]> Git Repo - qemu.git/blobdiff - block.c
iotests: add incremental backup failure recovery test
[qemu.git] / block.c
diff --git a/block.c b/block.c
index 86f2faa2665f9444492dfc0da9d9d44004526f26..ec235944568df3bf7c0426f83928eb45b7174987 100644 (file)
--- a/block.c
+++ b/block.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
+#include "sysemu/qtest.h"
 #include "qemu/notify.h"
 #include "block/coroutine.h"
 #include "block/qapi.h"
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
+/**
+ * A BdrvDirtyBitmap can be in three possible states:
+ * (1) successor is NULL and disabled is false: full r/w mode
+ * (2) successor is NULL and disabled is true: read only mode ("disabled")
+ * (3) successor is set: frozen mode.
+ *     A frozen bitmap cannot be renamed, deleted, anonymized, cleared, set,
+ *     or enabled. A frozen bitmap can only abdicate() or reclaim().
+ */
 struct BdrvDirtyBitmap {
-    HBitmap *bitmap;
+    HBitmap *bitmap;            /* Dirty sector bitmap implementation */
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *successor; /* Anonymous child; implies frozen status */
+    char *name;                 /* Optional non-empty unique ID */
+    int64_t size;               /* Size of the bitmap (Number of sectors) */
+    bool disabled;              /* Bitmap is read-only */
     QLIST_ENTRY(BdrvDirtyBitmap) list;
 };
 
@@ -97,6 +110,11 @@ static QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlockDriverState) graph_bdrv_states =
 static QLIST_HEAD(, BlockDriver) bdrv_drivers =
     QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(bdrv_drivers);
 
+static void bdrv_set_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cur_sector,
+                           int nr_sectors);
+static void bdrv_reset_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cur_sector,
+                             int nr_sectors);
+static void bdrv_dirty_bitmap_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs);
 /* If non-zero, use only whitelisted block drivers */
 static int use_bdrv_whitelist;
 
@@ -177,10 +195,16 @@ static void bdrv_throttle_write_timer_cb(void *opaque)
 /* should be called before bdrv_set_io_limits if a limit is set */
 void bdrv_io_limits_enable(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
+    int clock_type = QEMU_CLOCK_REALTIME;
+
+    if (qtest_enabled()) {
+        /* For testing block IO throttling only */
+        clock_type = QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL;
+    }
     assert(!bs->io_limits_enabled);
     throttle_init(&bs->throttle_state,
                   bdrv_get_aio_context(bs),
-                  QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL,
+                  clock_type,
                   bdrv_throttle_read_timer_cb,
                   bdrv_throttle_write_timer_cb,
                   bs);
@@ -305,19 +329,28 @@ void path_combine(char *dest, int dest_size,
 
 void bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(const char *backed,
                                                   const char *backing,
-                                                  char *dest, size_t sz)
+                                                  char *dest, size_t sz,
+                                                  Error **errp)
 {
-    if (backing[0] == '\0' || path_has_protocol(backing)) {
+    if (backing[0] == '\0' || path_has_protocol(backing) ||
+        path_is_absolute(backing))
+    {
         pstrcpy(dest, sz, backing);
+    } else if (backed[0] == '\0' || strstart(backed, "json:", NULL)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Cannot use relative backing file names for '%s'",
+                   backed);
     } else {
         path_combine(dest, sz, backed, backing);
     }
 }
 
-void bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(BlockDriverState *bs, char *dest, size_t sz)
+void bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(BlockDriverState *bs, char *dest, size_t sz,
+                                    Error **errp)
 {
-    bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(bs->filename, bs->backing_file,
-                                                 dest, sz);
+    char *backed = bs->exact_filename[0] ? bs->exact_filename : bs->filename;
+
+    bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(backed, bs->backing_file,
+                                                 dest, sz, errp);
 }
 
 void bdrv_register(BlockDriver *bdrv)
@@ -495,9 +528,8 @@ int bdrv_create_file(const char *filename, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     int ret;
 
-    drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true);
+    drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, errp);
     if (drv == NULL) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Could not find protocol for file '%s'", filename);
         return -ENOENT;
     }
 
@@ -556,6 +588,40 @@ void bdrv_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Try to get @bs's logical and physical block size.
+ * On success, store them in @bsz struct and return 0.
+ * On failure return -errno.
+ * @bs must not be empty.
+ */
+int bdrv_probe_blocksizes(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockSizes *bsz)
+{
+    BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
+
+    if (drv && drv->bdrv_probe_blocksizes) {
+        return drv->bdrv_probe_blocksizes(bs, bsz);
+    }
+
+    return -ENOTSUP;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try to get @bs's geometry (cyls, heads, sectors).
+ * On success, store them in @geo struct and return 0.
+ * On failure return -errno.
+ * @bs must not be empty.
+ */
+int bdrv_probe_geometry(BlockDriverState *bs, HDGeometry *geo)
+{
+    BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
+
+    if (drv && drv->bdrv_probe_geometry) {
+        return drv->bdrv_probe_geometry(bs, geo);
+    }
+
+    return -ENOTSUP;
+}
+
 /*
  * Create a uniquely-named empty temporary file.
  * Return 0 upon success, otherwise a negative errno value.
@@ -615,7 +681,8 @@ static BlockDriver *find_hdev_driver(const char *filename)
 }
 
