example
@c man begin OPTIONS
+Standard options:
+@table @option
+@item -h, --help
+Display this help and exit
+@item -V, --version
+Display version information and exit
+@item -T, --trace [[enable=]@var{pattern}][,events=@var{file}][,file=@var{file}]
+@findex --trace
+@include qemu-option-trace.texi
+@end table
+
The following commands are supported:
@include qemu-img-cmds.texi
@table @var
@item filename
is a disk image filename
+
+@item --object @var{objectdef}
+
+is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the @code{qemu(1)} manual
+page for a description of the object properties. The most common object
+type is a @code{secret}, which is used to supply passwords and/or encryption
+keys.
+
+@item --image-opts
+
+Indicates that the source @var{filename} parameter is to be interpreted as a
+full option string, not a plain filename. This parameter is mutually
+exclusive with the @var{-f} parameter.
+
+@item --target-image-opts
+
+Indicates that the @var{output_filename} parameter(s) are to be interpreted as
+a full option string, not a plain filename. This parameter is mutually
+exclusive with the @var{-O} parameters. It is currently required to also use
+the @var{-n} parameter to skip image creation. This restriction may be relaxed
+in a future release.
+
@item fmt
is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases. See below
for a description of the supported disk formats.
is a comma separated list of format specific options in a
name=value format. Use @code{-o ?} for an overview of the options supported
by the used format or see the format descriptions below for details.
-
+@item snapshot_param
+is param used for internal snapshot, format is
+'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]' or '[ID_OR_NAME]'
+@item snapshot_id_or_name
+is deprecated, use snapshot_param instead
@item -c
indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)
@item -h
with or without a command shows help and lists the supported formats
@item -p
-display progress bar (convert and rebase commands only)
+display progress bar (compare, convert and rebase commands only).
+If the @var{-p} option is not used for a command that supports it, the
+progress is reported when the process receives a @code{SIGUSR1} or
+@code{SIGINFO} signal.
@item -q
Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors). There's no progress bar
in case both @var{-q} and @var{-p} options are used.
specifies the cache mode that should be used with the (destination) file. See
the documentation of the emulator's @code{-drive cache=...} option for allowed
values.
+@item -T @var{src_cache}
+specifies the cache mode that should be used with the source file(s). See
+the documentation of the emulator's @code{-drive cache=...} option for allowed
+values.
@end table
Parameters to snapshot subcommand:
@item -F
Second image format
@item -s
-Strict mode - fail on on different image size or sector allocation
+Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation
@end table
Parameters to convert subcommand:
@item -n
Skip the creation of the target volume
+@item -m
+Number of parallel coroutines for the convert process
+@item -W
+Allow out-of-order writes to the destination. This option improves performance,
+but is only recommended for preallocated devices like host devices or other
+raw block devices.
+@end table
+
+Parameters to dd subcommand:
+
+@table @option
+
+@item bs=@var{block_size}
+defines the block size
+@item count=@var{blocks}
+sets the number of input blocks to copy
+@item if=@var{input}
+sets the input file
+@item of=@var{output}
+sets the output file
+@item skip=@var{blocks}
+sets the number of input blocks to skip
@end table
Command description:
@table @option
-@item check [-f @var{fmt}] [--output=@var{ofmt}] [-r [leaks | all]] @var{filename}
+@item bench [-c @var{count}] [-d @var{depth}] [-f @var{fmt}] [--flush-interval=@var{flush_interval}] [-n] [--no-drain] [-o @var{offset}] [--pattern=@var{pattern}] [-q] [-s @var{buffer_size}] [-S @var{step_size}] [-t @var{cache}] [-w] @var{filename}
+
+Run a simple sequential I/O benchmark on the specified image. If @code{-w} is
+specified, a write test is performed, otherwise a read test is performed.
+
+A total number of @var{count} I/O requests is performed, each @var{buffer_size}
+bytes in size, and with @var{depth} requests in parallel. The first request
+starts at the position given by @var{offset}, each following request increases
+the current position by @var{step_size}. If @var{step_size} is not given,
+@var{buffer_size} is used for its value.
