@ifinfo
@format
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "copy",
- "objdump", "nm", "size", "strip", and "ranlib".
+* Binutils:: The GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
+ "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@end format
@end ifinfo
@ifinfo
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@synindex ky cp
@c
-@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "copy", "objdump",
-@c "nm", "size", "strip", and "ranlib".
+@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
+@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
@c
-@c Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c
@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
@c General Public License.
@titlepage
@finalout
@title The GNU Binary Utilities
-@subtitle Version 2.01
+@subtitle Version 2.2
@sp 1
-@subtitle April 1993
+@subtitle May 1993
@author Roland H. Pesch
+@author Jeffrey M. Osier
@author Cygnus Support
@page
@tex
-\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
-\xdef\manvers{\$Revision$} % For use in headers, footers too
-{\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill \manvers\par \hfill
+{\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill
\TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par }
@end tex
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end titlepage
-@node Top, ar, (dir), (dir)
+@node Top
+@top
@chapter Introduction
@cindex version
This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the GNU binary
-utilities (collectively version 2.1):
+utilities (collectively version 2.2):
@iftex
@table @code
@item ar
Create, modify, and extract from archives
-@item copy
-Copy and translate object files
-
@item nm
List symbols from object files
+@item objcopy
+Copy and translate object files
+
@item objdump
Display information from object files
Generate index to archive contents
@item size
-List section sizes and total size
+List file section sizes and total size
+
+@item strings
+List printable strings from files
@item strip
Discard symbols
+
+@item c++filt
+Demangle encoded C++ symbols
+
+@item nlmconv
+Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
@end table
@end iftex
@menu
* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
-* copy:: Copy and translate object files
-* ld:(ld)Overview. Combine object and archive files
* nm:: List symbols from object files
+* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
* objdump:: Display information from object files
* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
* size:: List section sizes and total size
+* strings:: List printable strings from files
* strip:: Discard symbols
+* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
+* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
+* Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
* Index::
@end menu
-@node ar, copy, Top, Top
+@node ar
@chapter ar
@kindex ar
@cindex archives
@cindex collections of files
@smallexample
-ar [-]@var{p}@var{mod} [ @var{membername} ] @var{archive} @var{file}@dots{}
+ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
ar -M [ <mri-script ]
@end smallexample
program.
@menu
-* ar-cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
-* ar-scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script
+* ar cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
+* ar scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script
@end menu
@page
-@node ar-cmdline, ar-scripts, ar, ar
+@node ar cmdline
@section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
@smallexample
-ar [-]@var{p}@var{mod} [ @var{membername} ] @var{archive} @var{file}@dots{}
+ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
@end smallexample
@cindex Unix compatibility, @code{ar}
(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying
@emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on.
-Most operations can also accept further @var{file} arguments,
+Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments,
specifying particular files to operate on.
GNU @code{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier
@item d
@cindex deleting from archive
@emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
-be deleted as @var{file}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you
+be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you
specify no files to delete.
If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @code{ar} lists each module
than one member.
If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the
-@var{file} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive;
+@var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive;
you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a
specified place instead.
output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member
name before copying its contents to standard output.
-If you specify no @var{file} arguments, all the files in the archive are
+If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are
printed.
@item q
@cindex quick append to archive
-@emph{Quick append}; add the files @var{file}@dots{} to the end of
+@emph{Quick append}; add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of
@var{archive}, without checking for replacement.
The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this
@item r
@cindex replacement in archive
-Insert the files @var{file}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with
+Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with
@emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any
previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
added.
-If one of the files named in @var{file}@dots{} doesn't exist, @code{ar}
+If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @code{ar}
displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
of the archive matching that name.
@item t
@cindex contents of archive
Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those
-of the files listed in @var{file}@dots{} that are present in the
+of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the
archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to
see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier.
-If you do not specify a @var{file}, all files in the archive
+If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
are listed.
@cindex repeated names in archive
@item x
@cindex extract from archive
-@emph{Extract} members (named @var{file}) from the archive. You can
+@emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can
use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that
@code{ar} list each name as it extracts it.
-If you do not specify a @var{file}, all files in the archive
+If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
are extracted.