 BlockDriver *bdrv_find_protocol(const char *filename,
-                                bool allow_protocol_prefix)
+                                bool allow_protocol_prefix,
+                                Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv1;
     char protocol[128];
@@ -653,6 +720,8 @@ BlockDriver *bdrv_find_protocol(const char *filename,
             return drv1;
         }
     }
+
+    error_setg(errp, "Unknown protocol '%s'", protocol);
     return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -957,7 +1026,6 @@ static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *file,
     bs->zero_beyond_eof = true;
     open_flags = bdrv_open_flags(bs, flags);
     bs->read_only = !(open_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);
-    bs->growable = !!(flags & BDRV_O_PROTOCOL);
 
     if (use_bdrv_whitelist && !bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, bs->read_only)) {
         error_setg(errp,
@@ -1017,6 +1085,13 @@ static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *file,
         goto free_and_fail;
     }
 
+    if (bs->encrypted) {
+        error_report("Encrypted images are deprecated");
+        error_printf("Support for them will be removed in a future release.\n"
+                     "You can use 'qemu-img convert' to convert your image"
+                     " to an unencrypted one.\n");
+    }
+
     ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not refresh total sector count");
@@ -1123,9 +1198,8 @@ static int bdrv_fill_options(QDict **options, const char **pfilename, int flags,
     } else {
         if (!drvname && protocol) {
             if (filename) {
-                drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, parse_filename);
+                drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, parse_filename, errp);
                 if (!drv) {
-                    error_setg(errp, "Unknown protocol");
                     return -EINVAL;
                 }
 
@@ -1170,8 +1244,8 @@ void bdrv_set_backing_hd(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *backing_hd)
         bdrv_op_unblock_all(bs->backing_hd, bs->backing_blocker);
     } else if (backing_hd) {
         error_setg(&bs->backing_blocker,
-                   "device is used as backing hd of '%s'",
-                   bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
+                   "node is used as backing hd of '%s'",
+                   bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
     }
 
     bs->backing_hd = backing_hd;
@@ -1187,7 +1261,7 @@ void bdrv_set_backing_hd(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *backing_hd)
 
     bdrv_op_block_all(bs->backing_hd, bs->backing_blocker);
     /* Otherwise we won't be able to commit due to check in bdrv_commit */
-    bdrv_op_unblock(bs->backing_hd, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT,
+    bdrv_op_unblock(bs->backing_hd, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_TARGET,
                     bs->backing_blocker);
 out:
     bdrv_refresh_limits(bs, NULL);
@@ -1225,7 +1299,14 @@ int bdrv_open_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, Error **errp)
         QDECREF(options);
         goto free_exit;
     } else {
-        bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(bs, backing_filename, PATH_MAX);
+        bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(bs, backing_filename, PATH_MAX,
+                                       &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            ret = -EINVAL;
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            QDECREF(options);
+            goto free_exit;
+        }
     }
 
     if (!bs->drv || !bs->drv->supports_backing) {
@@ -1344,7 +1425,7 @@ int bdrv_append_temp_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, Error **errp)
 
     opts = qemu_opts_create(bdrv_qcow2.create_opts, NULL, 0,
                             &error_abort);
-    qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_size);
+    qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_size, &error_abort);
     ret = bdrv_create(&bdrv_qcow2, tmp_filename, opts, &local_err);
     qemu_opts_del(opts);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -1751,8 +1832,8 @@ int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state, BlockReopenQueue *queue,
      * to r/w */
     if (!(reopen_state->bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_ALLOW_RDWR) &&
         reopen_state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) {
-        error_set(errp, QERR_DEVICE_IS_READ_ONLY,
-                  bdrv_get_device_name(reopen_state->bs));
+        error_setg(errp, "Node '%s' is read only",
+                   bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(reopen_state->bs));
         goto error;
     }
 
@@ -1778,9 +1859,9 @@ int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state, BlockReopenQueue *queue,
     } else {
         /* It is currently mandatory to have a bdrv_reopen_prepare()
          * handler for each supported drv. */
-        error_set(errp, QERR_BLOCK_FORMAT_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED,
-                  drv->format_name, bdrv_get_device_name(reopen_state->bs),
-                 "reopening of file");
+        error_setg(errp, "Block format '%s' used by node '%s' "
+                   "does not support reopening files", drv->format_name,
+                   bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(reopen_state->bs));
         ret = -1;
         goto error;
     }
@@ -1865,7 +1946,6 @@ void bdrv_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
         bs->encrypted = 0;
         bs->valid_key = 0;
         bs->sg = 0;
-        bs->growable = 0;
         bs->zero_beyond_eof = false;
         QDECREF(bs->options);
         bs->options = NULL;
@@ -1973,6 +2053,16 @@ void bdrv_drain_all(void)
     bool busy = true;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 
+    QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &bdrv_states, device_list) {
+        AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+
+        aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+        if (bs->job) {
+            block_job_pause(bs->job);
+        }
+        aio_context_release(aio_context);
+    }
+
     while (busy) {
         busy = false;
 