+
+If @var{flush_interval} is specified for a write test, the request queue is
+drained and a flush is issued before new writes are made whenever the number of
+remaining requests is a multiple of @var{flush_interval}. If additionally
+@code{--no-drain} is specified, a flush is issued without draining the request
+queue first.
+
+If @code{-n} is specified, the native AIO backend is used if possible. On
+Linux, this option only works if @code{-t none} or @code{-t directsync} is
+specified as well.
+
+For write tests, by default a buffer filled with zeros is written. This can be
+overridden with a pattern byte specified by @var{pattern}.
+
+@item check [-f @var{fmt}] [--output=@var{ofmt}] [-r [leaks | all]] [-T @var{src_cache}] @var{filename}
Perform a consistency check on the disk image @var{filename}. The command can
output in the format @var{ofmt} which is either @code{human} or @code{json}.
Only the formats @code{qcow2}, @code{qed} and @code{vdi} support
consistency checks.
-@item create [-f @var{fmt}] [-o @var{options}] @var{filename} [@var{size}]
+In case the image does not have any inconsistencies, check exits with @code{0}.
+Other exit codes indicate the kind of inconsistency found or if another error
+occurred. The following table summarizes all exit codes of the check subcommand:
+
+@table @option
+
+@item 0
+Check completed, the image is (now) consistent
+@item 1
+Check not completed because of internal errors
+@item 2
+Check completed, image is corrupted
+@item 3
+Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is not corrupted
+@item 63
+Checks are not supported by the image format
+
+@end table
+
+If @code{-r} is specified, exit codes representing the image state refer to the
+state after (the attempt at) repairing it. That is, a successful @code{-r all}
+will yield the exit code 0, independently of the image state before.
+
+@item create [-f @var{fmt}] [-b @var{backing_file}] [-F @var{backing_fmt}] [-o @var{options}] @var{filename} [@var{size}]
Create the new disk image @var{filename} of size @var{size} and format
@var{fmt}. Depending on the file format, you can add one or more @var{options}
The size can also be specified using the @var{size} option with @code{-o},
it doesn't need to be specified separately in this case.
-@item commit [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] @var{filename}
+@item commit [-q] [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] [-b @var{base}] [-d] [-p] @var{filename}
+
+Commit the changes recorded in @var{filename} in its base image or backing file.
+If the backing file is smaller than the snapshot, then the backing file will be
+resized to be the same size as the snapshot. If the snapshot is smaller than
+the backing file, the backing file will not be truncated. If you want the
+backing file to match the size of the smaller snapshot, you can safely truncate
+it yourself once the commit operation successfully completes.
-Commit the changes recorded in @var{filename} in its base image.
+The image @var{filename} is emptied after the operation has succeeded. If you do
+not need @var{filename} afterwards and intend to drop it, you may skip emptying
+@var{filename} by specifying the @code{-d} flag.
-@item compare [-f @var{fmt}] [-F @var{fmt}] [-p] [-s] [-q] @var{filename1} @var{filename2}
+If the backing chain of the given image file @var{filename} has more than one
+layer, the backing file into which the changes will be committed may be
+specified as @var{base} (which has to be part of @var{filename}'s backing
+chain). If @var{base} is not specified, the immediate backing file of the top
+image (which is @var{filename}) will be used. For reasons of consistency,
+explicitly specifying @var{base} will always imply @code{-d} (since emptying an
+image after committing to an indirect backing file would lead to different data
+being read from the image due to content in the intermediate backing chain
+overruling the commit target).
+
+@item compare [-f @var{fmt}] [-F @var{fmt}] [-T @var{src_cache}] [-p] [-s] [-q] @var{filename1} @var{filename2}
Check if two images have the same content. You can compare images with
different format or settings.
@end table
-@item convert [-c] [-p] [-n] [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] [-O @var{output_fmt}] [-o @var{options}] [-s @var{snapshot_name}] [-S @var{sparse_size}] @var{filename} [@var{filename2} [...]] @var{output_filename}
+@item convert [-c] [-p] [-n] [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] [-T @var{src_cache}] [-O @var{output_fmt}] [-B @var{backing_file}] [-o @var{options}] [-s @var{snapshot_id_or_name}] [-l @var{snapshot_param}] [-m @var{num_coroutines}] [-W] [-S @var{sparse_size}] @var{filename} [@var{filename2} [...]] @var{output_filename}
-Convert the disk image @var{filename} or a snapshot @var{snapshot_name} to disk image @var{output_filename}
-using format @var{output_fmt}. It can be optionally compressed (@code{-c}
+Convert the disk image @var{filename} or a snapshot @var{snapshot_param}(@var{snapshot_id_or_name} is deprecated)
+to disk image @var{output_filename} using format @var{output_fmt}. It can be optionally compressed (@code{-c}
option) or use any format specific options like encryption (@code{-o} option).