@end table
@cindex relative placement in archive
Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the
archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive
-member must be present as the @var{membername} argument, before the
+member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
@var{archive} specification.
@item b
Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive
-member must be present as the @var{membername} argument, before the
+member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}).
@item c
@cindex creating archives
@emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always
-created if it didn't exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
+created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
using this modifier.
@item i
Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive
-member must be present as the @var{membername} argument, before the
+member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}).
@item l
This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}.
@end table
-@node ar-scripts, , ar-cmdline, ar
+@node ar scripts
@section Controlling @code{ar} with a script
@smallexample
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
-@item ADDMOD @var{file}, @var{file}, @dots{} @var{file}
+@item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member}
@c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}"
@c else like "ar q..."
-Add each named @var{file} as a module in the current archive.
+Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive.
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
@end table
-@node copy, nm, ar, Top
-@chapter copy
-
-@smallexample
-copy [ -F @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
- [ -I @var{format} | --input-format=@var{format} ]
- [ -O @var{format} | --output-format=@var{format} ]
- [ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ]
- [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
- [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ]
- @var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
-@end smallexample
-
-The GNU @code{copy} utility copies the contents of an object file to
-another. @code{copy} uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the
-object files. It can write the destination object file in a format
-different from that of the source object file. The exact behavior of
-@code{copy} is controlled by command-line options.
-
-@code{copy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
-deletes them afterward. @code{copy} uses BFD to do all its
-translation work; it knows about all the formats BFD knows about, and
-thus is able to recognize most formats without being told explicitly.
-@xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD, the GNU linker}.
-
-@table @code
-@item @var{infile}
-@itemx @var{outfile}
-The source and output files respectively.
-If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{copy} creates a
-temporary file and destructively renames the result with
-the name of the input file.
-
-@item -I @var{format}
-@itemx --input-format=@var{format}
-Consider the source file's object format to be @var{format}, rather than
-attempting to deduce it.
-
-@item -O @var{format}
-@itemx --output-format=@var{format}
-Write the output file using the object format @var{format}.
-
-@item -F @var{format}
-@itemx --format=@var{format}
-Use @var{format} as the object format for both the input and the output
-file; i.e. simply transfer data from source to destination with no
-translation.
-
-@item -S
-@itemx --strip-all
-Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
-
-@item -g
-@itemx --strip-debug
-Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
-
-@item -x
-@itemx --discard-all
-Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
-@c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here?
-
-@item -X
-@itemx --discard-locals
-Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
-(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
-
-@item -V
-@itemx --version
-Show the version number of @code{copy}.
-
-@item -v
-@itemx --verbose
-Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
-archives, @samp{copy -V} lists all members of the archive.
-@end table
-
@iftex
@node ld
@chapter ld
@xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the GNU linker}.
@end iftex
-@node nm, objdump, copy, Top
+@node nm
@chapter nm
@cindex symbols
@kindex nm
@smallexample
nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ]
- [ -s | --print-armap ] [ -o | --print-file-name ]
- [ -n | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
+ [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ]
+ [ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
+ [ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
[ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
- [ --target=@var{bfdname} ]
- [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ]
+ [ -t @var{radix} | --radix=@var{radix} ] [ -P | --portability ]
+ [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -f @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
+ [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ]
@end smallexample
GNU @code{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}.
+If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes
+@file{a.out}.
+
+For each symbol, @code{nm} shows:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
+hexadecimal by default.
+
+@item
+The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
+well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
+local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
+
+@c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for
+@c would be nice.
+@table @code
+@item A
+Absolute.
+
+@item B
+BSS (uninitialized data).
+
+@item C
+Common.
+
+@item D
+Initialized data.
+
+@item I
+Indirect reference.
+
+@item T
+Text (program code).
+
+@item U
+Undefined.
+@end table
+
+@item
+The symbol name.
+@end itemize
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
equivalent.
@table @code
-@item @var{objfile}@dots{}
-@kindex a.out
-Object files whose symbols are to be listed. If no object files are
-listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes @samp{a.out}.
+@item -A
+@itemx -o
+@itemx --print-file-name
+@cindex input file name
+@cindex file name
+@cindex source file name
+Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element)
+in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
+before all of its symbols.
@item -a
@itemx --debug-syms
@cindex debugging symbols
-Display debugger-only symbols; normally these are not listed.
+Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
+listed.
+
+@item -B
+@cindex @code{nm} format
+@cindex @code{nm} compatibility
+The same as @samp{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @code{nm}).
+
+@item -C
+@itemx --demangle
+@cindex demangling C++ symbols
+Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
+Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
+makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
+on demangling.
+
+@item -f @var{format}
+@itemx --format=@var{format}
+@cindex @code{nm} format
+@cindex @code{nm} compatibility
+Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd},
+@code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}.
+Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be
+either upper or lower case.
@item -g
@itemx --extern-only
@cindex external symbols
Display only external symbols.
-@item -p
-@itemx --no-sort
-@cindex sorting symbols
-Don't bother to sort the symbols in any order; just print them in the
-order encountered.
-
@item -n
+@itemx -v
@itemx --numeric-sort
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
by their names.
+@item -p
+@itemx --no-sort
+@cindex sorting symbols
+Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
+encountered.
+
+@item -P
+@itemx --portability
+Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
+Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}.
+
@item -s
@itemx --print-armap
@cindex symbol index, listing
(stored in the archive by @code{ar} or @code{ranlib}) of which modules
contain definitions for which names.
-@item -o
-@itemx --print-file-name
-@cindex input file name
-@cindex file name
-@cindex source file name
-Precede each symbol by the name of the input file where it was found,
-rather than identifying the input file once only before all of its
-symbols.
-
@item -r
@itemx --reverse-sort
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
last come first.
+@item -t @var{radix}
+@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
+Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
+@samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal.
+
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
-@c @item --target
@cindex object code format
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
-@xref{objdump}, for information on listing available formats.
-@c FIXME what *does* --target/no arg do?
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -u
@itemx --undefined-only
@cindex undefined symbols
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
+@item -V
+@itemx --version
+Show the version number of @code{nm} and exit.
+
+@item --help
+Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit.
+@end table
+
+@node objcopy
+@chapter objcopy
+
+@smallexample
+objcopy [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ]
+ [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
+ [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
+ @var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
+@end smallexample
+
+The GNU @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object file to
+another. @code{objcopy} uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the
+object files. It can write the destination object file in a format
+different from that of the source object file. The exact behavior of
+@code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
+
+@code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
+deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses BFD to do all its
+translation work; it knows about all the formats BFD knows about, and
+thus is able to recognize most formats without being told explicitly.
+@xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}.
+
+@table @code
+@item @var{infile}
+@itemx @var{outfile}
+The source and output files respectively.
+If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a
+temporary file and destructively renames the result with
+the name of the input file.
+
+@item -I @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
+Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than
+attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -O @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
+Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -F @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
+Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output
+file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
+translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -S
+@itemx --strip-all
+Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
+
+@item -g
+@itemx --strip-debug
+Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
+
+@item -x
+@itemx --discard-all
+Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
+@c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here?
+
+@item -X
+@itemx --discard-locals
+Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
+(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
+
+@item -V
+@itemx --version
+Show the version number of @code{objcopy}.
+
+@item -v
+@itemx --verbose
+Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
+archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive.
+
+@item --help
+Show a summary of the options to @code{objcopy}.
@end table
-@node objdump, ranlib, nm, Top
+@node objdump
@chapter objdump
@cindex object file information
@kindex objdump
@smallexample
-objdump [ -a ] [ -b @var{bfdname} ] [ -d ] [ -f ]
- [ -h | --header ] [ -i ] [ -j @var{section} ] [ -l ]
- [ -m @var{machine} ] [ -r | --reloc ] [ -s ]
- [ --stabs ] [ -t | --syms ] [ -x ]
+objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ] [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -d | --disassemble ] [ -f | --file-headers ]
+ [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
+ [ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ] [ -l | --line-numbers ]
+ [ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ] [ -r | --reloc ]
+ [ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ] [ -t | --syms ]
+ [ -x | --all-headers ] [ --version ] [ --help ]
@var{objfile}@dots{}
@end smallexample
compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their
program to compile and work.
+@var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you
+specify archives, @code{objdump} shows information on each of the member
+object files.
+
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
-equivalent.
+equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-l} must be given.