@@ -1984,6 +2074,16 @@ void bdrv_drain_all(void)
             aio_context_release(aio_context);
         }
     }
+
+    QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &bdrv_states, device_list) {
+        AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+
+        aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+        if (bs->job) {
+            block_job_resume(bs->job);
+        }
+        aio_context_release(aio_context);
+    }
 }
 
 /* make a BlockDriverState anonymous by removing from bdrv_state and
@@ -2187,7 +2287,6 @@ int bdrv_commit(BlockDriverState *bs)
     int n, ro, open_flags;
     int ret = 0;
     uint8_t *buf = NULL;
-    char filename[PATH_MAX];
 
     if (!drv)
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
@@ -2196,14 +2295,12 @@ int bdrv_commit(BlockDriverState *bs)
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
-    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT, NULL) ||
-        bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs->backing_hd, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT, NULL)) {
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_SOURCE, NULL) ||
+        bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs->backing_hd, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_TARGET, NULL)) {
         return -EBUSY;
     }
 
     ro = bs->backing_hd->read_only;
-    /* Use pstrcpy (not strncpy): filename must be NUL-terminated. */
-    pstrcpy(filename, sizeof(filename), bs->backing_hd->filename);
     open_flags =  bs->backing_hd->open_flags;
 
     if (ro) {
@@ -2628,25 +2725,17 @@ exit:
 static int bdrv_check_byte_request(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                                    size_t size)
 {
-    int64_t len;
-
-    if (size > INT_MAX) {
+    if (size > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS) {
         return -EIO;
     }
 
-    if (!bdrv_is_inserted(bs))
+    if (!bdrv_is_inserted(bs)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
+    }
 
-    if (bs->growable)
-        return 0;
-
-    len = bdrv_getlength(bs);
-
-    if (offset < 0)
-        return -EIO;
-
-    if ((offset > len) || (len - offset < size))
+    if (offset < 0) {
         return -EIO;
+    }
 
     return 0;
 }
@@ -2654,7 +2743,7 @@ static int bdrv_check_byte_request(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
 static int bdrv_check_request(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                               int nb_sectors)
 {
-    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > INT_MAX / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
+    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS) {
         return -EIO;
     }
 
@@ -2741,7 +2830,7 @@ static int bdrv_rw_co(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, uint8_t *buf,
         .iov_len = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
     };
 
-    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > INT_MAX / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
+    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS) {
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -2809,13 +2898,10 @@ int bdrv_make_zero(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
     }
 
     for (;;) {
-        nb_sectors = target_sectors - sector_num;
+        nb_sectors = MIN(target_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
         if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
             return 0;
         }
-        if (nb_sectors > INT_MAX / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
-            nb_sectors = INT_MAX / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
-        }
         ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &n);
         if (ret < 0) {
             error_report("error getting block status at sector %" PRId64 ": %s",
@@ -3028,10 +3114,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_aligned_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     }
 
     /* Forward the request to the BlockDriver */
-    if (!(bs->zero_beyond_eof && bs->growable)) {
+    if (!bs->zero_beyond_eof) {
         ret = drv->bdrv_co_readv(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, qiov);
     } else {
-        /* Read zeros after EOF of growable BDSes */
+        /* Read zeros after EOF */
         int64_t total_sectors, max_nb_sectors;
 
         total_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
@@ -3072,6 +3158,19 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
+static inline uint64_t bdrv_get_align(BlockDriverState *bs)
+{
+    /* TODO Lift BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE restriction in BlockDriver interface */
+    return MAX(BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, bs->request_alignment);
+}
+
+static inline bool bdrv_req_is_aligned(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                       int64_t offset, size_t bytes)
+{
+    int64_t align = bdrv_get_align(bs);
+    return !(offset & (align - 1) || (bytes & (align - 1)));
+}
+
 /*
  * Handle a read request in coroutine context
  */
@@ -3082,8 +3181,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     BdrvTrackedRequest req;
 
-    /* TODO Lift BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE restriction in BlockDriver interface */
-    uint64_t align = MAX(BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, bs->request_alignment);
+    uint64_t align = bdrv_get_align(bs);
     uint8_t *head_buf = NULL;
     uint8_t *tail_buf = NULL;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
@@ -3093,8 +3191,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     if (!drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
-    if (bdrv_check_byte_request(bs, offset, bytes)) {
-        return -EIO;
+
+    ret = bdrv_check_byte_request(bs, offset, bytes);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        return ret;
     }
 
     if (bs->copy_on_read) {
@@ -3150,7 +3250,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
-    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > (UINT_MAX >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)) {
+    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS) {
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -3175,10 +3275,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_on_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
                             BDRV_REQ_COPY_ON_READ);
 }
 
-/* if no limit is specified in the BlockLimits use a default
- * of 32768 512-byte sectors (16 MiB) per request.
- */
-#define MAX_WRITE_ZEROES_DEFAULT 32768
+#define MAX_WRITE_ZEROES_BOUNCE_BUFFER 32768
 
 static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_write_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
@@ -3188,8 +3285,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_write_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     struct iovec iov = {0};
     int ret = 0;
 