Only the formats @code{qcow} and @code{qcow2} support compression. The
rewritten, then it is rewritten as uncompressed data.
Image conversion is also useful to get smaller image when using a
-growable format such as @code{qcow} or @code{cow}: the empty sectors
-are detected and suppressed from the destination image.
+growable format such as @code{qcow}: the empty sectors are detected and
+suppressed from the destination image.
+
+@var{sparse_size} indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k)
+that must contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during
+conversion. If @var{sparse_size} is 0, the source will not be scanned for
+unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be
+fully allocated.
You can use the @var{backing_file} option to force the output image to be
created as a copy on write image of the specified base image; the
volume has already been created with site specific options that cannot
be supplied through qemu-img.
+Out of order writes can be enabled with @code{-W} to improve performance.
+This is only recommended for preallocated devices like host devices or other
+raw block devices. Out of order write does not work in combination with
+creating compressed images.
+
+@var{num_coroutines} specifies how many coroutines work in parallel during
+the convert process (defaults to 8).
+
+@item dd [-f @var{fmt}] [-O @var{output_fmt}] [bs=@var{block_size}] [count=@var{blocks}] [skip=@var{blocks}] if=@var{input} of=@var{output}
+
+Dd copies from @var{input} file to @var{output} file converting it from
+@var{fmt} format to @var{output_fmt} format.
+
+The data is by default read and written using blocks of 512 bytes but can be
+modified by specifying @var{block_size}. If count=@var{blocks} is specified
+dd will stop reading input after reading @var{blocks} input blocks.
+
+The size syntax is similar to dd(1)'s size syntax.
+
@item info [-f @var{fmt}] [--output=@var{ofmt}] [--backing-chain] @var{filename}
Give information about the disk image @var{filename}. Use it in
List, apply, create or delete snapshots in image @var{filename}.
-@item rebase [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] [-p] [-u] -b @var{backing_file} [-F @var{backing_fmt}] @var{filename}
+@item rebase [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] [-T @var{src_cache}] [-p] [-u] -b @var{backing_file} [-F @var{backing_fmt}] @var{filename}
Changes the backing file of an image. Only the formats @code{qcow2} and
@code{qed} support changing the backing file.
string), then the image is rebased onto no backing file (i.e. it will exist
independently of any backing file).
+@var{cache} specifies the cache mode to be used for @var{filename}, whereas
+@var{src_cache} specifies the cache mode for reading backing files.
+
There are two different modes in which @code{rebase} can operate:
@table @option
@item Safe mode
After using this command to grow a disk image, you must use file system and
partitioning tools inside the VM to actually begin using the new space on the
device.
+
+@item amend [-p] [-f @var{fmt}] [-t @var{cache}] -o @var{options} @var{filename}
+
+Amends the image format specific @var{options} for the image file
+@var{filename}. Not all file formats support this operation.
@end table
@c man end
space. Use @code{qemu-img info} to know the real size used by the
image or @code{ls -ls} on Unix/Linux.
+Supported options:
+@table @code
+@item preallocation
+Preallocation mode (allowed values: @code{off}, @code{falloc}, @code{full}).
+@code{falloc} mode preallocates space for image by calling posix_fallocate().
+@code{full} mode preallocates space for image by writing zeros to underlying
+storage.
+@end table
+
@item qcow2
QEMU image format, the most versatile format. Use it to have smaller
images (useful if your filesystem does not supports holes, for example
Supported options:
@table @code
@item compat
-Determines the qcow2 version to use. @code{compat=0.10} uses the traditional
-image format that can be read by any QEMU since 0.10 (this is the default).