@table @code
-@item @var{objfile}@dots{}
-The object files to be examined. When you specify archives,
-@code{objdump} shows information on each of the member object files.
-
@item -a
-@c print_arelt_descr
+@itemx --archive-header
@cindex archive headers
If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive
header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the
information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
the object file format of each archive member.
-@c suggest longname --target or --format or --bfd
@item -b @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
@cindex object code format
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can
@file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@samp{-m}) as a VAX object
file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the
formats available with the @samp{-i} option.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -d
+@itemx --disassemble
@cindex disassembling object code
@cindex machine instructions
-Disassemble. Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine
+Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine
instructions from @var{objfile}.
@item -f
+@itemx --file-header
@cindex object file header
-File header. Display summary information from the overall header of
+Display summary information from the overall header of
each of the @var{objfile} files.
@item -h
+@itemx --section-header
@itemx --header
@cindex section headers
-Header. Display summary information from the section headers of the
+Display summary information from the section headers of the
object file.
+@item --help
+Print a summary of the options to @code{objdump} and exit.
+
@item -i
+@itemx --info
@cindex architectures available
@cindex object formats available
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available
for specification with @samp{-b} or @samp{-m}.
-@c suggest longname --section
@item -j @var{name}
+@itemx --section=@var{name}
@cindex section information
Display information only for section @var{name}.
-@c suggest longname --label or --linespec
@item -l
+@itemx --line-numbers
@cindex source filenames for object files
-Label the display (using debugging information) with the source filename
-and line numbers corresponding to the object code shown.
+Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename
+and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown.
+Only useful with @samp{-d}.
-@c suggest longname --architecture
@item -m @var{machine}
+@itemx --architecture=@var{machine}
@cindex architecture
Specify that the object files @var{objfile} are for architecture
@var{machine}. You can list available architectures using the @samp{-i}
@item -r
@itemx --reloc
@cindex relocation entries, in object file
-Relocation. Print the relocation entries of the file.
+Print the relocation entries of the file.
@item -s
+@itemx --full-contents
@cindex sections, full contents
@cindex object file sections
Display the full contents of any sections requested.
@item -t
@itemx --syms
@cindex symbol table entries, printing
-Symbol Table. Print the symbol table entries of the file.
+Print the symbol table entries of the file.
This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program.
+@item --version
+Print the version number of @code{objdump} and exit.
+
@item -x
+@itemx --all-header
@cindex all header information, object file
@cindex header information, all
Display all available header information, including the symbol table and
relocation entries. Using @samp{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of
@samp{-a -f -h -r -t}.
-
@end table
-@node ranlib, size, objdump, Top
+@node ranlib
@chapter ranlib
@kindex ranlib
Show the version number of @code{ranlib}.
@end table
-@node size, strip, ranlib, Top
+@node size
@chapter size
@kindex size
argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each
object file or each module in an archive.
+@var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined.
+
The command line options have the following meanings:
-@table @code
-@item @var{objfile}@dots{}
-The object files to be examined.
+@table @code
@item -A
@itemx -B
@itemx --format=@var{compatibility}
-@cindex size display format
+@cindex @code{size} display format
Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from GNU
@code{size} resembles output from System V @code{size} (using @samp{-A},
or @samp{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @code{size} (using @samp{-B}, or
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
@code{size}:
@smallexample
-size --format Berkeley ranlib size
+size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
text data bss dec hex filename
294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
@smallexample
-size --format SysV ranlib size
+size --format=SysV ranlib size
ranlib :
section size addr
.text 294880 8192
@itemx -o
@itemx -x
@itemx --radix=@var{number}
-@cindex size number format
+@cindex @code{size} number format
@cindex radix for section sizes
Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each
section is given in decimal (@samp{-d}, or @samp{--radix=10}); octal
@cindex object code format
Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @code{size} can
-automatically recognize many formats. @xref{objdump}, for information
-on listing available formats.
+automatically recognize many formats.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -V
@itemx --version
Display the version number of @code{size}.