-    int max_write_zeroes = bs->bl.max_write_zeroes ?
-                           bs->bl.max_write_zeroes : MAX_WRITE_ZEROES_DEFAULT;
+    int max_write_zeroes = MIN_NON_ZERO(bs->bl.max_write_zeroes,
+                                        BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
 
     while (nb_sectors > 0 && !ret) {
         int num = nb_sectors;
@@ -3224,6 +3321,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_write_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
 
         if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
             /* Fall back to bounce buffer if write zeroes is unsupported */
+            int max_xfer_len = MIN_NON_ZERO(bs->bl.max_transfer_length,
+                                            MAX_WRITE_ZEROES_BOUNCE_BUFFER);
+            num = MIN(num, max_xfer_len);
             iov.iov_len = num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
             if (iov.iov_base == NULL) {
                 iov.iov_base = qemu_try_blockalign(bs, num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
@@ -3240,7 +3340,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_write_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
             /* Keep bounce buffer around if it is big enough for all
              * all future requests.
              */
-            if (num < max_write_zeroes) {
+            if (num < max_xfer_len) {
                 qemu_vfree(iov.iov_base);
                 iov.iov_base = NULL;
             }
@@ -3308,7 +3408,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_aligned_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
 
     block_acct_highest_sector(&bs->stats, sector_num, nb_sectors);
 
-    if (bs->growable && ret >= 0) {
+    if (ret >= 0) {
         bs->total_sectors = MAX(bs->total_sectors, sector_num + nb_sectors);
     }
 
@@ -3323,8 +3423,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BdrvTrackedRequest req;
-    /* TODO Lift BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE restriction in BlockDriver interface */
-    uint64_t align = MAX(BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, bs->request_alignment);
+    uint64_t align = bdrv_get_align(bs);
     uint8_t *head_buf = NULL;
     uint8_t *tail_buf = NULL;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
@@ -3337,8 +3436,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     if (bs->read_only) {
         return -EACCES;
     }
-    if (bdrv_check_byte_request(bs, offset, bytes)) {
-        return -EIO;
+
+    ret = bdrv_check_byte_request(bs, offset, bytes);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        return ret;
     }
 
     /* throttling disk I/O */
@@ -3421,6 +3522,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
         bytes = ROUND_UP(bytes, align);
     }
 
+    if (use_local_qiov) {
+        /* Local buffer may have non-zero data. */
+        flags &= ~BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE;
+    }
     ret = bdrv_aligned_pwritev(bs, &req, offset, bytes,
                                use_local_qiov ? &local_qiov : qiov,
                                flags);
@@ -3441,7 +3546,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_writev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
-    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > (INT_MAX >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)) {
+    if (nb_sectors < 0 || nb_sectors > BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS) {
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -3461,14 +3566,32 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_write_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                       int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
                                       BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
+    int ret;
+
     trace_bdrv_co_write_zeroes(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, flags);
 
     if (!(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_UNMAP)) {
         flags &= ~BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP;
     }
+    if (bdrv_req_is_aligned(bs, sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
+                            nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)) {
+        ret = bdrv_co_do_writev(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, NULL,
+                                BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE | flags);
+    } else {
+        uint8_t *buf;
+        QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
+        size_t bytes = nb_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
+
+        buf = qemu_memalign(bdrv_opt_mem_align(bs), bytes);
+        memset(buf, 0, bytes);
+        qemu_iovec_init(&local_qiov, 1);
+        qemu_iovec_add(&local_qiov, buf, bytes);
 
-    return bdrv_co_do_writev(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, NULL,
-                             BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE | flags);
+        ret = bdrv_co_do_writev(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &local_qiov,
+                                BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE | flags);
+        qemu_vfree(buf);
+    }
+    return ret;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3488,6 +3611,7 @@ int bdrv_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset)
     ret = drv->bdrv_truncate(bs, offset);
     if (ret == 0) {
         ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
+        bdrv_dirty_bitmap_truncate(bs);
         if (bs->blk) {
             blk_dev_resize_cb(bs->blk);
         }
@@ -3699,6 +3823,36 @@ int bdrv_set_key(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *key)
     return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Provide an encryption key for @bs.
+ * If @key is non-null:
+ *     If @bs is not encrypted, fail.
+ *     Else if the key is invalid, fail.
+ *     Else set @bs's key to @key, replacing the existing key, if any.
+ * If @key is null:
+ *     If @bs is encrypted and still lacks a key, fail.
+ *     Else do nothing.
+ * On failure, store an error object through @errp if non-null.
+ */
+void bdrv_add_key(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *key, Error **errp)
+{
+    if (key) {
+        if (!bdrv_is_encrypted(bs)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Node '%s' is not encrypted",
+                      bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
+        } else if (bdrv_set_key(bs, key) < 0) {
+            error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PASSWORD);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (bdrv_key_required(bs)) {
+            error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_ENCRYPTED,
+                      "'%s' (%s) is encrypted",
+                      bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs),
+                      bdrv_get_encrypted_filename(bs));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 const char *bdrv_get_format_name(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bs->drv ? bs->drv->format_name : NULL;
@@ -3741,15 +3895,6 @@ void bdrv_iterate_format(void (*it)(void *opaque, const char *name),
     g_free(formats);
 }
 