+Determines the qcow2 version to use. @code{compat=0.10} uses the
+traditional image format that can be read by any QEMU since 0.10.
@code{compat=1.1} enables image format extensions that only QEMU 1.1 and
-newer understand. Amongst others, this includes zero clusters, which allow
-efficient copy-on-read for sparse images.
+newer understand (this is the default). Amongst others, this includes zero
+clusters, which allow efficient copy-on-read for sparse images.
@item backing_file
File name of a base image (see @option{create} subcommand)
@item backing_fmt
Image format of the base image
@item encryption
-If this option is set to @code{on}, the image is encrypted.
+If this option is set to @code{on}, the image is encrypted with 128-bit AES-CBC.
-Encryption uses the AES format which is very secure (128 bit keys). Use
-a long password (16 characters) to get maximum protection.
+The use of encryption in qcow and qcow2 images is considered to be flawed by
+modern cryptography standards, suffering from a number of design problems:
+
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+The AES-CBC cipher is used with predictable initialization vectors based
+on the sector number. This makes it vulnerable to chosen plaintext attacks
+which can reveal the existence of encrypted data.
+@item
+The user passphrase is directly used as the encryption key. A poorly
+chosen or short passphrase will compromise the security of the encryption.
+@item
+In the event of the passphrase being compromised there is no way to
+change the passphrase to protect data in any qcow images. The files must
+be cloned, using a different encryption passphrase in the new file. The
+original file must then be securely erased using a program like shred,
+though even this is ineffective with many modern storage technologies.
+@item
+Initialization vectors used to encrypt sectors are based on the
+guest virtual sector number, instead of the host physical sector. When
+a disk image has multiple internal snapshots this means that data in
+multiple physical sectors is encrypted with the same initialization
+vector. With the CBC mode, this opens the possibility of watermarking
+attacks if the attack can collect multiple sectors encrypted with the
+same IV and some predictable data. Having multiple qcow2 images with
+the same passphrase also exposes this weakness since the passphrase
+is directly used as the key.
+@end itemize
+
+Use of qcow / qcow2 encryption is thus strongly discouraged. Users are
+recommended to use an alternative encryption technology such as the
+Linux dm-crypt / LUKS system.
@item cluster_size
Changes the qcow2 cluster size (must be between 512 and 2M). Smaller cluster
provide better performance.
@item preallocation
-Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata). An image with preallocated
-metadata is initially larger but can improve performance when the image needs
-to grow.
+Preallocation mode (allowed values: @code{off}, @code{metadata}, @code{falloc},
+@code{full}). An image with preallocated metadata is initially larger but can
+improve performance when the image needs to grow. @code{falloc} and @code{full}
+preallocations are like the same options of @code{raw} format, but sets up
+metadata also.
@item lazy_refcounts
If this option is set to @code{on}, reference count updates are postponed with
This option can only be enabled if @code{compat=1.1} is specified.
+@item nocow
+If this option is set to @code{on}, it will turn off COW of the file. It's only
+valid on btrfs, no effect on other file systems.
+
+Btrfs has low performance when hosting a VM image file, even more when the guest
+on the VM also using btrfs as file system. Turning off COW is a way to mitigate
+this bad performance. Generally there are two ways to turn off COW on btrfs:
+a) Disable it by mounting with nodatacow, then all newly created files will be
+NOCOW. b) For an empty file, add the NOCOW file attribute. That's what this option
+does.
+
+Note: this option is only valid to new or empty files. If there is an existing
+file which is COW and has data blocks already, it couldn't be changed to NOCOW
+by setting @code{nocow=on}. One can issue @code{lsattr filename} to check if
+the NOCOW flag is set or not (Capital 'C' is NOCOW flag).
+
@end table
@item Other
QEMU also supports various other image file formats for compatibility with
-older QEMU versions or other hypervisors, including VMDK, VDI, VHD (vpc), qcow1
-and QED. For a full list of supported formats see @code{qemu-img --help}.
+older QEMU versions or other hypervisors, including VMDK, VDI, VHD (vpc), VHDX,
+qcow1 and QED. For a full list of supported formats see @code{qemu-img --help}.
For a more detailed description of these formats, see the QEMU Emulation User
Documentation.
projects / qemu.git / blobdiff