@end table
-@node strip, Index, size, Top
+@node strings
+@chapter strings
+@kindex strings
+@cindex listings strings
+@cindex printing strings
+@cindex strings, printing
+
+@smallexample
+strings [-afov] [-@var{min-len}] [-n @var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-]
+ [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}]
+ [--radix=@var{radix}] [--target=@var{bfdname}]
+ [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{}
+@end smallexample
+
+For each @var{file} given, GNU @code{strings} prints the printable
+character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number
+given with the options below) and are followed by a NUL or newline
+character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized
+data sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the
+strings from the whole file.
+
+@code{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text
+files.
+
+@table @code
+@item -a
+@itemx --all
+@itemx -
+Do not scan only the initialized data section of object files; scan
+the whole files.
+
+@item -f
+@itemx --print-file-name
+Print the name of the file before each string.
+
+@item --help
+Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
+
+@itemx -@var{min-len}
+@item -n @var{min-len}
+@itemx --bytes=@var{min-len}
+Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters
+long, instead of the default 4.
+
+@item -o
+Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @code{strings} have @samp{-o}
+act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
+ways, we simply chose one.
+
+@item -t @var{radix}
+@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
+Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
+character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
+octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
+
+@item --target=@var{bfdname}
+@cindex object code format
+Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -v
+@itemx --version
+Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
+@end table
+
+@node strip
@chapter strip
@kindex strip
@cindex symbols, discarding
@smallexample
-strip [ -F @var{format} | --format=@var{format} | --target=@var{format} ]
- [ -I @var{format} | --input-format=@var{format} ]
- [ -O @var{format} | --output-format=@var{format} ]
+strip [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
[ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ]
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
- [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ]
+ [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
@var{objfile}@dots{}
@end smallexample
GNU @code{strip} discards all symbols from object files
@var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives.
-
-@code{strip} will not execute unless at least one object file is listed.
+At least one object file must be given.
@code{strip} modifies the files named in its argument,
rather than writing modified copies under different names.
@table @code
-@item -I @var{format}
-@itemx --input-format=@var{format}
+@item -F @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
-code format @var{format}.
+code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
-@item -O @var{format}
-@itemx --output-format=@var{format}
-Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{format}.
+@item --help
+Show a summary of the options to @code{strip} and exit.
-@item -F @var{format}
-@itemx --format=@var{format}
-@itemx --target=@var{format}
+@item -I @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
-code format @var{format}, and rewrite it in the same format.
+code format @var{bfdname}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -O @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
+Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -s
@itemx --strip-all
@item -v
@itemx --verbose
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
-archives, @samp{strip -V} lists all members of the archive.
+archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive.
@end table
-@node Index, , strip, Top
+@node c++filt
+@chapter c++filt
+
+@kindex c++filt
+@cindex demangling C++ symbols
+
+@smallexample
+c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ]
+ [ -s @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
+ [ --help ] [ --version ] [ @var{symbol}@dots{} ]
+@end smallexample
+
+The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can
+write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters
+of different types). All C++ function names are encoded into a
+low-level assembly label (this process is known as
+@dfn{mangling}). The @code{c++filt} program does the inverse mapping: it
+decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level names into user-level names so that
+the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing.
+
+Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores,
+dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the
+label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level
+name in the output.
+
+You can use @code{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols:
+
+@example
+c++filt @var{symbol}
+@end example
+
+If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @code{c++filt} reads symbol
+names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the
+standard output. All results are printed on the standard output.
+
+@table @code
+@item -_
+@itemx --strip-underscores
+On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front
+of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level
+name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore.
+
+@item -s @var{format}
+@itemx --format=@var{format}
+GNU @code{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by
+different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which
+method it uses:
+
+@table @code
+@item gnu
+the one used by the GNU compiler (the default method)
+@item lucid
+the one used by the Lucid compiler
+@item arm
+the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual
+@end table
+
+@item --help
+Print a summary of the options to @code{c++filt} and exit.
+
+@item --version
+Print the version number of @code{c++filt} and exit.
+@end table
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} @code{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its
+user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular,
+a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name
+passed as an argument on the command line; in other words,
+
+@example
+c++filt @var{symbol}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+may in a future release become
+
+@example
+c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol}
+@end example
+@end quotation
+
+@node nlmconv
+@chapter nlmconv
+
+@code{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare
+Loadable Module. @code{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object
+files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC}
+object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{
+@code{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object
+format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested
+with the above formats.}.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} @code{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary
+utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets.