-/* This function is to find block backend bs */
-/* TODO convert callers to blk_by_name(), then remove */
-BlockDriverState *bdrv_find(const char *name)
-{
-    BlockBackend *blk = blk_by_name(name);
-
-    return blk ? blk_bs(blk) : NULL;
-}
-
 /* This function is to find a node in the bs graph */
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_node(const char *node_name)
 {
@@ -3766,15 +3911,20 @@ BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_node(const char *node_name)
 }
 
 /* Put this QMP function here so it can access the static graph_bdrv_states. */
-BlockDeviceInfoList *bdrv_named_nodes_list(void)
+BlockDeviceInfoList *bdrv_named_nodes_list(Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDeviceInfoList *list, *entry;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 
     list = NULL;
     QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &graph_bdrv_states, node_list) {
+        BlockDeviceInfo *info = bdrv_block_device_info(bs, errp);
+        if (!info) {
+            qapi_free_BlockDeviceInfoList(list);
+            return NULL;
+        }
         entry = g_malloc0(sizeof(*entry));
-        entry->value = bdrv_block_device_info(bs);
+        entry->value = info;
         entry->next = list;
         list = entry;
     }
@@ -3849,6 +3999,15 @@ const char *bdrv_get_device_name(const BlockDriverState *bs)
     return bs->blk ? blk_name(bs->blk) : "";
 }
 
+/* This can be used to identify nodes that might not have a device
+ * name associated. Since node and device names live in the same
+ * namespace, the result is unambiguous. The exception is if both are
+ * absent, then this returns an empty (non-null) string. */
+const char *bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(const BlockDriverState *bs)
+{
+    return bs->blk ? blk_name(bs->blk) : bs->node_name;
+}
+
 int bdrv_get_flags(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bs->open_flags;
@@ -4162,12 +4321,18 @@ int bdrv_write_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                           const uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
-    if (!drv)
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
-    if (!drv->bdrv_write_compressed)
+    }
+    if (!drv->bdrv_write_compressed) {
         return -ENOTSUP;
-    if (bdrv_check_request(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors))
-        return -EIO;
+    }
+    ret = bdrv_check_request(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        return ret;
+    }
 
     assert(QLIST_EMPTY(&bs->dirty_bitmaps));
 
@@ -4542,6 +4707,8 @@ static int multiwrite_merge(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockRequest *reqs,
         }
     }
 
+    block_acct_merge_done(&bs->stats, BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE, num_reqs - outidx - 1);
+
     return outidx + 1;
 }
 
@@ -4710,6 +4877,7 @@ typedef struct BlockAIOCBCoroutine {
     BlockAIOCB common;
     BlockRequest req;
     bool is_write;
+    bool need_bh;
     bool *done;
     QEMUBH* bh;
 } BlockAIOCBCoroutine;
@@ -4718,14 +4886,32 @@ static const AIOCBInfo bdrv_em_co_aiocb_info = {
     .aiocb_size         = sizeof(BlockAIOCBCoroutine),
 };
 
+static void bdrv_co_complete(BlockAIOCBCoroutine *acb)
+{
+    if (!acb->need_bh) {
+        acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, acb->req.error);
+        qemu_aio_unref(acb);
+    }
+}
+
 static void bdrv_co_em_bh(void *opaque)
 {
     BlockAIOCBCoroutine *acb = opaque;
 
-    acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, acb->req.error);
-
+    assert(!acb->need_bh);
     qemu_bh_delete(acb->bh);
-    qemu_aio_unref(acb);
+    bdrv_co_complete(acb);
+}
+
+static void bdrv_co_maybe_schedule_bh(BlockAIOCBCoroutine *acb)
+{
+    acb->need_bh = false;
+    if (acb->req.error != -EINPROGRESS) {
+        BlockDriverState *bs = acb->common.bs;
+
+        acb->bh = aio_bh_new(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), bdrv_co_em_bh, acb);
+        qemu_bh_schedule(acb->bh);
+    }
 }
 
 /* Invoke bdrv_co_do_readv/bdrv_co_do_writev */
@@ -4742,8 +4928,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_rw(void *opaque)
             acb->req.nb_sectors, acb->req.qiov, acb->req.flags);
     }
 
-    acb->bh = aio_bh_new(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), bdrv_co_em_bh, acb);
-    qemu_bh_schedule(acb->bh);
+    bdrv_co_complete(acb);
 }
 
 static BlockAIOCB *bdrv_co_aio_rw_vector(BlockDriverState *bs,
@@ -4759,6 +4944,8 @@ static BlockAIOCB *bdrv_co_aio_rw_vector(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BlockAIOCBCoroutine *acb;
 
     acb = qemu_aio_get(&bdrv_em_co_aiocb_info, bs, cb, opaque);
+    acb->need_bh = true;
+    acb->req.error = -EINPROGRESS;
     acb->req.sector = sector_num;
     acb->req.nb_sectors = nb_sectors;
     acb->req.qiov = qiov;
@@ -4768,6 +4955,7 @@ static BlockAIOCB *bdrv_co_aio_rw_vector(BlockDriverState *bs,
     co = qemu_coroutine_create(bdrv_co_do_rw);
     qemu_coroutine_enter(co, acb);
 