+@end quotation
+
+@smallexample
+nlmconv [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -T @var{headerfile} | --header-file=@var{headerfile} ]
+ [ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
+ @var{infile} @var{outfile}
+@end smallexample
+
+@code{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file
+@var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally
+reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions
+on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the
+@samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM
+Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software
+Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc.
+@code{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read
+@var{infile}; see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for
+more information.
+
+@table @code
+@item -I @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
+Object format of the input file. @code{nlmconv} can usually determine
+the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -O @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
+Object format of the output file. @code{nlmconv} infers the output
+format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the
+output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -T @var{headerfile}
+@itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile}
+Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on
+writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the
+@samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools
+Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available
+from Novell, Inc.
+
+@item -h
+@itemx --help
+Prints a usage summary.
+
+@item -V
+@itemx --version
+Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}.
+@end table
+
+@node Selecting The Target System
+@chapter Selecting the target system
+
+You can specify three aspects of the target system to the GNU binary
+file utilities, each in several ways. The three aspects of the target
+system that you can specify are
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the target,
+
+@item
+the architecture, and
+
+@item
+the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only).
+@end itemize
+
+In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in
+order of decreasing precedence. In other words, the ways listed earlier
+override the ways listed later.
+
+The commands to list valid values only list the values that the programs
+you are running were configured for. If they were configured with
+@samp{--with-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available
+values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at
+once because some of them can only be compiled ``native'' (on hosts with
+the same type as the target system).
+
+@menu
+* Target Selection::
+* Architecture Selection::
+* Linker Emulation Selection::
+@end menu
+
+@node Target Selection
+@section Target selection
+
+A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be
+supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}).
+It may also have variations for different operating systems or architectures.
+
+Command to list valid values: @samp{objdump -i} (first column).
+
+Sample values: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips}, @samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
+
+@menu
+* objdump Target::
+* objcopy strip Input Target::
+* objcopy strip Output Target::
+* nm size strings Target::
+* Linker Input Target::
+* Linker Output Target::
+@end menu
+
+@node objdump Target
+@subsection @code{objdump} target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-b}, @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node objcopy strip Input Target
+@subsection @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} input target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-I}, @samp{--input-target}, @samp{-F}, @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node objcopy strip Output Target
+@subsection @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} output target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-O}, @samp{-F}, @samp{--output-target}, @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+the input target (@pxref{objcopy strip Input Target})
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node nm size strings Target
+@subsection @code{nm}, @code{size}, and @code{strings} target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Linker Input Target
+@subsection Linker input target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-b}, @samp{-format}
+(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+script command @code{TARGET}
+(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+(@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+the default target of the selected linker emulation
+(@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection})
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Linker Output Target
+@subsection Linker output target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-oformat}
+(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT}
+(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+the linker input target (@pxref{Linker Input Target})
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Architecture Selection
+@section Architecture selection
+
+An @dfn{architecture} is a type of CPU on which an object file is to
+run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
+processor family from the name of the particular CPU.
+
+Command to list valid values: @samp{objdump -i} (second column).
+
+Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}.
+
+@menu
+* objdump Architecture::
+* objcopy nm size strings Architecture::
+* Linker Input Architecture::
+* Linker Output Architecture::
+@end menu
+
+@node objdump Architecture
+@subsection @code{objdump} architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-m}, @samp{--architecture}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node objcopy nm size strings Architecture
+@subsection @code{objcopy}, @code{nm}, @code{size}, @code{strings} architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Linker Input Architecture
+@subsection Linker input architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Linker Output Architecture
+@subsection Linker output architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH}
+(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+the default architecture from the linker output target
+(@pxref{Linker Output Target})
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Linker Emulation Selection
+@section Linker emulation selection
+
+A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives
+the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system.
+In particular, it consists of
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the linker script,
+
+@item
+the target, and
+
+@item
+several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking
+process to do special things that some targets require.
+@end itemize
+
+Command to list valid values: @samp{ld -V}.
+
+Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}.
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option @samp{-m}
+(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{LDEMULATION}
+
+@item
+compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile},
+which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt}
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Index
@unnumbered Index
@printindex cp
projects / binutils.git / blobdiff