+    bdrv_co_maybe_schedule_bh(acb);
     return &acb->common;
 }
 
@@ -4777,8 +4965,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn bdrv_aio_flush_co_entry(void *opaque)
     BlockDriverState *bs = acb->common.bs;
 
     acb->req.error = bdrv_co_flush(bs);
-    acb->bh = aio_bh_new(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), bdrv_co_em_bh, acb);
-    qemu_bh_schedule(acb->bh);
+    bdrv_co_complete(acb);
 }
 
 BlockAIOCB *bdrv_aio_flush(BlockDriverState *bs,
@@ -4790,10 +4977,13 @@ BlockAIOCB *bdrv_aio_flush(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BlockAIOCBCoroutine *acb;
 
     acb = qemu_aio_get(&bdrv_em_co_aiocb_info, bs, cb, opaque);
+    acb->need_bh = true;
+    acb->req.error = -EINPROGRESS;
 
     co = qemu_coroutine_create(bdrv_aio_flush_co_entry);
     qemu_coroutine_enter(co, acb);
 
+    bdrv_co_maybe_schedule_bh(acb);
     return &acb->common;
 }
 
@@ -4803,8 +4993,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn bdrv_aio_discard_co_entry(void *opaque)
     BlockDriverState *bs = acb->common.bs;
 
     acb->req.error = bdrv_co_discard(bs, acb->req.sector, acb->req.nb_sectors);
-    acb->bh = aio_bh_new(bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), bdrv_co_em_bh, acb);
-    qemu_bh_schedule(acb->bh);
+    bdrv_co_complete(acb);
 }
 
 BlockAIOCB *bdrv_aio_discard(BlockDriverState *bs,
@@ -4817,11 +5006,14 @@ BlockAIOCB *bdrv_aio_discard(BlockDriverState *bs,
     trace_bdrv_aio_discard(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, opaque);
 
     acb = qemu_aio_get(&bdrv_em_co_aiocb_info, bs, cb, opaque);
+    acb->need_bh = true;
+    acb->req.error = -EINPROGRESS;
     acb->req.sector = sector_num;
     acb->req.nb_sectors = nb_sectors;
     co = qemu_coroutine_create(bdrv_aio_discard_co_entry);
     qemu_coroutine_enter(co, acb);
 
+    bdrv_co_maybe_schedule_bh(acb);
     return &acb->common;
 }
 
@@ -5077,20 +5269,18 @@ static void coroutine_fn bdrv_discard_co_entry(void *opaque)
     rwco->ret = bdrv_co_discard(rwco->bs, rwco->sector_num, rwco->nb_sectors);
 }
 
-/* if no limit is specified in the BlockLimits use a default
- * of 32768 512-byte sectors (16 MiB) per request.
- */
-#define MAX_DISCARD_DEFAULT 32768
-
 int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_discard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
                                  int nb_sectors)
 {
-    int max_discard;
+    int max_discard, ret;
 
     if (!bs->drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
-    } else if (bdrv_check_request(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors)) {
-        return -EIO;
+    }
+
+    ret = bdrv_check_request(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        return ret;
     } else if (bs->read_only) {
         return -EROFS;
     }
@@ -5106,7 +5296,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_discard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
         return 0;
     }
 
-    max_discard = bs->bl.max_discard ?  bs->bl.max_discard : MAX_DISCARD_DEFAULT;
+    max_discard = MIN_NON_ZERO(bs->bl.max_discard, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
     while (nb_sectors > 0) {
         int ret;
         int num = nb_sectors;
@@ -5325,16 +5515,43 @@ bool bdrv_qiov_is_aligned(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
     return true;
 }
 
-BdrvDirtyBitmap *bdrv_create_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, int granularity,
+BdrvDirtyBitmap *bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name)
+{
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm;
+
+    assert(name);
+    QLIST_FOREACH(bm, &bs->dirty_bitmaps, list) {
+        if (bm->name && !strcmp(name, bm->name)) {
+            return bm;
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+void bdrv_dirty_bitmap_make_anon(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    assert(!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap));
+    g_free(bitmap->name);
+    bitmap->name = NULL;
+}
+
+BdrvDirtyBitmap *bdrv_create_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                          uint32_t granularity,
+                                          const char *name,
                                           Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t bitmap_size;
     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
+    uint32_t sector_granularity;
 
     assert((granularity & (granularity - 1)) == 0);
 
-    granularity >>= BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
-    assert(granularity);
+    if (name && bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, name)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Bitmap already exists: %s", name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    sector_granularity = granularity >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
+    assert(sector_granularity);
     bitmap_size = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
     if (bitmap_size < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -bitmap_size, "could not get length of device");
@@ -5342,24 +5559,151 @@ BdrvDirtyBitmap *bdrv_create_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, int granularity,
         return NULL;
     }
     bitmap = g_new0(BdrvDirtyBitmap, 1);
-    bitmap->bitmap = hbitmap_alloc(bitmap_size, ffs(granularity) - 1);
+    bitmap->bitmap = hbitmap_alloc(bitmap_size, ctz32(sector_granularity));
+    bitmap->size = bitmap_size;
+    bitmap->name = g_strdup(name);
+    bitmap->disabled = false;
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bs->dirty_bitmaps, bitmap, list);
     return bitmap;
 }
 
+bool bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    return bitmap->successor;
+}
+
+bool bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    return !(bitmap->disabled || bitmap->successor);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a successor bitmap destined to replace this bitmap after an operation.
+ * Requires that the bitmap is not frozen and has no successor.
+ */
+int bdrv_dirty_bitmap_create_successor(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                       BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap, Error **errp)
+{
+    uint64_t granularity;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *child;
+
+    if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Cannot create a successor for a bitmap that is "
+                   "currently frozen");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    assert(!bitmap->successor);
+
+    /* Create an anonymous successor */
+    granularity = bdrv_dirty_bitmap_granularity(bitmap);
+    child = bdrv_create_dirty_bitmap(bs, granularity, NULL, errp);
+    if (!child) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Successor will be on or off based on our current state. */
+    child->disabled = bitmap->disabled;
+
+    /* Install the successor and freeze the parent */
+    bitmap->successor = child;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * For a bitmap with a successor, yield our name to the successor,
+ * delete the old bitmap, and return a handle to the new bitmap.
+ */
+BdrvDirtyBitmap *bdrv_dirty_bitmap_abdicate(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                            BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap,
+                                            Error **errp)
+{
+    char *name;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *successor = bitmap->successor;
+
+    if (successor == NULL) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Cannot relinquish control if "
+                   "there's no successor present");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    name = bitmap->name;
+    bitmap->name = NULL;
+    successor->name = name;
+    bitmap->successor = NULL;
+    bdrv_release_dirty_bitmap(bs, bitmap);
+
+    return successor;
+}
+
+/**
+ * In cases of failure where we can no longer safely delete the parent,
+ * we may wish to re-join the parent and child/successor.
+ * The merged parent will be un-frozen, but not explicitly re-enabled.
+ */
+BdrvDirtyBitmap *bdrv_reclaim_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                           BdrvDirtyBitmap *parent,
+                                           Error **errp)
+{
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *successor = parent->successor;
+
+    if (!successor) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Cannot reclaim a successor when none is present");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!hbitmap_merge(parent->bitmap, successor->bitmap)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Merging of parent and successor bitmap failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    bdrv_release_dirty_bitmap(bs, successor);
+    parent->successor = NULL;
+
+    return parent;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Truncates _all_ bitmaps attached to a BDS.
+ */
+static void bdrv_dirty_bitmap_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs)
+{
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
+    uint64_t size = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(bitmap, &bs->dirty_bitmaps, list) {
+        if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        hbitmap_truncate(bitmap->bitmap, size);
+    }
+}
+
 void bdrv_release_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
 {
     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm, *next;
     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(bm, &bs->dirty_bitmaps, list, next) {
         if (bm == bitmap) {
+            assert(!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bm));
             QLIST_REMOVE(bitmap, list);
             hbitmap_free(bitmap->bitmap);
+            g_free(bitmap->name);
             g_free(bitmap);
             return;
         }
     }
 }
 
+void bdrv_disable_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    assert(!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap));
+    bitmap->disabled = true;
+}
+
+void bdrv_enable_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    assert(!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap));
+    bitmap->disabled = false;
+}
+
 BlockDirtyInfoList *bdrv_query_dirty_bitmaps(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm;
@@ -5369,9 +5713,11 @@ BlockDirtyInfoList *bdrv_query_dirty_bitmaps(BlockDriverState *bs)
     QLIST_FOREACH(bm, &bs->dirty_bitmaps, list) {
         BlockDirtyInfo *info = g_new0(BlockDirtyInfo, 1);
         BlockDirtyInfoList *entry = g_new0(BlockDirtyInfoList, 1);
-        info->count = bdrv_get_dirty_count(bs, bm);
-        info->granularity =
-            ((int64_t) BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE << hbitmap_granularity(bm->bitmap));
+        info->count = bdrv_get_dirty_count(bm);
+        info->granularity = bdrv_dirty_bitmap_granularity(bm);
+        info->has_name = !!bm->name;
+        info->name = g_strdup(bm->name);
+        info->frozen = bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bm);
         entry->value = info;
         *plist = entry;
         plist = &entry->next;
@@ -5389,30 +5735,90 @@ int bdrv_get_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap, int64_t sector
     }
 }
 
-void bdrv_dirty_iter_init(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                          BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap, HBitmapIter *hbi)
+/**
+ * Chooses a default granularity based on the existing cluster size,
+ * but clamped between [4K, 64K]. Defaults to 64K in the case that there
+ * is no cluster size information available.
+ */
+uint32_t bdrv_get_default_bitmap_granularity(BlockDriverState *bs)
+{
+    BlockDriverInfo bdi;
+    uint32_t granularity;
+
+    if (bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi) >= 0 && bdi.cluster_size > 0) {
+        granularity = MAX(4096, bdi.cluster_size);
+        granularity = MIN(65536, granularity);
+    } else {
+        granularity = 65536;
+    }
+
+    return granularity;
+}
+
+uint32_t bdrv_dirty_bitmap_granularity(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    return BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE << hbitmap_granularity(bitmap->bitmap);
+}
+
+void bdrv_dirty_iter_init(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap, HBitmapIter *hbi)
 {
     hbitmap_iter_init(hbi, bitmap->bitmap, 0);
 }
 
-void bdrv_set_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cur_sector,
-                    int nr_sectors)
+void bdrv_set_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap,
+                           int64_t cur_sector, int nr_sectors)
+{
+    assert(bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap));
+    hbitmap_set(bitmap->bitmap, cur_sector, nr_sectors);
+}
+
+void bdrv_reset_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap,
+                             int64_t cur_sector, int nr_sectors)
+{
+    assert(bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap));
+    hbitmap_reset(bitmap->bitmap, cur_sector, nr_sectors);
+}
+
+void bdrv_clear_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+{
+    assert(bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap));
+    hbitmap_reset(bitmap->bitmap, 0, bitmap->size);
+}
+
+static void bdrv_set_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cur_sector,
+                           int nr_sectors)
 {
     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
     QLIST_FOREACH(bitmap, &bs->dirty_bitmaps, list) {
+        if (!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         hbitmap_set(bitmap->bitmap, cur_sector, nr_sectors);
     }
 }
 
-void bdrv_reset_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cur_sector, int nr_sectors)
+static void bdrv_reset_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cur_sector,
+                             int nr_sectors)
 {
     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
     QLIST_FOREACH(bitmap, &bs->dirty_bitmaps, list) {
+        if (!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         hbitmap_reset(bitmap->bitmap, cur_sector, nr_sectors);
     }
 }
 
-int64_t bdrv_get_dirty_count(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
+/**
+ * Advance an HBitmapIter to an arbitrary offset.
+ */
+void bdrv_set_dirty_iter(HBitmapIter *hbi, int64_t offset)
+{
+    assert(hbi->hb);
+    hbitmap_iter_init(hbi, hbi->hb, offset);
+}
+
+int64_t bdrv_get_dirty_count(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap)
 {
     return hbitmap_count(bitmap->bitmap);
 }
@@ -5449,8 +5855,8 @@ bool bdrv_op_is_blocked(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error **errp)
     if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bs->op_blockers[op])) {
         blocker = QLIST_FIRST(&bs->op_blockers[op]);
         if (errp) {
-            error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' is busy: %s",
-                       bdrv_get_device_name(bs),
+            error_setg(errp, "Node '%s' is busy: %s",
+                       bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs),
                        error_get_pretty(blocker->reason));
         }
         return true;
@@ -5569,9 +5975,8 @@ void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
         return;
     }
 
-    proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true);
+    proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, errp);
     if (!proto_drv) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Unknown protocol '%s'", filename);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -5592,18 +5997,22 @@ void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
 
     /* Create parameter list with default values */
     opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
-    qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, img_size);
+    qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, img_size, &error_abort);
 
     /* Parse -o options */
     if (options) {
-        if (qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL) != 0) {
+        qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_report_err(local_err);
+            local_err = NULL;
             error_setg(errp, "Invalid options for file format '%s'", fmt);
             goto out;
         }
     }
 
     if (base_filename) {
-        if (qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename)) {
+        qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
             error_setg(errp, "Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
                        fmt);
             goto out;
@@ -5611,7 +6020,8 @@ void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
     }
 
     if (base_fmt) {
-        if (qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt)) {
+        qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
             error_setg(errp, "Backing file format not supported for file "
                              "format '%s'", fmt);
             goto out;
@@ -5643,16 +6053,26 @@ void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
     if (size == -1) {
         if (backing_file) {
             BlockDriverState *bs;
+            char *full_backing = g_new0(char, PATH_MAX);
             int64_t size;
             int back_flags;
 
+            bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(filename, backing_file,
+                                                         full_backing, PATH_MAX,
+                                                         &local_err);
+            if (local_err) {
+                g_free(full_backing);
+                goto out;
+            }
+
             /* backing files always opened read-only */
             back_flags =
                 flags & ~(BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING);
 
             bs = NULL;
-            ret = bdrv_open(&bs, backing_file, NULL, NULL, back_flags,
+            ret = bdrv_open(&bs, full_backing, NULL, NULL, back_flags,
                             backing_drv, &local_err);
+            g_free(full_backing);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 goto out;
             }
@@ -5664,7 +6084,7 @@ void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
                 goto out;
             }
 
-            qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size);
+            qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &error_abort);
 
             bdrv_unref(bs);
         } else {
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